scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs: the New Horizon of Gene Regulation in Ovarian Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 948-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Worku ◽  
Dinesh Bhattarai ◽  
Duncan Ayers ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding transcripts, have recently been emerging with heterogeneous molecular actions, adding a new layer of complexity to gene-regulation networks in tumorigenesis. LncRNAs are considered important factors in several ovarian cancer histotypes, although few have been identified and characterized. Owing to their complexity and the lack of adapted molecular technology, the roles of most lncRNAs remain mysterious. Some lncRNAs have been reported to play functional roles in ovarian cancer and can be used as classifiers for personalized medicine. The intrinsic features of lncRNAs govern their various molecular mechanisms and provide a wide range of platforms to design different therapeutic strategies for treating cancer at a particular stage. Although we are only beginning to understand the functions of lncRNAs and their interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, the expanding literature indicates that lncRNA-miRNA interactions could be useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss the genetic variants of lncRNAs, heterogeneous mechanisms of actions of lncRNAs in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, and drug resistance. We also highlight the recent developments in using lncRNAs as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Lastly, we discuss potential approaches for linking lncRNAs to future gene therapies, and highlight future directions in the field of ovarian cancer research.

scholarly journals The biological characteristics of transcription factors AP-2α and AP-2γ and their importance in various types of cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Kołat ◽  
Żaneta Kałuzińska ◽  
Andrzej K. Bednarek ◽  
Elżbieta Płuciennik
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Oncological Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract The Activator Protein 2 (AP-2) transcription factor (TF) family is vital for the regulation of gene expression during early development as well as carcinogenesis process. The review focusses on the AP-2α and AP-2γ proteins and their dualistic regulation of gene expression in the process of carcinogenesis. Both AP-2α and AP-2γ influence a wide range of physiological or pathological processes by regulating different pathways and interacting with diverse molecules, i.e. other proteins, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) or miRNAs. This review summarizes the newest information about the biology of two, AP-2α and AP-2γ, TFs in the carcinogenesis process. We emphasize that these two proteins could have either oncogenic or suppressive characteristics depending on the type of cancer tissue or their interaction with specific molecules. They have also been found to contribute to resistance and sensitivity to chemotherapy in oncological patients. A better understanding of molecular network of AP-2 factors and other molecules may clarify the atypical molecular mechanisms occurring during carcinogenesis, and may assist in the recognition of new diagnostic biomarkers.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Mounting Complexity of the p53 Regulatory Network in Correlation to Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Ovarian Cancer

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Pal ◽  
Manoj Garg ◽  
Amit Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Amongst the various gynecological malignancies affecting female health globally, ovarian cancer is one of the predominant and lethal among all. The identification and functional characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are made possible with the advent of RNA-seq and the advancement of computational logarithm in understanding human disease biology. LncRNAs can interact with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins and their combinations. Moreover, lncRNAs regulate orchestra of diverse functions including chromatin organization and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. LncRNAs have conferred their critical role in key biological processes in human cancer including tumor initiation, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and metastasis. The interwoven function of tumor-suppressor protein p53-linked lncRNAs in the ovarian cancer paradigm is of paramount importance. Several lncRNAs operate as p53 regulators or effectors and modulates a diverse array of functions either by participating in various signaling cascades or via interaction with different proteins. This review highlights the recent progress made in the identification of p53 associated lncRNAs while elucidating their molecular mechanisms behind the altered expression in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. Moreover, the development of novel clinical and therapeutic strategies for targeting lncRNAs in human cancers harbors great promise.

scholarly journals Novel Gene Regulation in Normal and Abnormal Spermatogenesis

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Li Du ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Zixin Cheng ◽  
Si Wu ◽  
Jian He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Myoid Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Human Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex and dynamic process which is precisely controlledby genetic and epigenetic factors. With the development of new technologies (e.g., single-cell RNA sequencing), increasingly more regulatory genes related to spermatogenesis have been identified. In this review, we address the roles and mechanisms of novel genes in regulating the normal and abnormal spermatogenesis. Specifically, we discussed the functions and signaling pathways of key new genes in mediating the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of rodent and human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as well as in controlling the meiosis of spermatocytes and other germ cells. Additionally, we summarized the gene regulation in the abnormal testicular microenvironment or the niche by Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, and Leydig cells. Finally, we pointed out the future directions for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying human spermatogenesis. This review could offer novel insights into genetic regulation in the normal and abnormal spermatogenesis, and it provides new molecular targets for gene therapy of male infertility.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs and Related Molecular Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Villa ◽  
Lavitrano ◽  
Combi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Processes ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Coding Capacity

Epilepsy represents one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recurrent seizures are the cardinal clinical manifestation. Although it has been reported that the underlying pathological processes include inflammation, changes in synaptic strength, apoptosis, and ion channels dysfunction, currently the pathogenesis of epilepsy is not yet completely understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of long transcripts without protein-coding capacity, have emerged as regulatory molecules that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. A growing number of studies reported that lncRNAs participate in the regulation of pathological processes of epilepsy and they are dysregulated during epileptogenesis. Moreover, an aberrant expression of lncRNAs linked to epilepsy has been observed both in patients and in animal models. In this review, we summarize latest advances concerning the mechanisms of action and the involvement of the most dysregulated lncRNAs in epilepsy. However, the functional roles of lncRNAs in the disease pathogenesis are still to be explored and we are only at the beginning. Additional studies are needed for the complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and they would result in the use of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNAs in plants: emerging modulators of gene activity in development and stress responses

Planta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 252 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Qian-Hao Zhu ◽  
Kerstin Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Coding Potential

Abstract Main conclusion Long non-coding RNAs modulate gene activity in plant development and stress responses by various molecular mechanisms. Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides without protein coding potential. Computational approaches have identified numerous lncRNAs in different plant species. Research in the past decade has unveiled that plant lncRNAs participate in a wide range of biological processes, including regulation of flowering time and morphogenesis of reproductive organs, as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses. LncRNAs execute their functions by interacting with DNA, RNA and protein molecules, and by modulating the expression level of their targets through epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional or translational regulation. In this review, we summarize characteristics of plant lncRNAs, discuss recent progress on understanding of lncRNA functions, and propose an experimental framework for functional characterization.

scholarly journals Signaling Pathways in Cervical Cancer Chemoresistance: Are microRNAs and Long-Noncoding RNAs the Main Culprits?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyed Reza Mousavi ◽  
Nima Hemmat ◽  
Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽  
Afshin Derakhshani ◽  
Stefania Tommasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Recurrent Cervical Cancer ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Cervical cancer is known as one of the most important cancers in women worldwide. Chemotherapy is a standard treatment for advanced/recurrent cervical cancer in which the prognosis of the disease is really poor and the 1-year survival chance in these patients is maximally 20%. However, resistance to anticancer drugs is a major problem in treating cancer. Cervical cancer stem cells are considered as a fundamental cause of chemo and radio-resistance and also relapse after primary successful treatment. Signaling pathways include a wide range of molecular mechanisms contribute to drug resistance. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are announced as a group of molecular biomarkers involving in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. As the miRNAs, there are some long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) which their aberrant expression is considered as a biomarker for monitoring chemoresistance. In this review, we summarized current reports about the involvement of signaling pathways during chemoresistance in cervical cancer. Then, genes that have been demonstrated their involvement during drug resistance in cervical cancer were tabulated. Further, miRNAs that have been reported as biomarkers during treatment are listed. By bioinformatic analysis, we predictedmiR-335-5p and miR-16-5p as the most potential biomarkers for monitoring resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, long non-coding RNAs that have been introduced in recent studies as novel biomarkers during the response to chemotherapy were mentioned.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Liposome-Based Veterinary Therapeutics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Sadozai ◽  
Dorsa Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Phospholipid Vesicles ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent advances in nanomedicine have been studied in the veterinary field and have found a wide variety of applications. The past decade has witnessed a massive surge of research interest in liposomes for delivery of therapeutic substances in animals. Liposomes are nanosized phospholipid vesicles that can serve as delivery platforms for a wide range of substances. Liposomes are easily formulated, highly modifiable, and easily administered delivery platforms. They are biodegradable and nontoxic and have long in vivo circulation time. This review focuses on recent and ongoing research that may have relevance for veterinary medicine. By examining the recent developments in liposome-based therapeutics in animal cancers, vaccines, and analgesia, this review depicts the current significance and future directions of liposome-based delivery in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals New Insights into Antibacterial Compounds: From Synthesis and Discovery to Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Jorge H. Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
Antibacterial Compounds ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Global Threat

The worldwide emergence of microbial resistance to available antibiotics presents a global threat to public health and health systems. This special issue aimed to gather papers describing novel antibiotics, originating form chemical synthesis, repurposing of existent drugs, or from natural sources like plant extracts, herbs and spices. A total of 13 papers were published, covering a wide range of topic, including antimicrobial resistance surveillance studies; synthesis of novel molecules with antimicrobial activities; modification or repurposing of already existing molecules, plant-derived active extracts, and molecules; the effects of antimicrobial therapy on microbiota; and the investigation of novel formulations for human and veterinary uses. After decades of antibiotics discovery decline, antibiotics discovery is boosting. Recent developments of post genomics approaches and bioinformatics tools will most certainly turn the tide in the discovery and development of antimicrobials in this exciting field.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicle Associated Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Infections and Injury

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 965
Author(s):  
Zhi Hao Kwok ◽  
Kareemah Ni ◽  
Yang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Heterogenous Population ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Functional Relevance

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to a heterogenous population of membrane-bound vesicles that are released by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. The detection of EVs in the majority of the bodily fluids, coupled with their diverse cargo comprising of DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins, have led to the accumulated interests in leveraging these nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In particular, emerging studies have identified enhanced levels of a wide range of specific subclasses of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in EVs, thereby suggesting the existence of highly selective and regulated molecular processes governing the sorting of these RNAs into EVs. Recent studies have also illustrated the functional relevance of these enriched ncRNAs in a variety of human diseases. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on EV-ncRNAs, as well as their functions and significance in lung infection and injury. As a majority of the studies on EV-ncRNAs in lung diseases have focused on EV-microRNAs, we will particularly highlight the relevance of these molecules in the pathophysiology of these conditions, as well as their potential as novel biomarkers therein. We also outline the current challenges in the EV field amidst the tremendous efforts to propel the clinical utility of EVs for human diseases. The lack of published literature on the functional roles of other EV-ncRNA subtypes may in turn provide new avenues for future research to exploit their feasibility as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human diseases.

scholarly journals The Roles of lncRNA in Myocardial Infarction: Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnosis Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luhan Xie ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
Jun Mao ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Lianhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be associated with many physiological and pathological processes in cardiac. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed dynamically in cardiovascular diseases and participate in regulation through a variety of molecular mechanisms, which have become a critical part of the epigenetic and transcriptional regulatory pathways in heart development, as well as the initiation and progress of myocardial infarction. In this review, we summarized some current research about the roles of lncRNAs in heart development and myocardial infarction, with the emphasis on molecular mechanisms of pathological responses, and highlighted their functions in the secondary changes of myocardial infarction. We also discussed the possibility of lncRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction.

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