scholarly journals Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Habiyakare ◽  
Janna M. Schurer ◽  
Barika Poole ◽  
Susan Murcott ◽  
Basile Migabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tooth Discoloration ◽  
Lake Kivu ◽  
Safe Limits

Abstract Background Dental fluorosis is caused by prolonged exposure to excessive fluoride during the period of permanent tooth formation and is characterized by tooth discoloration, pitting, and loss of shape. Communities living near Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda exhibit a high prevalence of dental fluorosis; however, data on prevalence and risk factors are scarce. Methods This cross sectional, quantitative study used a One Health approach to investigate dental fluorosis prevalence among people and livestock and to measure fluoride content in the environment. In 2018, oral health examinations were conducted to assess the prevalence of fluorosis in children (aged 9 to 15 years), cattle and goats residing on Gihaya Island (Rwanda, East Africa). All children and cattle/goats meeting basic eligibility criteria (e.g., island residence) were invited to participate. Presence and severity of dental fluorosis was categorized according to the Dean’s Fluorosis Index. Samples of local foods, water, soil and grass were collected from communal sources and individual households and analyzed for fluoride content using standard laboratory techniques. Descriptive and binomial analyses (Fisher Exact Test) were used to assess this dataset. Results Overall, 186 children and 85 livestock owners (providing data of 125 livestock -23 cattle and 102 goats) participated. Dental fluorosis was recorded in 90.7% of children and 76% of livestock. Moderate to severe fluorosis was observed in 77% children while goats and cattle most often exhibited mild or absent/questionable severity, respectively. Water from Lake Kivu (used primarily for human cooking water and livestock drinking water) contained fluoride levels that were consistently higher than the maximum threshold (1.5 mg/L) recommended by the World Health Organization. Other sources (borehole and rainwater) were within safe limits. All food, soil and grass samples contained fluoride. The highest levels were observed in porridge (0.5 mg/g) and small fishes (1.05 mg/g). Conclusions Altogether, dental fluorosis was highly prevalent among children and goats on Gihaya Island with various food and water sources contributing a cumulative exposure to fluoride. An immediate and coordinated response across human, animal and water professionals is needed to reduce fluoride exposure within safe limits for island residents.

Is Dental Fluorosis More Prone/Susceptible to Tooth Erosion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 2067-2069
Author(s):  
Fareed Ahmad ◽  
Ali Anwaar ◽  
Bilal Abdul Qayum Mirza ◽  
Mustafa Qadeer ◽  
Muhammad Afzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Erosive Tooth Wear

Background: The fluoride drug is mentioned as a double-edged weapon due to its positive and negative outcomes. Reducing dental caries in large population, cost effective and excess fluoride in teeth or body may lead to systemic diseases and even death. Dental erosion affects the hard tissues of the teeth rendering them vulnerable to decay. Methods & Materials: A school based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Purposive sampling was performed. All examiners were calibrated and trained for the criteria to identify dental fluorosis and dental erosion. The World Health Organisation Oral Health Assessment form 2013 was used to fill and measure dental fluorosis and erosive tooth wear. For Univariate analysis, mean, frequencies of both genders (dental erosion and Fluorosis) while Chi square was calculated and for bivariate analysis. Results: 22.7 % students were found to have fluorosis (ranging from questionable level to severe). Male students (primarily teenagers) had more enamel erosion as compared to the female’s ones. Conclusion: The higher levels of fluoride in water may make children and adults more susceptible to erosive tooth wear. Consuming excess fluoridated water may turn the mild fluorosis cases into moderate or severe ones. Keywords: Fluorosis, Erosive Tooth Wear, Gender, Fluoride

scholarly journals Dental caries and endemic dental fluorosis in rural communities, Minas Gerais, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone de Melo Costa ◽  
Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães Abreu ◽  
Andréa Maria Duarte Vargas ◽  
Mara Vasconcelos ◽  
Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The North ◽  
Decay Component ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Health Organization

It is observational, analytical and cross-sectional aimed to evaluate the association between severity and prevalence of fluorosis and dental caries in rural communities with endemic dental fluorosis in the north state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with fluoride concentrations in water up to 4.8 mg/L. Data were collected by one examiner (intra-examiner kappa, 0.96 to 0,95 for caries and fluorosis) after toothbrushing. The study included 511 individuals aged 7 - 22 years, categorized according to age: 7 - 9 years (n = 227), 10 to 12 years (n = 153), 13 to 15 years (n = 92), 16 to 22 years (n = 39). For the diagnosis of dental caries used the criteria of the World Health Organization to measure indices DMFT. For fluorosis used the index Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF), dichotomized according to prevalence (TF = 0 and TF > 0) and severity (TF < 4 and TF > 5). In the two younger groups, the DMFT and its decay component were higher in the group with more severe fluorosis (p < 0.001). This association was not found among adolescents and adults (p > 0.05). The association was found between the conditions more severe fluorosis and caries in individuals under 12 years.

scholarly journals Awareness and Knowledge of the Adult Population in Saudi Arabia on Teeth Discoloration and Treatment Options: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 603-613
Author(s):  
Basil Y. Alamassi ◽  
Hatem S. Alahmari ◽  
Mohammed S. Alhabashy ◽  
Abdulrahman A. Talha ◽  
Khalil W. Alfehaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tooth Discoloration ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background: Tooth discoloration is a common condition. Discoloration can be a major aesthetic concern for some people and it can indicate pathology, so it needs to be addressed. The success of treatment of tooth discoloration is largely dependent on the knowledge and attitude of people towards it. Hence the aim of this cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was to evaluate knowledge and awareness of the adult Saudi population about the causes of tooth discoloration and its treatment options. Materials and Methods: An online close-ended questionnaire consisting of 21 questions about tooth discoloration causes and treatment options were uploaded in Google Forms and was sent to 2000 adults in Saudi Arabia via email and social media websites. The questions were designed to evaluate patients’ knowledge about the various causes of tooth discoloration. Results: A total of 1041 participants responded to our questionnaire. The study included 560 females (53.79%), and 448 participants aged between 18 and 24 years (43.04%), 192 (18.44%) between 25 and 35 years, 246 (23.63%) between 36 and 51 years, and 155 (14.89%) above 51 years. Most of the participants (n= 649; 62.34%) had a bachelor's degree. The most common answer to the type of teeth discoloration was internal and surface discoloration (n= 511; 49%). There was a positive response to the effect of diet, smoking, aging, and bacteria on tooth discoloration. 79% of the participants did not know what dental fluorosis is. The response to the effect of drugs on teeth discoloration split between "Yes" and "I don't know," and 688 of the participants (66.09%) did not know which drugs cause teeth discoloration. The personal effort was the most common way to obtain information about teeth discoloration (n= 678; 65.13%). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the level of knowledge about tooth discoloration was more concentrated on extrinsic factors, and the majority of the participants demonstrated poor knowledge about the intrinsic causes of tooth discoloration. The preferred treatment option of teeth discoloration was in office bleaching.

Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif terhadap Pertumbuhan Bayi 6 – 11 Bulan di Puskesmas Girimaya Pangkalpinang

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Ade Devriany ◽  
Endah Mayang Sari
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Health Organization

Air Susu Ibu (ASI) merupakan makanan alamiah yang ideal untuk bayi, terutama pada bulan-bulan pertama. Berdasarkan data dari United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) dan WHO (World Health Organization), pemberian ASI eksklusif di dunia masih tergolong rendah. Tujuan penelitian yait untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap grafik pertumbuhan pada KMS pada bayi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan desain cross sectional study. Subyek penelitian ini adalah seluruh bayi usia 6 – 11 bulan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Girimaya Pangkalpinang sebanyak 172 orang. Sampel minimal pada penelitian ini adalah 105 bayi yang dipilih dengan Stratified Random Sampling. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan KMS dalam menilai pertumbuhan bayi dan kuesioner untuk menilai pemberian ASI eksklusif. Analisa data dilakukan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan fisher exact test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lebih banyak bayi yang tidak diberikan ASI eksklusif yaitu sebesar 59% dan bayi yang tumbuh normal sebesar 78,1%. Hasil analisis bivariat menyatakan ada hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif  terhadap pertumbuhan bayi usia 6-12 bulan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Girimaya

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF TREATMENT SUPPORTER IN ATMA JAYA HOSPITAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Fariz Abdul Mujib Dailami ◽  
Regina Satya Wiraharja ◽  
Febie Chriestya
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Sputum Smear Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Tb Treatment

Introduction: One of the biggest health problems faced by community is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).TB is an respiratory tract infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends TB treatment with Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, one of which is through the help of treatment supporter (PMO or Pengawas Minum Obat) who supervises the patient during the treatment period. Methods: This was an analytic descriptive study with cross sectional approach.. Respondents were taken by consecutive sampling, based on medical records at Atma Jaya Hospital. We applied inclusion criteria such as newly diagnosed TB patient with positive sputum smear microscopy results, adult TB patient who has finished 6 month of treatment and patients who have done sputum smear microscopy test after finishing their TB treatment. The exclusion criteria were TB-HIV patients and Milliary TB patients. After fulfilment of those criteria, a total of 81 respondents were selected. Data was analysed by Chi Square test (Fisher Exact test). Results: Most of patients were 15-50 years old (70,4%) with mean age at 38.49±17.83 years old),male (53.1%), had family as treatment supporter (91.4%) and had successful TB treatment (74.1%). TB patients with treatment supporter had more successful treatment (66.7%) than TB patients with no treatment supporter (7.4%), however there was no significant among the avalibility of treatment supporter and the success of TB treatment (p=0.670). Conclusion: Despite the insignificant result, this study gives good insight to implementation of TB DOTS strategy in Atma Jaya Hospital. The implementation of this strategy contributes to imbalance number of samples between patient with and without treatment supporter, leading to overestimate results on with TB treatment supporter group.

scholarly journals Dental caries and its association with increasing water fluoride concentration in district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4005
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Vartika Saxena ◽  
Manisha Naithani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Fluoride

Background: Evidence from scientific literature confirms both beneficial and detrimental effects of fluoride on human health with only a narrow range between intakes associated with these effects. The limits of this range have been controversial among researchers since the 1930s. Considering this, the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of fluoride in India has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.0 mg/l in 1998. This study aimed to evaluate the association between increasing water fluoride levels and dental caries prevention on permanent teeth.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1400 children (aged 6–19 years). Caries experience and dental fluorosis were recorded using DMFT/deft and Dean's index respectively. Also, fluoride concentration in drinking water was analyzed. Around 14.4% of children had dental caries with maximum frequency among 9-10 years of age. A significant negative correlation between caries experience and water fluoride level was found (p<0.05), with the lowest DMFT scores at the fluoride level of 0.61–2 mg/l and the highest at 0.0–0.3 mg/l. Whereas, high prevalence of dental fluorosis was observed above 0.7 mg/l.Results: The study revealed that the presence of 0.3-0.7 mg/l fluoride in drinking water reduces dental caries, without an objectionable rise in dental fluorosis.Conclusions: It can be suggested that fluoride has anticaries property but due to a ‘narrow therapeutic window’ of 0.3-0.7 mg/l, in a country like India where endemic fluorosis is prevalent, its topical application should be encouraged which is almost equally effective with less systemic adverse effects.

scholarly journals Evaluation of implementation and satisfaction of distance learning among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4212
Author(s):  
Rony Wiranto ◽  
Rizma Adlia Syakurah
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Learning System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Temporary Closure

Background: Since it was declared as a pandemic by the world health organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020, COVID-19 has become a global health problem in the world. The temporary closure of schools and universities was carried out to protect teachers and students from viruses, including in medical schools. Distance learning has been implemented as an alternative to subtitute conventional class. This can affect the satisfaction of medical students toward it. This study aim was to evaluating implementation and analyzing the factors that influence medical student' satisfaction toward distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study was used. A total of 3331 respondents from all over Indonesia responded through an online questionnaire by Ikatan Senat Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia (ISMKI) distributed from April 9th, 2020 to June 21st, 2020. Data analyzed using chi-square test (alternative: fisher exact test) and logistic regression with significance alpha=0.05.Results: Study showed that most respondents had difficulties in learning and had less satisfaction toward distance learning. Factors that showed statistical significance were university origin grouped by type, region, accreditation, and readiness.Conclusions: Although distance learning is a solution to the problems of medical education during this pandemic, the government and related institutions should be able to continue evaluating so that the learning system remains effective and efficient.

Breakfast Skipping Is an Independent Predictor of Obesity but not Overweight Among Children in a Southeastern European Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genc Burazeri ◽  
Jolanda Hyska ◽  
Iris Mone ◽  
Enver Roshi
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Population ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Communist Country ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breakfast Skipping

Abstract.Aim: To assess the association of breakfast skipping with overweight and obesity among children in Albania, a post-communist country in the Western Balkans, which is undergoing a long and difficult political and socioeconomic transition towards a market-oriented economy. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Albania in 2013 including a representative sample of 5810 children aged 7.0 – 9.9 years (49.5% girls aged 8.4 ± 0.6 years and 51.5% boys aged 8.5 ± 0.6 years; overall response rate: 97%). Children were measured for height and weight, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Cut-off BMI values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define overweight and obesity in children. Demographic data were also collected. Results: Upon adjustment for age, sex, and place of residence, breakfast skipping was positively related to obesity (WHO criteria: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9; IOTF criteria: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.5), but not overweight (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.3 and OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.4, respectively). Furthermore, breakfast skipping was associated with a higher BMI (multivariable-adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07). Conclusions: Our findings point to a strong and consistent positive relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity, but not overweight, among children in this transitional southeastern European population. Future studies in Albania and other transitional settings should prospectively examine the causal role of breakfast skipping in the development of overweight and obesity.

Maternal Knowledge Factor, Maternal Age and Maternal Parity Associated with Genesis of Normal Delivery at Palembang Hospital of Bari Year 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Maternal Parity

Childbirthis a processLabor of opening and depleting the cervix and the fetus down into the birth canal. Birth is a process in which the fetus and amniotic are pushed out through the birth canal. (Sarwono, 2008). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than 585,000 mothers annually die during pregnancy or childbirth. Indonesia Health Demographic Survey (SDKI) Survey in 2012, Maternal Mortality Rate in Indonesia is still high at 359 per 100,000 live births. The purpose of this study is the knowledge of maternal knowledge, maternal age, and maternal parity associated with normal birth events at Palembang Bari Hospital 2017. This study used analytical survey method with cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all maternal mothers at the Palembang Bari Hospital in 2017. Sampling in the study was conducted non-randomly with the technique of "Accidental Sampling". Data analysis was done univariat and bivariate with Chi-Square statistical test with significance level α = 0,05. The result of this research shows that there is correlation between mother's knowledge with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,001, there is correlation between mother age with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,009, there is relation between mother parity with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,001. From result of this research hopes healthcare workers can improve normal delivery care services and more often to carry out maternal safety counseling.

MORBIDITY PATTERN AMONG ADOLESCENT SCHOOL GIRLS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL OF JHANSI (U.P.)- A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhanshu Gupta ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Piyush D Swami ◽  
Anjana Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: According to World Health Organization, adolescents constitute about one fifth of the world population, and in India they constitute about 21% of the total population. Most of the surveys show that health status of adolescent girls is at sub-optimal level. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and morbidity pattern among the adolescent girls and to suggest measures for improvement of health status of adolescent girls.  Method: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 adolescent schoolgirls in Rural and urban field practice area of Jhansi school from January 2017 to July 2014. Results: Among the various morbidities eye problem was seen in maximum no of adolescent girls. Eye problem was present in 44.8% of adolescent girls followed by respiratory 14.7% and ear 13.06% disease. Skin disease was present in 3.2% of adolescent girls, which was more in rural girls 6.7% than in urban girls 1.7%, may be due to better hygienic practice in urban schoolgirls. Conclusions: Rural background, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, birth rate and order, income and number of members in a family have shown to be significant determinants of morbidity pattern in the adolescent girls. Keywords: Adolescent, anemia, morbidity, vaginal discharge.

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