scholarly journals Problemy opisu staropolskiej derywacji czasownikowej

LingVaria ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janowska

PROBLEMS IN THE DESCRIPTION OF OLD POLISH VERBAL DERIVATION The article discusses the problems associated with the description of verbal derivation in the earliest period of the Polish language. The type of linguistic material that was preserved, the slight amount of attestations, the lack of clarity of the context, are all responsible for the appearance of difficulties associated with the word-formative description of verbs already at the level of the separation of linguistic facts, the establishment of the formant that we are dealing with. Even greater problems are associated with the establishment of the semantic value of derivatives, and with the indication of motivation relations. The author considers the extent to which the methodology that was developed upon contemporary material may be used in research of this kind. She also points out the scholarly ‘neglected’ areas of verbal word-formation of this period.

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Mitrenga

Historical Polish Intensifiers Derived from the Old Czech přieliš This article is devoted to a historical-linguistic analysis of the equivalents of the Old Czech přieliš in historical Polish: the words bezlisz, brzezlisz, przelisz, przezlisz and przylisz. The study refers to key findings of researchers about these words, their origins and meaning. On the basis of analysis of linguistic material the author formulates conclusions about word-formation of the equivalents of přieliš in Polish, their frequency in monuments of Polish literature from the Old Polish period to the end of the sixteenth century, their meaning and status in Polish, as well as presumable causes of their disappearance from the language. The paper presents examples that confirm their functioning in monuments of the Polish language, such as Biblia królowej Zofii [Queen Sophia’s Bible] from the mid-fifteenth century and Biblia Jana Leopolity [John Leopolita’s Bible] from 1561, as well as in dictionaries of Polish. The study also considers information about Old Czech and compares parallel verses of Polish and Czech Bible translations. Dawne polskie intensyfikatory wywodzące się od staroczeskiego přieliš Artykuł poświęcony jest historycznojęzykowej analizie odpowiedników staroczeskiego přieliš, czyli wyrazów bezlisz, brzezlisz, przelisz, przezlisz i przy­lisz w dawnej polszczyźnie. Autorka przytacza najważniejsze opinie badaczy o wymienionych wyrazach, ich pochodzeniu i znaczeniu. Na podstawie ana­lizy materiału językowego formułuje wnioski dotyczące budowy słowotwór­czej staroczeskich odpowiedników přieliš w języku polskim, ich frekwencji w zabytkach literatury polskiej od staropolszczyzny do końca XVI w., znaczenia i statusu tych wyrazów w polszczyźnie, a także przypuszczalnych przyczyn ich zaniku. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady potwierdzające funkcjonowanie wspomnianych wyrazów zarówno w zabytkach języka polskiego m.in. w Biblii królowej Zofii z połowy XV w. i Biblii Jana Leopolity z 1561 r., jak i w słowni­kach języka polskiego. Ponadto autorka przywołuje informacje o staroczeskim i porównuje równoległe wersety przekładów Biblii na język polski i czeski.


Author(s):  
Elena A. Zheleznyakova

In a modern Russian school, together with Russian-speaking school students, children of migrants study, for most of whom are native Turkic languages. For foreigners, traditional lessons should be supplemented with corrective lessons in Russian as a non-native language, the effectiveness of which will be high provided that an ethno-cognitive approach to teaching is followed. Learning the morphemic structure of a word based on an ethno-cognitive approach is the subject of this study. The aim is to develop methodic recommendations based on the analysis of the features of the morphemic structure of Turkic words, to identify possible difficulties in mastering the morphemic structure of the Russian word by Turkic-speaking students, and to highlight methods and techniques based on the principles of consciousness and the development of students’ cognitive abilities. Two main difficulties in the field of the morphemic word structure for foreign children are highlighted: Russian inflection and morphological ways of word formation: prefix and prefix-suffix. When working with these topics, the teacher should develop students’ ability to think analytically, comparing and identifying the essential features of a linguistic phenomenon, make assumptions and find confirmation for them. Mastering inflection will be more effective if you group words thematically, work according to ready-made patterns and models of inflection, increase the number of tasks “for substitution” and “for replacement”. The following stages of work on concepts are substantiated: analysis of linguistic material and highlighting the main fea-tures of a concept; generalization of signs, establishing a connection between them and introducing the desired term; concretization of concepts based on new linguistic material.


2007 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Bogusław Nowowiejski

In the first part of the article the author justifies a large number of approximately 800 proverbs, in the strict sense of the word, which appear in the third edition of Dokładny niemiecko-polski słownik (Detailed Polish-German dictionary) by Christoph Coelestin Mrongovius from 1854, with didactic pragmatism and other requirements of the nineteenth century lexicographical workshop typical for the then translator dictionaries , including a tendency to serve an edifying purpose. The second part of the article, which is more extensive, includes conclusions coming from the analysis of the linguistic material. They imply that even though a great deal of the analyzed proverbs seem well known as they are a living element of the Polish language from the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a contemporary user of Polish finds many of them not only completely strange and foreign but also archaic. Such a perception is influenced, among the others, by the fact that some proverbs have been completely forgotten for different reasons. Other seem hardly legible in result of their lexical composition, which includes ancient and already forgotten words or their meanings, i.e. dictionary and semantic archaisms; sometimes, past morphological and grammatical forms make a proverb seem strange for contemporary Polish people.


2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
MAREK KASZEWSKI

W tekście podejmowana jest problematyka ograniczeń procesu kategoryzacji klas derywatów deminutywnych oraz symilatywnych w dobie średniopolskiej. Celem opracowania było wskazanie potencjalnych przyczyn blokowania procesów kategoryzacyjnych klas historycznych deminutywów oraz symilatywów. W zakresie metodologii i ustaleń terminologicznych wykorzystano osiągnięcia tzw. „katowickiej szkoły słowotwórstwa historycznego”. Głównym źródłem materiału leksykalnego stał się trójjęzyczny dykcjonarz M.A. Troca z 1764 roku (jego III tom, z polszczyzną jako językiem wyjściowym). Świadomość lingwistyczna autora tego słownika, przejawiająca się w sposobie organizacji wyrażeń hasłowych oraz doboru ekwiwalentów wraz z definicjami, rzuciła nowe światło na sposób identyfikowania kategorii deminutywów, symilatywów, a także formacji tautologicznych przez dawnych użytkowników języka. Okazało się, że w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku żadna z tych klas nie wykrystalizowała swoich dominant, zaś czynnikiem, który mógł podtrzymywać ten stan, była obecność w języku znacznej liczby derywatów tautologicznych względem podstawy, budowanych z udziałem wielofunkcyjnych formantów z podstawowymi sufiksalnymi spółgłoskami -k- i -c-. Diminutivity, similativity and word-formation tautology in Middle Polish (illustrated with data from M.A. Troc’s Dictionary) Summary: The text deals with the limitations of the categorization process of the classes of diminutive and similative derivatives in Middle Polish. The aim of the study was to identify the potential reasons for the blocking of the categorization processes of the historical classes of diminutives and similatives. The methodology and terminology used in the paper follows the achievements of the so-called “Katowice school of historical word-formation”. The 1764 trilingual dictionary by M.A. Troc (Volume 3, with Polish as the input language) was the main source of lexical material. Based on the analysis of the presented material, one can conclude that the linguistic awareness of the lexicographer, manifested through the organization of dictionary entries and the choice of foreign equivalents and their definitions, may shed a new light on the categorical system of historical derivatives. In lack of sufficient Polish-language contexts, the translational character of lexicographic sources lets us gain information about the semantic and stylistic value of Polish lexical units on the basis of their foreign equivalents or their foreign-language definitions provided by dictionaries. The category of diminutive names in the second half of the 18th century did not yet crystallize its dominants, and the class of similative names had a similar formal and semantic status. Both classes constituted products of sets that contained derivative units, assuming a diminishing or similative function. The factor that inhibited the process of the crystallization of the dominants in the mentioned classes was the extremely high level of word-formation tautology, which did not allow language users to identify the real functions of multifunctional formants with the basic consonants -k- and -c-.


2021 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Natalia SIUDZIŃSKA

The complexity of word-formation in Slavic languages, especially in the Polish language, makes it very difficult for Polish speaking children and bilingual children to learn, especially when the second language is not Slavic. In this article I would like to concentrate on the linguistic problems in the context of learning word-formation by bilingual children aged 5-9 who live in Ireland and who learn Polish and English at the same time. I would like to juxtapose their level of word formation competence with those children who are Polish language speakers living in Poland and who are in the same age group (5-9). The research described below concerns the category of feminine gender words. The linguistic data used for the description were collected during the fieldwork research carried out with the group of thirty bilingual children. The results of the research allowed to establish the differences in the linguistic development of monolingual and bilingual children and to indicate the factors that determine the acquisition of word-formation competences. This type of research will help teachers and other specialists (psychologists, speech therapists) working with such children to better assess the language skills of bilingual children. They also allow to estimate the scale of difficulties that Polish children returning from emigration will encounter.


Werkwinkel ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Agata Kowalska-Szubert

Abstract Polish language contains hundreds of loan words from Dutch. They are rooted so firmly that they are capable of creating new words. This article presents the most common word-formation phenomena involving Dutch loan words. It also highlights their ability to form phrasemes and transfer meanings.


LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogusław Dunaj

Zenon Klemensiewicz’s "Historia języka polskiego" (‘History of the Polish Language’), and the Need of a New Synthesis Prof. Zenon Klemensiewicz authored handbooks of contemporary Polish grammar, historical Polish grammar, syntax, and history of the Polish language. The latter constitutes his crowning achievement, and remains to this day the most important synthesis of Polish linguistic history. Half a century has passed since its publication. In this time, many monographies have been published which present the evolution of the language in various epochs; moreover, multiple monographies have been devoted to vocabulary and word-formation. These works justify the need to prepare a new synthesis. Such a synthesis is also needed for another reason: it must make use of new methodological concepts. For example, the description needs to pay attention to the communicative aspect. A new, multi-volume synthesis ought to be a collective work, developed by a team of the most distinguished historians of the Polish language.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Anna Czapla ◽  

The aim of the article is to present typical, i.e. recurring, lexical errors made by Ukrainians learning Polish in Poland, the classification of those errors, and an attempt to explain the reasons for their formation. The described respondents are candidates for studies at KUL, post-secondary youth aged 16-19, who have completed various Polish language courses in their country. As for their knowledge of the Polish language, it is at the B1-B2 level. The material basis of the article comprises written texts on a given topic, which were part of homework created during courses in 2010-2019. During the analysis of the collected material, mainly mistakes resulting from linguistic interference (false friends, lexical calques, borrowings, word formation errors, mistakes related to hyper-correctness) were observed, which constitute 80% of the collected material, and the ones not resulting from interference (caused by sound similarity, semantic proximity), which account for the remainder, i.e. 20%.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-944
Author(s):  
Irina Vital'evna Kononenko

The article is devoted to cross-cultural communication and its implementation in Polish translations of Russian fiction. Nowadays, both the study of national specifics relating to the worldviews of speakers of different languages, and the analysis of the way those worldviews are reflected in translation, are becoming more relevant. This article aims to study the properties of cross-cultural dialogue, which is mirrored in parallel fictional texts. The research material came from the Russian-Polish corpus. The analysis indicates that nationally specific features can manifest themselves on different levels of the language system - in vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology, and syntax. The translation of sentences which include units representative of the Russian linguistic worldview demonstrates both cross-cultural successes and failures (omission of elements symbolic of Russian culture, their inaccurate interpretation or replacement with items typical of the Polish worldview). The existing printed and electronic dictionaries, as well as online translators, do not fully meet current requirements, including those related to conveying Russian cultural and linguistic senses by means of the Polish language. The practice of translating literary works from Russian into Polish demonstrates the need for further investigation of the worldviews of both nations.


2009 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Magdalena Czachorowska ◽  

The article describes such comparative structures in the Polish language within which a colour is defined through direct reference to physical features of an object, which becomes a model for this colour. Similar to black and white, which were presented in the previous study, the linguistic material has been based on lexicographical sources that register both the earliest dictionary resources of the Polish language and those showing contemporary lexis. Apart from black and white, the Polish language defines other 10 colours through reference to physical features of an object. They include both primaries’ names, e.g. red, blue, or yellow, and their shades, e.g. pale blue, pink, or ginger.


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