scholarly journals Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Haeidari ◽  
DAVOOD KESHAVARZI ◽  
Parviz Owlia ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
ATIYEH RAFINEJAD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
P Value ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract. Haeidari A, Keshavarzi D, Owlia P, Vatandoost H, Rafinejad A, Rafinejad J. 2020. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 24-28. Nosocomial infections represent a serious public health concern in developing countries. Houseflies are one of the most common household pests carrying different pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this study was to isolate and enumerate bacteria species from house flies and to determine their susceptibility to Agita® fly bait. Flies were collected from two hospital environments between July to December 2014, in Yazd Province of Iran. Bacterial species were isolated from the outer surfaces of flies, and Agita® efficacy was evaluated based on lethal time (LT50) after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes. Three species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) responsible for nosocomial infections have been isolated and enumerated from flies. Among the 30 flies collected, 17, 24, and 3 flies were contaminated with E. coli, S. aureus, and Ps. aeruginosa, respectively. The minimum number of isolated bacteria was 3 × 102 CFU/mL, whereas the highest number was 2.4 × 105 CFU/mL. The susceptibility results showed that, despite the existence of a significant effect for heterogeneity in both field and laboratory strains (p-value ˂ 0/05) and an increase in the mortality of houseflies during the time, there was no significant difference between two strains regarding the efficacy of Agita® against houseflies. The findings of the present study revealed and confirmed that houseflies have an important role in the spread of nosocomial infections in hospital environments, and they are susceptible to Agita® fly bait.

scholarly journals Uji Zona Hambat Kombinasi Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) dan Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
R Abyseka Prayogo ◽  
Dorta Simamora
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
P Value ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections

Escherichia coli bacteria is the most common cause of gastroenteritis (diarrhea), urinary tract infections (UTI), food poisoning, and other clinical problems such as neonatal miningitis. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) are plants that have antimicrobial properties, which can be used against bacteria such as E. Coli. This study was conducted to determine the inhibition zone combination of garlic extract (Allium sativum) and Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) against gram negative bacteria E. Coli. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, and has been ethically feasible. This study was divided into 4 groups with replications 6 times each; group P0 (sterile distilled water), P1 (50% garlic + 25% noni fruit), P2 (50% garlic + 50% noni fruit), P3 (50% garlic + 75% noni fruit). Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test. The analysis results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone formed was the largest in group P1 (10.7 mm) and the smallest in group P0 (0 mm), while in P2 (9.89 mm), and P3 (9.77 mm). Based on the analysis test, the higher the concentration of noni fruit given to the extract combination resulted in the smaller diameter of the inhibition zone. This occurs due to the combination of garlic and Noni fruit has an antagonistic effect that depend on bacterial species, temperature, pH, chemical structure, chemical reactions, and concentrations or doses of antimicrobial compounds. The results also showed that there was no significant difference between group P1 and group P2, group P1 with group P3 and group P2 with group P3 showing p-value> 0.005.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Fish and Seafood Imported into Switzerland

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENATE BOSS ◽  
GUDRUN OVERESCH ◽  
ANDREAS BAUMGARTNER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

ABSTRACT A total of 44 samples of salmon, pangasius (shark catfish), shrimps, and oysters were tested for the presence of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are indicator organisms commonly used in programs to monitor antibiotic resistance. The isolated bacterial strains, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, were tested against a panel of 29 antimicrobial agents to obtain MICs. Across the four sample types, Enterococcus faecalis (59%) was most common, followed by E. coli (55%), P. aeruginosa (27%), and S. aureus (9%). All bacterial species were resistant to some antibiotics. The highest rates of resistance were in E. faecalis to tetracycline (16%), in E. coli to ciprofloxacin (22%), and in S. aureus to penicillin (56%). Antibiotic resistance was found among all sample types, but salmon and oysters were less burdened than were shrimps and pangasius. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were exclusively found in shrimps and pangasius: 17% of pangasius samples (MDR E. coli and S. aureus) and 64% of shrimps (MDR E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. aureus). Two of these MDR E. coli isolates from shrimps (one from an organic sample) were resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. Based on these findings, E. coli in pangasius, shrimps, and oysters, E. faecalis in pangasius, shrimps, and salmon, and P. aeruginosa in pangasius and shrimps are potential candidates for programs monitoring antimicrobial resistance. Enrichment methods for the detection of MDR bacteria of special public health concern, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and E. coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases, should be implemented.

scholarly journals Evolution of Chi motifs in Proteobacteria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélique Buton ◽  
Louis-Marie Bobay
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Dna Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
High Sequence Similarity ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dna Motif ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract Homologous recombination is a key pathway found in nearly all bacterial taxa. The recombination complex allows bacteria to repair DNA double strand breaks but also promotes adaption through the exchange of DNA between cells. In Proteobacteria, this process is mediated by the RecBCD complex, which relies on the recognition of a DNA motif named Chi to initiate recombination. The Chi motif has been characterized in Escherichia coli and analogous sequences have been found in several other species from diverse families, suggesting that this mode of action is widespread across bacteria. However, the sequences of Chi-like motifs are known for only five bacterial species: E. coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study we detected putative Chi motifs in a large dataset of Proteobacteria and we identified four additional motifs sharing high sequence similarity and similar properties to the Chi motif of E. coli in 85 species of Proteobacteria. Most Chi motifs were detected in Enterobacteriaceae and this motif appears well conserved in this family. However, we did not detect Chi motifs for the majority of Proteobacteria, suggesting that different motifs are used in these species. Altogether these results substantially expand our knowledge on the evolution of Chi motifs and on the recombination process in bacteria.

scholarly journals Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Derived from Cow Milk of Subclinical and Clinical Cases of Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda ◽  
Krzysztof Skowron ◽  
Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska ◽  
Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke ◽  
Jarosław Bystroń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bonferroni Test

Mastitis is a major economic problem in dairy herds, as it might decrease fertility, and negatively affect milk quality and milk yield. Out of over 150 bacterial species responsible for the udder inflammation, Escherichia coli is one of the most notable. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance to dipping agents and biofilm formation of 150 E. coli strains isolated from milk of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The strains came from three dairy herds located in Northern and Central Poland. The statistical analyses were performed with post-hoc Bonferroni test and chi-square test (including Yates correction). The data with a p value of <0.05 were considered significant. We found that the tested strains were mostly sensitive to antimicrobials and dipping agents. It was shown that 37.33% and 4.67% of strains were resistant and moderately resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, respectively. No extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected. The majority of strains did not possess the ability to form biofilm or formed a weak biofilm. The strong biofilm formers were found only among strains derived from cows with subclinical mastitis. The lowest bacteria number was noted for subclinical mastitis cows’ strains, after stabilization with iodine (3.77 log CFU × cm−2) and chlorhexidine (3.96 log CFU × cm−2) treatment. In the present study, no statistically significant differences in susceptibility to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilm were found among the strains isolated from cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. Despite this, infections in dairy herds should be monitored. Limiting the spread of bacteria and characterizing the most common etiological factors would allow proper treatment.

scholarly journals Lactic Acid Bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus) in Yogurt Inhibit the Growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella sp. In Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
IDSAP Peramiarti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Test Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference

Diarrhea is defecation with a frequency more often than usual (three times or more) a day (10 mL/kg/day) with a soft or liquid consistency, even in the form of water alone. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella sp., play a role in many cases, to which antibiotics are prescribed as the first-line therapy. However, since antibiotic resistance cases are often found, preventive therapies are needed, such as consuming yogurt, which is produced through a fermentation process by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This research aimed to determine the activity of lactic acid bacteria (Liactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) in yogurt in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Shigella sp. The research applied in vitro with the liquid dilution test method and the true experimental design research method with post-test-only and control group design. The design was used to see the inhibitory effect of yogurt LAB on the growth of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Shigell sp. to compare the effect of several different yogurt concentrations, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The results of the Least Significance Different analysis showed that there was a significant difference between yogurt with a concentration of 0% and that with various concentrations in inhibiting the growth of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Shigella sp. with a p-value of &lt;0.05. Whereas, there was no significant difference in the various concentrations of yogurt in inhibiting the growth of the three kinds of bacteria with a p-value of &gt; 0.05.<p class="Default" align="center"> </p>

scholarly journals Housing Condition of Coastal Area in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazaar

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mohiuddin ◽  
MB Latif
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type B ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hygienic Measures

This study was conducted to determine the contamination of E. coli and Salmonella for different types of foods in Chittagong city area. In case of laboratory examination, almost half (49.58%) of the samples were contaminated where 28.75% positive for E. coli. and 20.83% for Salmonella. The positive cases for type A sample was 20 out of 96 constituting 20.83% whereas the positive cases for type B sample was 49 out of 144 constituting 34.03% for E. coli. The positive cases of type A sample was 15 out of 96 making up 15.63% and for type B sample was 35 out of 144 making up 24.31% for Salmonella.A chi-square (?2) test was used to examine the equality of observed proportions for E. coli and Salmonella of each item of both types of food where significant difference among the observed proportion for E. coli (p-value<0.01) and Salmonella (p-value=0.032) for different items of A type and for E. coli (p-value<0.01) for different items of B type were observed and an odds ratio (OR) was measured for association between exposure and outcome where the probability of contaminated by E. coli of type B food is higher than contaminated of type A food (OR= 1.96 and CI:1.07-3.58). The probability of contaminated by Salmonella of type B food was higher than type A food (OR= 1.73 and CI: 0.89-3.39).The comparatively high bacteria in type B samples indicated contamination from water, practice of inadequate hygienic measures, mishandling, improper storage, inadequate cooking and above all unhygienic condition of the retail shops.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22034 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 15-20 2013

scholarly journals Does age affect symptom recovery after sports-related concussion? A study of high school and college athletes

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young M. Lee ◽  
Mitchell J. Odom ◽  
Scott L. Zuckerman ◽  
Gary S. Solomon ◽  
Allen K. Sills
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reliable Change Index ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
P Value ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference

Object Sport-related concussions (SRCs) in high school and college athletes represent a significant public health concern. Research suggests that younger athletes fare worse symptomatically than older athletes after an SRC. Using reliable change index (RCI) methodology, the authors conducted a study to determine if there are age-related differences in number, severity, and resolution of postconcussion symptoms. Methods Between 2009 and 2011, baseline measures of neurocognitive functions and symptoms in high school and college athletes were entered into a regional database. Seven hundred forty of these athletes later sustained an SRC. Ninety-two athletes in the 13- to 16-year-old group and 92 athletes in the 18- to 22-year-old group were matched for number of prior concussions, sex, biopsychosocial variables, and days to first postconcussion testing and symptom assessment. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the severity of each of 22 symptoms comprising the Total Symptom Scale (TSS) at baseline and first postconcussion test. To obtain a family-wise p value of 0.05 for each test, the significance level for each symptom comparison was set at an alpha of 0.05/22 = 0.0023. The number of days to return to baseline TSS score was compared using the RCI methodology, set at the 80% confidence interval, equal to a change in raw score of 9.18 points on the TSS. Results There was no statistically significant difference in symptom presence, symptom severity, and total symptoms between the age groups at baseline or at postconcussion testing. There was no statistically significant difference in return to baseline symptom scores between the age groups. Conclusions Using RCI methodology, there was no statistically significant difference between younger and older athletes in return to baseline symptoms postconcussion.

A Better Mobilization Regimen for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients,

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 4051-4051
Author(s):  
Ahmed Y Abuabdou ◽  
Eric R Rosenbaum ◽  
Saad Usmani ◽  
Bart Barlogie ◽  
Michele Cottler-Fox
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
P Value ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Poor Mobilizer

Abstract Abstract 4051 Introduction: What constitutes an acceptable mobilization regimen for collecting CD34+ cells depends on whether the goal of collection is to obtain a minimum number versus optimal number of cells. When treating patients with high-risk myeloma it may be important to obtain an optimal number. Here we compare retrospectively our earlier mobilization regimen, VTD-PACE, with MVTD-PACE in newly diagnosed, previously untreated multiple myeloma patients. Materials and Methods : We reviewed data for all patients who collected hematopoietic progenitor cells on Total Therapy protocols TT3a/TT3b with VTD-PACE (n=394) from February 2004 to September 2008 (138 females and 256 males, median age 59y; range 31–75), and on TT4/TT5 with MVTD-PACE (n=188) from August 2008 to May 2011 (78 females and 110 males, median age 61y, range 30–76). Based on their predicted first day collection with a large volume leukapheresis (30L processed), using our center's predictive formula (Blood 2010; 116(21):1182a), patients were stratified into 4 mobilizer types: poor (<2×106 CD34+ cells/kg), intermediate (≥2 to 10×106), good (>10 to 20×106) and excellent (>20×106). Variables examined included number of CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 1 and day 2 of collection (we have a minimum 2 day collection requirement), number of collection days to reach our minimum goal of 20×106 CD34+ cells/kg, and total CD34+ cells/kg collected for both chemotherapy groups. Variables for both groups stratified by mobilizer type were compared using two-tailed student's t-tests, except for the poor mobilizer group, where population size was too small for formal statistical analyses (VTD-PACE n=7, MVTD-PACE n=4), although averages were calculated. Results : There was no significant difference between VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE for CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 1 of collection among the excellent [mean 368.9 (n=184) vs. 434.6 x106 (n=92); p-value 0.07], good [mean 138.6 (n=102) vs. 128.6 x106 (n=40); p-value 0.19], and intermediate [mean 60.1 (n=100) vs. 55.9 x106 (n=52); p-value 0.39] groups. A statistically significant difference between VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE was found for CD34+ cells/μl blood on day 2 of collection for excellent mobilizers [mean 333.8 (n=184) vs. 460 ×106 (n=92); p-value <0.001], but not for the good [mean 165.7 (n=102) vs. 189.5×106 (n=40); p-value 0.21] and intermediate [mean 80.1 (n=101) vs. 102.3 ×106 (n=52); p-value 0.07] groups. When CD34+ cell/kg collection totals with VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE were compared, a significant difference was seen for the intermediate mobilizer group only [mean 23.6 (n=101) vs. 26.3 ×106 (n=52); p-value 0.03]. For the poor mobilizer group, VTD-PACE had an average CD34+ cells/μl blood of 13.5×106 for day 1 of collection and 17.0 ×106 for day 2, with a total of 14.5×106 CD34+cells/kg collected; while MVTD-PACE had an average of 13.2×106 CD34+ cells/μl blood for day 1 of collection, 24.9×106 for day 2, with a total of 24.2×106CD34+ cells/kg collected. The number of collection days was similar between VTD-PACE and MVTD-PACE in the excellent mobilization group (2 days), but was slightly more for VTD-PACE compared to MVTD-PACE for the good (2.1 vs. 2 days), intermediate (3.2 vs. 2.9 days), and poor (6.1 vs. 5.8 days) groups. Conclusion : Both regimens allow more than minimum collections, but MVTD-PACE provides a higher peak number of CD34+ cells/μl blood, resulting in a slightly lower mean number of days of collection than VTD-PACE to reach an optimal collection. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Sildenafil Citrate Versus Nifedipine and Dydrogesreone in Prevention of Preterm Labor with Short Cervix

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Abd El-Naser Abd El-Gaber Ali ◽  
Khaled M Abdallah ◽  
Ahmed Abdelhamid
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Cervical Length ◽  
Sildenafil Citrate ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
P Value ◽  
Short Cervix ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Prevention of the premature birth occurrence remains is considered one of the most tough challenges for obstetricians worldwide, mainly to avoid neonatal prematurity complications leading to short and long term morbidities additionally prematurity prevention will reduce premature neonatal mortality rates which is considered a major health concern of obstetricians, neonatologists and families. Objective: To compare and contrast the efficacy of Sildenafil citrate, Nifedipine and Dydrogesrone in prevention of premature labor in gestations with short cervix. Setting: Obstetrics & Gynecology Departments, Faculties of medicine, south Valley and Al-Azhar (Asyut) Universities, Egypt. Duration: from September 2014 to March 2018. Patients And Methds: the study was conducted on 300 pregnant women who randomly divided into three groups: Group I included 100 cases received Sildenafil citrate (Respatio tablet 20mg twice daily orally), Group II included 100 cases received Nifedipine (Epilat retard tablets 20mg twice daily orally) and Group III included 100 pregnant women received dydrogesreone 10 mg (Duphaston) twice daily orally. Results: incidence of preterm labor was (9.37, 8.51 and 14.28) in (Group I, Group II and Group II) respectively. Mean ± SD of cervical length at 32 weeks of gestation was mildly statistically significant among groups (p value <0.05) but no significance in neonatal outcome (p value >0.05) except birth weight which had a highly statistically significant difference (p value < 0.001). There was a highly statistically significant difference among studied groups as regard to drug side effects in (p value <0.001). Conclusion: Sildenafil citrate was as effective as Nifedipine and better than oral Dydrogesterone on myometrial relaxation and prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women who had short cervix.

scholarly journals Evaluating the risk of bacterial infections associated with the most handled Iraqi notes in Kalar

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq ◽  
Mohammed Hassan Fatah ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Tofiq
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Currency Note ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Every day new sources of microbial and especially bacterial infections are reported, which are not taken into account, the fact that these sources have been implicated in the outbreaks of these infections. The goals of the current research focused on the exploration of the scope of microbial pollution of the widely traded paper currency notes of the Iraqi currencies (250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi Dinars) in Kalar city. 300 banknotes (100 samples for each of the denominations under investigation) in circulation were gathered from different categories of Kalar population and one fresh sample for each of the three currencies (control negative). Each bill was rinsed in 5 ml D.W then cultured on Nutrient agar, Mannitol Salt agar and MacConkey agar, respectively, then incubated at 37 ºC for up to 48 hours. Results revealed the rate of microbial contamination, specifically bacterial ones as 94%, 68%, and 60%, respectively on the denominations of 250, 1000, and 5000 of Iraqi Dinars. In a descending order, and with regard to the prevalence rate, bacterial species contaminated 250, 1000 and 5000 Iraqi denominations respectively were as follows: 55.31%, 32.35% and 36.66% for Bacillus sp.; 14.89%, 38.23% and 20% for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; 8.51%, 8.82% and 20% for E. coli; 2.12%, 11.76 and 20% for Pseudomonas sp.; 2.12% for each of Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella sp.; 10.63% and 4.25% for Enterobacter sp. and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, and only on 250 denomination;  2.94% and 5.88% for each of Corynebacterium sp. and Serratia sp. only on 1000 currency note; lastly, 3.33% for Proteus sp. on 5000 IQD only. These outcomes suggest that bacterial contamination of Iraqi Dinars, specifically the 250 denomination is risky and could be regarded as the real source of infectious diseases with the most dangerous pathogenic bacteria.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document