scholarly journals Effect of Tackifier Addition on Cushion Compound Formulation for Tire Retreading Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Lies Agustine Wisojodharmo ◽  
Dewi Kusuma Arti ◽  
Retna Deca Pravitasari ◽  
Ade Sholeh Hidayat ◽  
Aisyah I. Nisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Test Compression ◽  
Unsaturated Rubber ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Optimum Variation

Tire retreading is a prospective industry. Old tires are repaired and retreaded with suitable tread compounds to fulfill the requirement as the new ones. One of the important components in tire retreading process is cushion compound. Cushion compound consists of unsaturated rubber, in this case natural rubber Hevea brasiliensis was used, less phr of filler compared to the retread compound, and additives such as peptizer, tackifier, processing oil, antioxidant, activator, accelerator and curatives. Tackifier is an important component in cushion compound since its role to make a bonding between different layer, the initial tire after buffing and new retread layer. Tackifier should has good resistance, good compatibility and does not affect the rheological and dynamical properties of bonded rubber. The general tackifier that used in industries are hexamethyl tetramine as methylene donor and resorcinol as methylene acceptor. There is certain reaction between those two additives that determine how good the performance of cushion compound and its effect to retreading process. To obtain optimum reaction, comparison between resorcinol and hexamethyl tetramine were varied as 1:1 (FRR1), 1:2 (FRR2) and 1:3 (FRR3). Hardness test, compression test, rebound resilience, tensile and tear strength, and FTIR were done to observe the optimum variation for retread application. Compared to the control with no tackifier at all, FRR2 showed the optimum result with 21.75 MPa (min. 19 Mpa) and 454,54% elongation at break (min. 450%). The most interesting result was observation by using FTIR, it was detected that the crosslink density was significantly higher than other formulation. It is a new breakthrough which is minimum tackifier with certain treatment could give better performance.

scholarly journals The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Syahrul Fauzi Siregar ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

scholarly journals Curing and mechanical properties of chlorosulphonated polyethylene rubber blends

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Markovic ◽  
Vojislav Jovanovic ◽  
Suzana Samarzija-Jovanovic ◽  
Milena Marinovic-Cincovic ◽  
Jaroslava Budinski-Simendic
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper the curing and mechanical properties of two series of prepared blends, i.e., chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSM)/isobutylene-co-isoprene (IIR) rubber blends and chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSM)/chlorinated isobutylene-co-isoprene (CIIR) rubber blends were carried out. Blends were prepared using a two roll-mill at a temperature of 40-50?C. The curing was assessed by using a Monsanto Oscillating Disc Rheometer R-100. The process of vulcanization accelerated sulfur of pure rubbers and their blends was carried out in an electrically heated laboratory hydraulic press under a pressure of about 4 MPa and 160?. The stress-strain experiments were performed using tensile tester machine (Zwick 1425). Results indicate that the scorch time, ts2 and optimum cure time, tc90 increase with increasing CSM content in both blends. The values of modulus at 100% and at 300% elongation and tensile strength increases with increasing CSM content, whereas elongation at break shows a decreasing trend. The enhancement in mechanical properties was supported by data of crosslink density in these samples obtained from swelling measurement and scanning electron microscopy studies of the rubber blends fractured surfaces.

Correlation between Curing Temperature and the Properties of Conductive Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ya Wang ◽  
Zhi Dong Xia ◽  
Zhe Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Conductive Composites ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Better Than

This study was carried out to discuss the influence of curing temperature on the performance of conductive composites filled with nickel-coated graphite (NCG). The electrical conductivity, crosslink density, mechanical properties and tensile fracture morphology have been investigated. The results indicated that curing temperature had great impact on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Voluem resistivity decreased from 43.1 to 0.08 ohm-cm at 125°C-205°C, and the reason was discussed in light of formation and break of the conductive network in the composites. The stability of SR-NCG cured at 165°C-205°C were also better than those cured at other curing temperature. Besides, tensile strength increased from 2.41 to 7.19Mpa at 125°C-225°C, elongation at break have a 56% increase, and Shore A hardness also incresed from 74 to 82.

Effect of Epoxidized Palm Oil Loading on the Swelling and Mechanical Properties of SBR Vulcanizates

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Mohd Zaki Nurul Ayunie ◽  
Ahmad Zafir Romli ◽  
M.A. Wahab ◽  
Mohd Hanafiah Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Opposite Trend ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The effects of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) content in carbon black filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) on tensile strength, elongation at break and crosslink density were investigated. Five different loadings of EPO in parts per hundred rubbers (phr) were used to test the tensile strength of the carbon black filled SBR which showed a decreasing trend as the content of EPO in the vulcanizates increased. In contrast, elongation at break showed the opposite trend where the elongation at break increased as the content of the EPO increased. The SBR vulcanizates with the highest content of EPO gave the highest value of elongation at break which is 2393.56%. In the case of swelling index, it was found to increase as the amount of EPO increased.

Utilization of Maleic Anhydride Modified Ground EVA Waste in NBR Vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bluma G. Soares ◽  
Ana C. O. Gomes ◽  
Viviane X. Moreira ◽  
Marcia G. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Lower Elongation ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Abstract The influence of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) waste (EVAW) on the rheological and mechanical properties of NBR vulcanizates compounds was studied. The optimum concentration of EVAW, which has presented higher ultimate tensile strength, was found to be 70 phr. In addition, the influence of EVAW modified with maleic anhydride as adhesion promoter was studied. Two distinct routes of modification with maleic anhydride were selected, originating a carboxylated EVA waste (EVAWCOOH) and an anhydride EVA waste (EVAWMA). An improvement of tensile strength and aging resistance was observed with the substitution of EVAW by EVAWCOOH or EVAWMA. A very good resistance to compression set has been achieved with the addition of EVAWCOOH. The improvement of mechanical performance was attributed to a better dispersion of EVAW along NBR matrix, promoted by the enhanced modified-waste polarity, which allowed a good interaction with polar NBR. The presence of anhydride group in functionalized EVAW resulted in the highest values of tensile strength but lower elongation at break and also lower values of tan delta obtained from dynamic testing. These behaviors have been attributed to an increase of crosslink density due to the reaction between zinc oxide and succinic pendant groups of EVAWMA.

Elongation at Break as a Measure of Cross-Link Density in Vulcanized Elastomers

1966 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 726-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DiGiulio ◽  
G. Bellini ◽  
G. V. Giandinoto
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Total Degree ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Ethylene Propylene ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cross Link Density

Abstract After recalling the reaction mechanism suggested for the crosslinking of ethylene propylene copolymers with organic peroxides, the authors consider the relation between concentration of curing agent and crosslink density. It is experimentally found that, as a first approximation, the elongation ratio at break of vulcanizates (unfilled or filled with small quantities of carbon black) is a function of molar concentration of peroxide only: αR=K/P1/2 This relation can be theoretically justified on the basis of the extensibility of polymer chain segments and of the criterion for rupture originally put forward by Taylor and Darin. By applying the above relation to ethylene propylene copolymers it is possible to evaluate the influence of the chain-splitting reaction during cross-linking. The reciprocal of the square of elongation ratio at break (1/αR2) measures the total degree of crosslinking.

A Study of FTIR and some Mechanical Properties of Sodium Iodide (NaI) Salt Filled Polymer Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Films

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabah A. Salman ◽  
Nabeel A. Bakr ◽  
Huda T. Homad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Vibrational Modes ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Elongation At Break

The effect of Sodium Iodide (NaI) salt on mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was studied in this work. The interaction between (NaI) salt and polymer (PVA) was investigated by (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of (NaI) salt on the mechanical properties of the polymer (PVA) was studied by hardness and tensile tests. FTIR spectra analysis of pure and (NaI) filled (PVA) films showed that the vibrational modes have changed due to the effect of filler salt in the polymer (PVA). Hardness test showed that the hardness increases unsystematically with increasing the weight ratio of added sodium iodide salt except the weight ratio of (16 wt %) compared with pure (PVA) film, while the experimental results of the tensile test for (PVA-NaI) composite films showed unsystematic change of tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus after filling with different weight ratios of (NaI) salt compared with pure (PVA) film.

Reinforcing Effect of Silica and Silane Fillers on the Properties of Some Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1290-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ansarifar ◽  
R. Nijhawan ◽  
T. Nanapoolsin ◽  
M. Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The reinforcing effect of up to 6 parts per hundred rubber by weight (phr) bis- (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), a bifunctional organosilane, on the crosslink density, bound rubber, and technical properties of some conventional accelerator/sulfur compounds of natural rubber, containing 30 phr precipitated amorphous white silica was studied. The crosslink density and bound rubber improved as a function of TESPT loading. The tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at rupture, and cohesive tear strength deteriorated at low loading of TESPT, but they subsequently increased after the full amount of TESPT was introduced into the compound. The improved properties of the vulcanizate was due to the better dispersion of the filler in the rubber matrix. However, the cyclic fatigue life was adversely affected, and the hardness hardly changed as a result of adding TESPT to the rubber.

Superior Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonically Recycled EPDM Rubber

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jushik Yun ◽  
A. I. Isayev
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties

Abstract This paper describes the results of an extensive study involving the continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of unfilled EPDM rubber. Die pressure and ultrasound power consumption were measured as a function of processing conditions. The mechanical properties of aged and fresh revulcanized EPDM rubber were measured. Gel fraction, crosslink density, and dynamic properties were also determined for the virgin vulcanizate, the ultrasonically devulcanized rubber, and the revulcanized rubber. Additionally, the cure behavior of virgin and devulcanized EPDM rubber was investigated. The tensile strength of revulcanized EPDM rubber was found to be much higher than that of the virgin vulcanizate with the elongation at break being practically intact. A mechanism explaining the increase in mechanical properties of revulcanized rubbers was proposed.

CHARACTERIZATION AND CORRELATION OF THE NETWORK CHAIN DENSITY TO THE PROPERTIES OF FLUOROELASTOMER RUBBER

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boyd ◽  
I. Therrien ◽  
Richard. J. Pazur
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Double Quantum ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Intensity Data ◽  
Network Chain ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
Corrected Intensity

ABSTRACT The concentrations of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) in a peroxide-curable fluoroelastomer terpolymer containing 67 wt% of fluorine were varied to generate compounds of differing crosslink densities. Experimental analysis was undertaken using rheometry, hardness, stress–strain (Mooney–Rivlin), equilibrium solvent swell, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using the double quantum (DQ) technique. Increasing the TAIC concentration caused a systematic rise in rheometry elastic torque, hardness, and tensile strength, whereas both elongation at break and swelling levels decreased. These results are concurrent with an enhanced overall level of crosslinking, which was confirmed by the steady increase of the Mooney–Rivlin C1 values. DQ NMR analysis using hydrogen and fluorine probes and subsequent application of fast Tikhonov regularization to the corrected intensity data were particularly useful in discerning the inhomogeneous nature of the compound morphology. The spatial distribution of the crosslink density suggests that the compound consists of small, highly crosslinked/entangled polymerized TAIC domains embedded within the elastic crosslinked matrix. A concentration of 3 phr of TAIC is optimal according to compression set testing.

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