Tissue Integration of Synthetic Grafts and the Impact of Soft-Tissue Infection – An Experimental Model

AbstractObjective: Starting with the ‘Vinyon-N-revolution’ of the 50’s, there has been a constant interest in understanting tissue integration, or the so-called graft healing process, as well as its relationship with infection. In this study we present an experimental animal model designed to assess tissue integration of different graft materials, and their reaction to the presence of infection.Methods: Synthetic grafts (knitted Dacron®, woven Dacron®, silver-impregnated Dacron® and Gore-Tex®) were implanted subfascially in the interscapular region of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into a control group and an infected group, with infection induced using bacterial suspensions of standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli. Implants were retrieved at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively in the control group and at 1, 2 and 3 weeks postoperatively in theinfected group. Retrieved grafts were assessed bacteriologically and morpho-pathologically.Results: All microorganisms produced clinically evident infections, with positive blood cultures in case of E. coli. Staphylococci produced more massive infections on Dacron® grafts, except for the silver-impregnated version, while E. coli produced more significant infections on Gore-Tex® grafts. Morpho-pathologically Dacron® grafts behaved poorly, with ocassional complete structural compromise, and no difference between the conventional and the silver-impregnated type. The Gore-Tex® graft showed a consistent structural resistance throughout the study period.Conclusions: Although the silver-impregnated graft inhibited bacterial growth, it was poorly tolerated by the host tissue. In contrast, Gore-Tex® grafts showed more massive infection, especially with E. coli, but kept their structural integrity surprisingly well.

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Impact of Ellagic Acid in Bone Formation after Tooth Extraction: An Experimental Study on Diabetic Rats

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/908098 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mazen M. Jamil Al-Obaidi ◽

Fouad Hussain Al-Bayaty ◽

Rami Al Batran ◽

Jamal Hussaini ◽

Goot Heah Khor

Keyword(s):

Normal Saline ◽

Ellagic Acid ◽

Tooth Extraction ◽

Healing Process ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Control Group ◽

Tooth Socket ◽

The Impact

Objectives. To estimate the impact of ellagic acid (EA) towards healing tooth socket in diabetic animals, after tooth extraction.Methods. Twenty-fourSprague Dawleymale rats weighing 250–300 g were selected for this study. All animals were intraperitoneally injected with 45 mg/kg (b.w.) of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ), to induce diabetic mellitus. Then, the animals were anesthetized, and the upper left central incisor was extracted and the whole extracted sockets were filled with Rosuvastatin (RSV). The rats were separated into three groups, comprising 8 rats each. The first group was considered as normal control group and orally treated with normal saline. The second group was regarded as diabetic control group and orally treated with normal saline, whereas the third group comprised diabetic rats, administrated with EA (50 mg/kg) orally. The maxilla tissue stained by eosin and hematoxylin (H&E) was used for histological examinations and immunohistochemical technique. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were used to evaluate the healing process in the extracted tooth socket by immunohistochemistry test.Results. The reactions of immunohistochemistry for FGF-2 and ALP presented stronger expression, predominantly in EA treated diabetic rat, than the untreated diabetic rat.Conclusion. These findings suggest that the administration of EA combined with RSV may have accelerated the healing process of the tooth socket of diabetic rats, after tooth extraction.

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449 Late-Breaking: Impact of feeding a propriety yeast-based synbiotic product on fecal shedding of top-7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.288 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 141-141

Author(s):

Raghavendra Amachawadi ◽

Xiaorong Shi ◽

LeighAnn George ◽

Miles Theurer ◽

Twig Marston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Control Group ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Fecal Shedding ◽

E Coli ◽

Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽

The Impact

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O111, O103, O121, O145, and O157, called ‘top-7’, are major foodborne pathogens. Cattle are a major reservoir, in which STEC colonize the hindgut and are shed in the feces, which is a major source of contamination of food. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a proprietary yeast-based synbiotic product (prebiotic and probiotic; Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) on fecal shedding of top-7 STEC in feedlot cattle. Twenty existing pens, housing 40–112 steers per pen, with an estimated 60 to 90 days to slaughter, were randomly assigned to a control group or a treatment group that received 22 g of the synbiotic product per steer per day, as a top dress, in a finishing diet. Twenty pen-floor fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 0, 21, 42, and 54. Fecal samples were enriched and subjected to a multiplex PCR assay targeting serogroup-specific genes for the top-7 STEC and three major virulence genes, stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), and eae (intimin). Bivariate descriptive statistics for the major serogroups and virulence genes were assessed prior to multivariable analysis using mixed effects logistic regression. The overall prevalence of the top-7 serogroups were 44.5% of O26, 41.3% of O157, 15.1% of O103, 13.7% of O45, 7.8% of O121, and 0.6% of O111. The overall prevalence of stx1, stx2, and eae were 43.9%, 70.8%, and 49%, respectively. E. coli O26, O157, and O45 had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P < 0.0001). On d 42, fecal samples from treated group had lower prevalence (P < 0.01) of O26, O103, and O45 compared to the control group. In conclusion, the in-feed administration of the synbiotic product appears to reduce fecal shedding of certain top-7 STEC serogroups in the feedlot cattle.

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Effects of Warmed and Humidified CO2 Surgical Site Insufflation in a Novel Experimental Model of Magnetic Compression Colonic Anastomosis

Surgical Innovation ◽

10.1177/1553350620967225 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 155335062096722

Author(s):

Francesco Marchegiani ◽

Eric Noll ◽

Pietro Riva ◽

Seong-Ho Kong ◽

Paola Saccomandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Loss ◽

Colonic Anastomosis ◽

Healing Process ◽

Anastomotic Healing ◽

Control Group ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Anastomotic Site ◽

Magnetic Compression ◽

The Impact ◽

Group 1

Background. Pneumoperitoneum insufflation with warmed and humidified carbon dioxide (WH-CO2) can prevent heat loss and increase tissue oxygenation. We evaluated the impact of localized WH-CO2 insufflation on the anastomotic healing process. Methods. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomized: Group 1 (control, n = 12), Group 2 (cold and dry CO2, CD-CO2, n = 24), and Group 3 (WH-CO2, n = 24). A magnetic compression side-to-side colonic anastomosis was performed under 60-minute local abdominal CO2 flow insufflation. Animal temperature was recorded. IL-1, IL-6, and CRP levels were assessed before and after insufflation and on postoperative day (POD) 7 and POD 10. Endoscopic follow-up was performed on POD 7 and POD 10. A burst pressure (BP) test of the specimen was performed on POD 10, and histopathological analysis was then performed. Metabolomics of the anastomotic site was determined. Results. Seven rats (5 CD-CO2 group, 1 WH-CO2 group, and 1 control group) died during the survival period. Necropsies revealed intestinal occlusions (n = 2). One additional rat from the CD-CO2 group was sacrificed on POD 7 due to intestinal perforation. The postoperative course was uneventful in the remaining cases. There was no difference in BP among the groups. Thermal monitoring confirmed that WH-CO2 insufflation was effective to reduce heat loss. IL-1 levels were statistically and significantly lower on POD 10 in the WH-CO2 group than the CD-CO2 group but not lower than the control group. CRP levels, histopathology, and metabolomics did not show any difference between the 3 groups. Conclusions. WH-CO2 was effective to preserve core temperature. However, it did not improve anastomotic healing.

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Study of some Impact Of Enterococcus faecium As Probiotic On Chick 1- Body Weight And Pathological Changes In Air Sacs And Intestine

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v31i1.806 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 70-77

Author(s):

Emad J. Khamas

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

High Temperature ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Control Group ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Fourth Group ◽

E Coli ◽

The Third ◽

Air Sacs ◽

The Impact

To investigate the impact of Enteococcus faecium as probiotic in layer chicks,this bacteria was given in feed at a dose rate of 1.5 gm per kg feed, each kg offeed contained 5×1011 cfu along the period of the study (57 days). 150 one dayold males were divided into five groups, 30 males each. The 1st group was giventhe probiotic only in the feed, the 2nd group was given the probiotic and exposedto high temperature and bad ventilation as a stress, and the third group wasgiven the probiotic with chlortetracycline in feed while the fourth group wasgiven the probiotic and then infected with E. coli on 21 day of age and the fifthgroup was given feed with out probiotic as the control group. The resultsshowed that there was increase in body weight especially in the last weeks of theexperiment. Turbidity of the air sacs was mild in the four group compared withcontrol. Intestinal villi became elongated due to using of probiotic and there wasless sloughing compared with control, and those groups showed resistancetoward E. coli infection.

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The effect of supportive E. coli mastitis treatment on PMN chemiluminescence and subpopulations of T lymphocytes

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2013-0095 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 671-677

Author(s):

H. Markiewicz ◽

W. Krumrych ◽

M. Gehrke

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Control Group ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Blood Indices ◽

E Coli ◽

Flunixin Meglumine ◽

Acute Form ◽

The Impact ◽

Antibiotic Product

Abstract The aim of this field study was to assess the impact of a single i.m. injection of lysozyme dimer and flunixin meglumine in combination with intramammary and systemic antibiotic on chemiluminescence of PMN (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and subpopulations of lymphocyte T in blood of cows with E. coli mastitis. Examinations were performed on 30 dairy cows affected with naturally occurring acute form of E. coli mastitis. Cows were randomly divided into three groups according to the method of treatment. The first group was treated with approved intramammary antibiotic product, the same antibiotic in i.m. injection and one injection of flunixin meglumine on the first day of therapy. Next group was treated with the same antibiotic and additionally one injection of lysozyme dimer on the first day of therapy. The third one was treated only with an antibiotic and served as a control group. Blood samples were taken before treatment and on days 3 and 7. In samples haematology indices were determined, spontaneous and opsonised zymosan stimulated CL and PMA measurements were performed and the subpopulations of T lymphocyte (CD2+, CD4+, CD8+) were assayed in whole blood. There was no effect of the applied supportive treatment on the value of morphological blood indices. A significant influence of the time of sample collection on the level of CL and dynamics of lymphocytes T subpopulation was demonstrated. A single injection of flunixin meglumine or lysozyme dimer on the day of the beginning of treatment of E. coli mastitis, does not affect the level of neutrophil chemiluminescence and the percentage of T lymphocytes in the blood of mastitic cows in the analysed period of time.

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Effects of Zinc Combined with Probiotics on Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea Secondary to Childhood Pneumonia

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/fmy069 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 421-426

Author(s):

Rong Xiang ◽

Qing Tang ◽

Xiu-Qi Chen ◽

Mu-Yan Li ◽

Mei-Xiong Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Combined Treatment ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

E Coli ◽

Probiotic Treatment ◽

Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea ◽

Before And After ◽

Lactate Levels ◽

The Impact

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of zinc combined with probiotics (Bifico) on antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) secondary to pneumonia.MethodsA total of 50 patients with AAD secondary to pneumonia were randomly divided into a probiotics group (Bifico) and a combined group (zinc combined with Bifico) and 25 pneumonia patients without AAD as the control group. Serum levels of zinc, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, D-lactate and intestinal flora [Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium/E. coli (B/E) ratio] were detected before and after intervention.ResultsThe results showed that zinc combined with Bifico had significantly higher overall efficiency than Bifico alone for treatment of AAD secondary to pneumonia. Notably, the combined treatment increased the population of Bifidobacterium, while the number of E. coli was reduced, the B/E value was improved and DAO activity and D-lactate levels were markedly reduced.ConclusionPatients with AAD secondary to pneumonia benefit from zinc supplementation of probiotic treatment.

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Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01928-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 82 (24) ◽

pp. 7197-7204 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Getahun E. Agga ◽

John W. Schmidt ◽

Terrance M. Arthur

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Human Health ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Animal Health ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Control Group ◽

Content Type ◽

E Coli ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTConcerns have been raised that in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically tetracycline-resistant (TETr)Escherichia coliand third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr)E. coli. We evaluated the impact of a 5-day in-feed CTC prophylaxis on animal health, TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coli. A control group of cattle (n= 150) received no CTC, while a CTC group (n= 150) received in-feed CTC (10 mg/lb of body weight/day) from the 5th to the 9th day after feedlot arrival. Over 25% (38/150) of the animals in the control group developed illnesses requiring therapeutic treatment with antimicrobials critically important to human medicine. Only two animals (1.3%) in the CTC group required such treatments. Fecal swab and pen surface occurrences of genericE. coli(isolated on media that did not contain antimicrobials of interest and were not isolated based on any specific resistance), TETrE. coli, and 3GCrE. coliwere determined on five sampling occasions: arrival at the feedlot, 5 days posttreatment (5 dpt), 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt. On 5 dpt, TETrE. coliconcentrations were higher for the CTC group than the control group (P< 0.01). On 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt, TETrE. coliconcentrations did not differ between groups. 3GCrE. colioccurrences did not differ between control and CTC groups on any sampling occasion. For both groups, generic, TETr, and 3GCrE. colioccurrences were highest on 75 dpt and 117 dpt, suggesting that factors other than in-feed CTC contributed more significantly to antimicrobial-resistantE. colioccurrence.IMPORTANCEThe occurrence of human bacterial infections resistant to antimicrobial therapy has been increasing. It has been postulated that antimicrobial resistance was inevitable, but the life span of the antimicrobial era has been prematurely compromised due to the misuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural practices. Direct evidence relating the use of antimicrobials in livestock production to diminished human health outcomes due to antimicrobial resistance is lacking, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken an approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the selection of resistant microorganisms through judicious use of antimicrobials. This study demonstrated that prophylactic in-feed treatment of chlortetracycline administered for 5 days to calves entering feedlots is judicious, as this therapy reduced animal morbidity, reduced the use of antimicrobials more critical to human health, and had no long-term impact on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistantE. coli.

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Single Dose of Intra-Muscular Platlet Rich Plasma Reverses the Increase in Plasma Iron Levels in Exercise Induced Muscle Damage

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967114s00193 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (11_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967114S0019

Author(s):

Zekine Pündük ◽

Onur Oral ◽

Nadir Özkayın ◽

Khalid Rahman

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Platelet Rich Plasma ◽

Healing Process ◽

Control Group ◽

Elbow Flexors ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Plasma Iron ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

The Impact

Objectives: Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy, is considered to be a promising solution in accelerating the healing process of injured skeletal muscle tissue. In addition to the release of growth factors, PRP also promotes concentrated anti-inflammatory signals, including interleukins. However, the impact of the intramuscular administration of the PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses has not been fully elucidated in exercise induced muscle damage. Methods: Twelve healthy moderately active male volunteers, without previous experience with eccentric/concentric elbow flexors exercise, participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: control group (CONTROL, n=6) and platelet rich plasma administration group (PRP, n=6) group. To induce muscle damage, subjects in both groups performed concentric/eccentric contractions with load of (80 % 1RM) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow flexors until point of exhaustion of the non-dominant arm. The non-dominant arms of the PRP group were treated with autologous PRP (Regen ACR-C, Regen Lab, Switzerland) post-24h exercise induced damage (DOMS). Subsequently, 4 ml PRP samples was injected using a 20-gauge needle into the region of the biceps brachii of the non-dominant arm under sterile aseptic conditions. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, and 4 days post-exercise, and analyzed for complete blood counts, serum ferritin, iron, iron binding capacity (IBC), creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as markers of muscle damage and inflammation. Results: We found that the baseline levels of iron, ferritin, IBC, CK, LDH, AST and ALT were similar in control and PRP groups. However, 24 h following exercise induced muscle damage a significant increase in these parameters was observed in both groups. Interestingly, PRP administration decreased plasma iron levels compared to the control group but this was only achieved on the second day of post-exercise induced muscle damage. In addition, the plasma IBC levels increased in PRP group from day 2 to 4 post exercise compared to control group. PRP administration had no effect on plasma ferritin, CK, LDH, AST, and LDH levels. Conclusion: Acute exhaustive exercise increased muscle damage markers, including plasma iron, IBC and ferritin levels, indicating metabolic stress due to exercise induced muscle damage. PRP administration decreased the iron levels post-exercise and may have a role to play in the recovery of exercise induced muscle damage.

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Impact of the impulse electrophoresis of the blood plasma on the wounds healing and formation of cicatricial tissue in experiment

Klinicheskaia khirurgiia ◽

10.26779/2522-1396.2019.11-12.69 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (11-12) ◽

pp. 69-71

Author(s):

G. V. Terehov ◽

M. V. Chukhraiev ◽

M. V. Kostyliev ◽

S. P. Galych ◽

O. Yu. Furmanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Plasma ◽

Healing Process ◽

Main Group ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Surgical Access ◽

White Rats ◽

Electrophoresis Method ◽

Group 5 ◽

The Impact

Objective. To study in experiment the impact of the impulse electrophoresis of the blood plasma method on the wounds healing process in postoperative wounds. Materials and methods. The investigations were conducted on 15 white rats, to which in aseptic environment under intraabdominal narcosis the hip surgical access through the skin and muscles was conducted with subsequent layered closure of the wound, using separate knots. Ten laboratory animals were included into the main group, in whom transdermal introduction of the blood plasma, using the impulse electrophoresis method, was conducted on the 4th, 7th, 10th and 14th postoperative days. Into a control group 5 white rats were included, in which transdermal introduction of the blood plasma was not applied postoperatively. In all the laboratory animals the wounds have healed primarily. On the19th day postoperatively the laboratory animals were extracted from the experiment, and the near suture skin was investigated, using histological methods. Results. The surgical access healing in the hip skin and muscles with formation of normotrophic cicatrices was observed in the main group of the laboratory animals. Hypertrophic cicatrix in the operative intervention zone have been formatted in the laboratory animals of a control group on the 19th postoperative day. Conclusion. More qualitative healing of the wounds with formation of normotrophic cicatrix while application of transdermal introduction of the blood plasma, using the impulse electrophoresis method, was confirmed in experimental investigation in laboratory animals of the main group. Excessive creation of collagen was omitted in the laboratory animals of the main group, what have promoted formation of more thin and tender cicatrix, which have become slightly visible up to the end of experiment.

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Effect of competitive exclusion in rabbits using an autochthonous probiotic

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2017.4533 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 123 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sara Cunha ◽

Ângelo Mendes ◽

Dinis Rego ◽

Diana Meireles ◽

Ruben Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Competitive Exclusion ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Pulse Field ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Faecal Microbiota ◽

E Coli ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

The Impact

<p>Animal nutrition has been severely challenged by the ban on antimicrobials as growth promoters. This has fostered the study of alternative methods to avoid colonisation by pathogenic bacteria as well as to improve the growth of animals and feed conversion efficiency. These new options should not alter the normal intestinal microbiota, or affect it as little as possible. The use of probiotics, which are live microorganisms that beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance, can be seen as a promising way to achieve that goal. In this study, New Zealand White rabbits were fed diets containing an autochthonous probiotic of Enterococcus spp., with the strains EaI, EfaI and EfaD, and Escherichia coli, with the strains ECI 1, ECI 2 and ECD, during a 25-d trial, to evaluate the impact of the probiotic on the faecal microbiota, including population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance profiles. A control group of rabbits, which was fed a diet containing a commonly used mixture of antimicrobials (colistin, oxytetracycline, and valnemulin), was also studied. To assess the colonisation ability of the mentioned probiotic, the faecal microbiota of the rabbits was characterised up to 10 d after the administration had ended. Isolates of enterococci and E. coli were studied for phylogenetic relationships using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Although partially affected by an unexpected clinical impairment suffered by the rabbits in the experimental group, our results showed the following. The difference between the growth rate of the animals treated with antimicrobials and those fed the probiotic was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). The competitive exclusion product was present in the faecal samples in a large proportion, but stopped being recovered by culture as soon as the administration ended and the housing conditions were changed. Multidrug-resistant strains of enterococci and E. coli were more commonly recovered from faecal samples of animals fed diets containing antimicrobials, than from rabbits fed diets with our probiotic formula. The use of E. coli probiotics to prevent infection by enteropathogenic strains must be carefully considered due to the possible occurrence of gastrointestinal signs. On the other hand, enterococci strains may be more effective, but lack the long-term colonisation ability.</p>

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