scholarly journals Marker changes of blood plasma proteinogram in rats with toxic hepatitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-366
Author(s):  
V. A. Gryshchenko ◽  
V. S. Minina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Toxic Hepatitis ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Protein Spectrum ◽  
G Ratio

In recent years, there has been a pronounced tendency to increase in the incidence of drug-induced liver damage due to the growing expansion of the pharmaceutical market, which is also observed in the case of incorrect administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In this case, the violation of the functional state of the body has a negative effect on synthetic processes, which in combination with the protein system of tissues significantly affects the metabolic homeostasis of the body. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine marker changes in the plasma protein spectrum in laboratory rats with diclofenac-induced hepatitis and the effectiveness of reparative therapy based on milk phospholipids. The drug form of toxic hepatitis in laboratory animals was induced according to the author’s model by oral administration of diclofenac sodium (NSAID group) at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg, once a day for 14 days. Thus, in rats with toxic hepatitis there was a probable decrease in plasma total protein content by 15.6% compared with control, indicating a violation of protein-synthesizing function of the liver. With the introduction into the body of clinically healthy and sick animals of the liposomal form of the bioadditive "FLP-MD" based on milk phospholipids, the level of total protein in blood plasma corresponded to control values. As a result of the study of the plasma protein spectrum of Wistar rats, the four most sensitive indicators, which undergo significant probable changes in absolute and relative units of measurement with the development of toxic diclofenac-induced hepatitis, are protein fractions with molecular weights of 180–190, 150–170, 60 and 54–58 kDa and four markers of the effectiveness of restoring the protein-synthesizing function of the liver with the use of corrective therapy, in particular, bioadditives "FLP-MD" – 900, 180–190, 68–70 kDa and the value of A/G ratio, which is important for implementation in applied veterinary medicine, especially in the diagnosis of NSAID hepatopathy, supplementing the picture of its pathogenesis at the molecular level and testing the effectiveness of newly created drugs of hepatoprotective profile.

scholarly journals Dynamics of individual indicators of protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens on the background of combined stress when included in the diet “Reasil Humic Vet” + “Laktin” and “Reasil Humic Health”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
V. G. Stoyanovskyy ◽  
M. O. Shevchuk ◽  
I. A. Kolomiiets ◽  
V. A. Kolotnytskyy
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Γ Globulins

The body of  broiler chickens is characterized by a high metabolism, which promotes rapid growth and development, but their performance indicators are largely related to housing conditions, which are known to include a number of technological stressors. With the development of stress in the body of poultry changes the course of metabolic processes, which causes changes in all types of metabolism, including protein. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in individual indicators of protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens against the background of combined stress when included in the diet “Reasil Humic Vet” + “Laktin” and “Reasil Humic Health”. At 13th day of life, all clinically healthy poultry were exposed to combined stress – revaccination (intranasal Newcastle disease) plus cold stress (for 60 minutes by air conditioning and 5 °C in the vivarium). Material for research was selected for 3 days after the action of the stress factor (stage of anxiety), 13, 20 and 26 days after the action of the stress factor (the resistance stage). The material for the study was blood plasma, which determined the concentration of total protein, as well as the content of albumin, globulin fraction (α1, α2, β, γ). It was found that 3 days after the action of stress in chickens of Control group the development of adaptive reactions is manifested by the stability of the total protein content and redistribution of the fractional composition of plasma globulins in the form of increased albumin and α2-globulins. At different stages of development of the stage of resistance in birds of Control group, the content of total protein decreases by an average of 14.6 % due to the content of albumin by 6.9 % and α2-globulins – by 15.9 %, against the background of increasing α1- and γ-globulins by 23.1 and 33.5 % with the stabilization of individual studied indicators at the final stages of development of the resistance stage. The use in the diet of broilers feed “Reasil Humic Vet”, probiotic feed supplement “Laktin”, feed “Reasil Humic Health” under the influence of complex stress helps to increase the intensity of protein metabolism in poultry with the development of adaptation syndrome, as evidenced by the growth of total protein on average by 37.8 % (P < 0.05) and albumin – by 17.0 % (P < 0.05), which indicates an increase in the intensity of protein-synthesizing properties of the organism. In different periods of stress in the blood of broiler chickens Research groups there is an increase in the ratio of individual protein fractions, especially the content of γ-globulins - an average of 21.3 % (P < 0.05), which indicates an increase in the immune status of their body with a predominance of numerical values in the Research 1 group of poultry.

scholarly journals Changes in the composition of proteins in the blood during the period of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, modeled by a violation of blood flow in the liver

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
G Sh Garayev ◽  
J R Gafarova ◽  
R E Jafarova
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Liver Ischemia ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Quantitative Changes

On the experimental model of liver ischemia-reperfusion, quantitative changes in protein composition in the blood of white outbred rats were investigated. It was found that against the background of a 10-minute ischemia, the total protein content decreased by 0,9%, albumins by 1,5% (p0,05). The content of globulins practically did not change, and the content of fibrinogen increased by 33,3% (p0,05). In the corresponding periods of reperfusion compared with intact values, the content of total protein and albumins decreased, and globulins and fibrinogen increased. The intensity of changes in the quantitative and qualitative content of proteins in the blood of animals depended on both the duration of the ischemia period and the duration of reperfusion. At the same time, the increase in the level of globulins in the blood occurred more intensively during reperfusion after 20 minutes of ischemia. Thus, against the background of ischemia, there are changes in the quantitative composition of plasma proteins (total protein, albumins, globulins, fibrinogen). As the duration of ischemia increases, pathological changes increase. With reperfusion, the process continues unidirectionally, but against the background of a deeper ischemia lasting 20 minutes, some parameters of the pathological changes in the blood composition are less pronounced than against a background of reperfusion after a 10-minute ischemia. This phenomenon is explained by the activation of the protective and adaptive functions of the body.

scholarly journals PSV-35 Correlation of acute-phase blood proteins level and quality and cryostability of sperm in horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 337-338
Author(s):  
Mikhail Atroshchenko ◽  
Mariya Engalycheva ◽  
Anna Kudlaeva ◽  
Elena Borodkina ◽  
Mariya Fomina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Hypothermic Storage

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the relationship between acute phase indicators of a biochemical blood test with the quality and cryostability sperm in stallions. Semen from 59 stallions (aged from 5 to 15 years) were collected during the breeding season (February–May). Blood plasma samples were studied using a Vegasys automatic biochemical analyzer (Analyzer Medical System, Italy). The following parameters were determined in blood plasma: total protein, level of albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen. Each sperm sample was evaluated by volume, concentration, total sperm, as well as progressive motility and survival of sperm in chilled and thawed sperm during hypothermic storage at +40С. The normality of the distribution of quantitative traits was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For each of the indicators, the Spearman coefficient was calculated. Significance of differences was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test, the results were statistically significant at P ≤0.05. The concentration of biochemical parameters in blood serum averaged: total protein - 67.4 ± 0.7 g/l, albumin - 39.4±0.6 g/l, globulins - 28.4±0.8 g/l, C reactive protein - 0.3±0.1 mg/l, fibrinogen - 3.1±0.1 g/l. A significant negative correlation between the plasma fibrinogen and sperm survival during hypothermic storage (at +4ºС) of chilled (r=0.48; P &lt; 0.001) sperm and progressive sperm motility after thawing (r =-0.29; &lt; 0.05) was found. We suggest that an increase in the level of fibrinogen in the blood may indicate the presence of latent inflammatory, immuno-mediated processes in the body, including those affecting the quality and cryostability of sperm in stallions. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 20-16-00101, development program of Bioresource collections “Cryobank of genetic recourses the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding.”

scholarly journals State of protein and mineral exchange in broiler-chickens for the use of Zinc and Mangane chelates

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
V. Sakara ◽  
A. Melnyk ◽  
F. Markhenkov
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Experimental Group

The results of the application of a complex of Zinc and Manganese chelates to protein, macro- and micro-mineral exchanges in the body of broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross-breed are presented. The administration of Zn and Mn chelates in a dose of 0,2 ml/l for chicken broilers of 23 days of age (1st experimental group) during 14 days influenced the increase in the total protein content to 35,3±0,8 g/l, which is 8 % higher compared with the control – 32,5±0,7 g/l (p<0,01 ) The concentration of total Calcium in serum of broiler chickens 37-day-old (end of trial) was higher in the first experimental group by 7,3 % (2,05±0,06 mmol/l) compared to control – 1,9±0,03 mmol/l. In the second group, where chelates were administered in a dose of 0,4 ml/l of water, the Calcium content was 2,0±0,02 mmol/l, which is 5 % more than the control group. The two-week application of Zn and Mn chelates also led to an increase in the level of inorganic Phosphorus in the serum of the first group to 2,6±0,12 mmol/l (+ 11,5 %) compared with the control group. After administration of chelates Zn and Mn at doses of 0,2 ml/l water, the Zinc content was higher by 4,3% (23,5±0,2 μmol/l) compared to control – 22,5±0,34 μmol/l (p<0,01). In the second group, where the dose of chelates was 0,4 ml/l, the concentration of Zinc was 23,6±0,16 μmol/l, which is more than 4,6 % for control (p<0,01). At the end of the study, the content of Manganese in serum of broiler chickens in the first group was 1,9±0,07 μmol/l (p<0,05), which is 10,4% higher compared with the control – 1,7±0,06 μmol/l (3rd sampling). The level of this element in the second group was 2,0±0,08 μmol/l (p<0,01), which is higher by 16,7 % relative to the control. At the end of the experiment, the coupon concentration in the first and second experimental groups was 12,6 and 9,3 % higher, compared with control, 7,0±0,37 μmol/l. In turn, the serum Ferrum content of the first group was greater by 9,3 % (19,3±0,69 μmol/l), and the second by 6,7 % (18,8±0,47 μmol/l) compared to the bird of the control group. Key words: chicken broilers, chelates, Zinc, Manganese, Cuprom, Ferrum, metabolism.

scholarly journals The effect of convulsive syndrome on the metabolic status and survival of patients with alcoholic delirium

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Zadorozhnyi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Delirium Tremens ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Somatic Disorders ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The aim of the study was to study the effect of convulsive syndrome in patients with delirium tremens (DT) on the charac teristics of the metabolic status of the body, the severity of clinical manifes tations, and survival of people of different ages. The study involved 753 patients with DT at the age of 20 to 76 years. The metabolic status was studied. One indicator was the urea-creatinine serum index; its low level was considered a sign of anabolic trends in metabolism. Another indicator was the determination of the total protein content in the body by daily excretion of creatinine. It was found that patients with DT with convulsive syndrome had a higher score according to the severity of the disease according to the DRS scale, a longer period of mental disorders, the average number of somatic complications was higher. However, the survival rate of patients with DT with convulsive syndrome and patients with DT without convulsive manifestations was the same. To determine the causes of this, the metabolic status and age of surviving and deceased patients with DT were compared. The highest total protein content in the body is observed in surviving patients with DT with manifestations of convulsive syndrome. Surviving patients with DT with manifestations of convulsive syndrome had a significantly lower level of urea-creatinine index compared with survivors with DT without convulsive syndrome. Among all patients with DT, the average age of survivors with convulsive syndrome was the lowest, and the average age of deceased patients with convulsive syndrome was the highest. In patients with DT without convulsive manifestations, the age of surviving and dead patients did not differ. The age of surviving patients with DT with convulsive syndrome is significantly lower than that of surviving patients without convulsive manifestations. The presence of convulsive syndrome and associated metabolic changes in the body in patients with DT contributes to the survival of a younger part of patients. Key words: alcohol delirium, seizures, aggravation of mental and somatic disorders, anabolic state of metabolism, primary survival of young patients

scholarly journals The effect of cysticercosis invasion on the protein metabolism and cellular immunity of rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Y. V. Duda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Γ Globulins ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Healthy Control

The composition of blood proteins depends on the functional state of animals, as well as on various pathologies. The goal of the work was to establish the effect of cysticercosis invasion on the protein metabolism and cellular immunity of rabbits. Rabbits were divided into two groups after visual identification of the larval cysts presence: healthy (control) and diseased (experimental). Biochemical blood tests were performed using reagent sets produced by “Filisit-Diagnostika” (Ukraine). Spontaneous cysticercosis invasion of male rabbits caused changes in protein metabolism. The content of total protein in infected animals was higher by 8.79% (P<0.05) than in control. The increase in the total protein content was due to the globulin fraction, which was 1.50 times (P<0.05) higher in affected animals than in healthy rabbits. This rise occurred as a result of a high content of γ-globulins, both in absolute value by 1.69 times (P<0.05), and in percentage by 1.51 times (P<0.05). The albumins, which are completely synthesized by liver, were lower by 10.08% (P<0.05) in rabbits with cysticercosis. The protein coefficient of experimental animals was lower by 43.89% (P<0.05) compared with the control. The concentration of uric acid in diseased rabbits was lower by 34.09% (P<0.05) than in healthy ones. We have observed a high number of T-, B-lymphocytes and T-helper cells, especially the last two indicators, which increased respectively 1.54 times (P<0.01) and 1.36 times (P<0.05) against the background of a low number of T-suppressors and O-lymphocytes — almost 5 times (P<0.001) in affected animals than in healthy rabbits. In our opinion, such changes in the proteinogram and cellular immunity indicate the intensification of immune reactions in the body of rabbits infected with the Cysticercus pisiformis as a result of inflammatory processes that occur in the liver under the action of a mechanical, toxic effect of the helminths.

scholarly journals BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Madden ◽  
C. A. Finch ◽  
W. G. Swalbach ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Body Protein

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal. Introduction of variables into their standardized life gives insight into the production of plasma protein. Casein retested as the basal protein in the ration may show high yield of plasma protein, equal to 33 per cent of the protein fed. This equals the potency of liver protein (17 to 33 per cent) and approaches the utilization of plasma protein by mouth (40 per cent). Zein has no effect upon plasma protein regeneration but when it is supplemented with cystine, tryptophane, lysine, and glycine, there is a doubling of the liver basal plasma protein production and a retention of the fed protein nitrogen. Threonine does not modify the above reaction. Liver protein supplemented with cystine, leucine, glutamic acid, and glycine in the basal diet yields double the amount of new formed plasma protein compared with liver alone. This combination is then as potent as plasma protein itself when given by mouth—40 per cent utilization. Tyrosine or lysine, arginine, and isoleucine do not modify the above responses. Methionine is not as effective as cystine in supplementing gelatin and tyrosine to produce plasma protein. Cystine, leucine, and glutamic acid appear to be of primary importance in the building of new plasma protein in these experiments. Plasma protein formation is dependent upon materials coming from the body reserve and from the diet. Given an exhaustion of the reserve store there is very little plasma protein produced during a protein fast (3 to 6 gm. per week). A turpentine abscess does not modify this fasting plasma protein reaction. Homologous plasma given by vein will promptly correct experimental hypoproteinemia due to bleeding. It will maintain nitrogen equilibrium and replenish protein stores. Even during hypoproteinemia plasma protein may promptly pass out of the circulation to supply body needs for protein. Perhaps the most significant concept which derives from all these experiments is the fluidity of the body protein (including plasma protein)—a ready give and take between the protein depots—a "dynamic equilibrium" of body protein.

scholarly journals АКТИВНІСТЬ ФЕРМЕНТІВ У ГЕПАТОПАНКРЕАСІ КОРОПА (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) ЗА ДІЇ СУЛЬФАНІЛАМІДУ

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
Y. N. Kurbatova ◽  
V. M. Mykhalskaia ◽  
L. V. Malyuga ◽  
L. V. Gayova
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Test Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aquarium Water ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

<p align="center"> </p><p>The results of studies of the effect of different concentrations of sulfonamides in the aquarium water on the activity of enzymes and protein metabolism in the hepatopancreas of carp yearlings were presented. It was found that the sulfanilamide added to the aquarium water at a concentration of 1.10; 3.15 and 6.30 mg / dm3 and 3 had no effect on the total protein content in the fish hepatopancreas during three days of exposure at first, second and third experimental groups compared with the control. It is proved that when the concentration of water in the aquarium sulfanilamide at a dose of 1.10 and 3.15 mg / dm3 in the hepatopancreas urea content compared with the control is not changed, while a dose of 6,30 mg / dm3 it had increased by 4%. Probably, such an increase in urea levels in the hepatopancreas of fish third test group associated with the activation of regulatory mechanisms in the body of carp to maintain a positive nitrogen balance and reduce the toxic effects of ammonia. We also did not reveal significant difference between the indices of glucose concentration in the hepatopancreas of carp experimental groups compared with the control. We founded that the activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in hepatopancreas of carp experimental groups did not differ from controls, suggesting there was no effect of low concentrations of sulfonamides in the water after brief operation of the xenobiotic on the functional state of the hepatopancreas. Conducted experiments did not revealed changes in lipase activity as α-amylase and fish hepatopancreas in first, second and third experimental groups compared with the control. Their activity remained within the normal characteristic of the species and indicates that sulfanilamide virtually had no effect on the intensity of the hydrolytic processes in the intestines of fish. The performed investigations proved that carp yearlings were capable of adapting to minor concentrations of sulfonamides in water, as evidenced by its lack of effect on the total protein content, the concentration of glucose, urea and the activity of several enzymes in the hepatopancreas of fish.</p>

scholarly journals Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Riskayanty Riskayanty ◽  
Nurul Fitriani R. D ◽  
Rasmidar Samad
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Total Protein Level

Elderly people are particularly vulnerable to oral disease. Decreased function of the body can affect the aging process of the organic, and anorganic content in the elderly. The aim of this study was to determine the content of organic elements (total protein level), volume and pH of saliva in the elderly. This descriptive observational study with crosssectional design was performed in Tresna Werdha Gau Mabaji Social Institution, Gowa (n=30)with a simple random sampling technique using 30% of the total population and in Werdha Theodora Makassar nursing home with saturated sampling technique (n = 13). Anorganic contents were measured using spectophotometric and organic content of the total protein level of saliva was measured using an autoanalyzer tool kyltec in BPTP Laboratory Maros. Statistical analysis was performed with t-test using SPSS version 16. There were no significant differences between the anorganic (Ca2+,Mg2+, and phosphate) and organic elements content of saliva (total protein level), the volume of saliva and salivary pH in the elderly by sex and age groups. Yet, there are significant differences in the volume of saliva of elderly who consume drugs for systemic diseases. It is concluded that gender and age do not affect the anorganic (Ca,and phosphate)and organic element content of saliva (total protein content), the volume of saliva, and saliva pH in the elderly. Drugs consumed for systemic diseases does not affect the anorganic and organic element content of saliva and the pH of saliva in the elderly.

HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED CALVES

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Исхаков ◽  
Rishat Iskhakov
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Black And White

The purpose of research is scientifically and practically prove the possibility of increasing the level of meat productivity purebred for young calves at the crossing of Black-motley cows with bulls of the breed Obrac. Research objects are the bulls of Black-motley breed and their hybrids I generation with Obrac breed. For the experience 4 groups of animals were formed: I and III – Black and white breed, II and IV – gobies Оbrac crossbreeds ½ x ½ black-and-white. Bulls of groups III and IV in the 2 months of age were castrated by open way. All experimental animals identical conditions of detention and feed have been established. To monitor the physiological state of an organism of young animals in the winter and in the blood of the summer, blood was taken from the jugular vein before feeding and watering, measured hemoglobin, alkaline reserve, the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, serum – total protein, protein fractions, calcium, phosphorus, , the activity of AST and ALT. Deviations from the physiological norm morphological parameters of blood in the experimental groups of calves during the experiment was not set. Total protein content in serum was higher in summer compared to winter. Increasing the total protein content have purebred calves was 4.1 g/l (5.3%), crossbred steers 3.3 g/l (4.2%), respectively castrates at 4.2 g/l (5.6%) and 4.9 g/l (6.5%). There is a trend increase of enzyme activity in the summer, due to a more active course of metabolism in the body during this season of the year. Purebred and crossbred young are characterized by high adaptive plasticity, as evidenced by morphological and biochemical indices of blood. All quantitative and qualitative changes in the blood were largely seasonal in nature and due to the influence of environmental conditions. Thus all interior change indicators do not go beyond the limits of the physiological norm.

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