Evaluation of Facial Anthropometric Parameters in 11-17 Year Old Boys

Background and Objective: Anthropometry is the study of qualitative specifications based on linear and angular measurements of human body. The aim of the present study was to determine anthropometric parameters of 11-17 year old boys of northeast Iran. Method: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 583 boys of Fars ethnicity living in Mashhad with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Digital photographs in natural head position were transferred to a computer and the desired anthropometric landmarks were traced on each image. Anthropometric parameters including the width of the forehead, the width of the face, the width of the cranial base, intergonial width, intercanthal width, binocular width, nasal width, mouth width, facial and nasal height and depth of superior, middle and inferior one-third of the face were measured by “Smile Analyzer” software. ANOVA, Tukey test, and linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: Most of the parameters studied increased gradually with age. A growth spurt was evident at the ages of 15-16 years old for binocular width, nasal width, nasal height and depths of middle and inferior one-third of the face. Facial height was among some parameters which were found to increase slightly after 16. Unlike the other parameters, intercanthal width showed an irregular pattern of changes and statistical analysis did not show any significant differences among different age groups (P-value = 0.362). Conclusion: Aging of the face occurs in spurts and at different periods of life. During the studied time span, significant growth in most anthropometric parameters except intercanthal width was obvious.

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The Prevalence of Insecticide Treated Net/malaria :cross section study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.16825 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chanda Chalela

Keyword(s):

Study Design ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Malaria Patient ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Itn Use ◽

Structured Questionnaire

BACKGROUND ABSTRACT Introduction a study on prevalence of ITN use was carried out in Buchi community Kitwe Zambia from August to October 2019 OBJECTIVE Prevalence of ITN in BUchi METHODS Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design. A structured questionnaire was used to ascertain ownership and utilization and oral interviews, 200 households were targeted 844 individual covered across the 200 households. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. RESULTS ABSTRACT Introduction a study on prevalence of ITN use was carried out in Buchi community Kitwe Zambia from August to October 2019 Methodology: This was a cross sectional study design. A structured questionnaire was used to ascertain ownership and utilization and oral interviews, 200 households were targeted 844 individual covered across the 200 households. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. Findings: household ownership of at least an ITN was 52% and individual utilization at 37.6%, with 0.825 ITN/households and 0.195ITN /individual. Malaria prevalence of 52.4% /household and a 12.4% of the population. With 47.6% malaria patient coming from households with ITN and 60% of households with ITN have insufficient coverage.61% of malaria patient were female and 31 % male. however there was no significant relation between Gender and malaria prevalence in study area (p value was >0.05). Malaria cases distribution with age groups, 0-15yrs old represented 49.5%, 16-30 yrs., was at 27.6% and the over 30 yrs. case were at 22.9% .use of other preventive measures 23% used mosquito repellent ,others methods 1% with those not using any other methods 76%. CONCLUSIONS Conclusion The study showed clearly that malaria still poses a problem .the prevalence rate of malaria was still high 12.4% of the population and 52.4% of households. With high prevalence of malaria of 49.5% for 0-15yrs.the difference between ownership 52% and Utilization 37.6% showed that even household with ITN, the ITN were not sufficient.60% of households with ITN, the ITN were not sufficient for all occupants

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FREQUENCY OF FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN SUB-ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS

Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation ◽

10.36283/pjr.zu.10.2/013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

Aisha Sarfaraz ◽

Dr Abdul Azeem ◽

Mehwish Butt ◽

Muhammad Umar

Keyword(s):

Acute Stroke ◽

Functional Disability ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Age Groups ◽

Female Gender ◽

Primary Objective ◽

P Value ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Stroke is a very common neurological condition affects various aspects of health. The primary objective of this study was to find out the frequency of functional disability and cognitive impairments in Sub-acute Stroke patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 112 Sub-acute Stroke patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Using Barthel Index (BI) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test was used to find out the frequency of functional disability and cognitive impairments of Sub-acute Stroke patients. RESULTS The correlation of BI scores with MMSE scores for the Male gender was 0.576 whilst the correlation of BI scores with MMSE scores for the Female gender was 0.440. The severity of functional disability concerning age groups assessed P-value was 0.026 using Chi-Square Test. The severity of functional disability (BI severity) concerning gender, P-value was found 0.097 using the same test. CONCLUSION Functional Disability is directly linked with age. However, there was no linkage established between Cognitive Impairment and age as well as gender. On close inspection, there was a trend between Functional disability and gender but not statistically significant.

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Economic implications of polypharmacy in Nepal: Multicenter community-based study

10.1101/2020.09.12.20193458 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Binaya Sapkota ◽

Suraj Shakya ◽

Saroj Sah ◽

Narendra Chaudhary ◽

Bijendra Tamang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Interactions ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Total Cost

Objective:Improper management of polypharmacy in community and hospital pharmacies may lead to adverse effects and drug interactions in patients of all age groups, especially children and the elderly. This study aimed to determine the scenario of polypharmacy in multiple communities in Nepal and the costs associated with them. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting:Local communities of nine districts in Nepal Participants:Total 400 patients of all age groups, who were consuming medicines and who fulfilled inclusion criteria from May 2017 to August 2018 Primary and secondary outcome measures:A semi-structured questionnaire, based on the prescription optimization method, was used for data collection. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the statistical significance of polypharmacy with the predictor variables (e.g., age, education level, occupation, diagnosis, total cost of medicines). The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Polypharmacy cases and their economic implications were reported. Results:Eighty-one patients (20.3%) with an age group of 22-31 years with female patients (219, 54.8%) reported more polypharmacy events. There were 216 patients (54%) with prescriptions of five medicines i.e., moderate polypharmacy. Total number of medicines consumed by all 400 patients was 2269, with a mean, SD 5.67, 1.08. Total expenditure by all 400 patients was USD 3409.54 during the study period, with a mean, SD 8.66, 6.04. Both moderate and severe polypharmacy cases were non-significantly related with age, gender and total cost of medications. They had significant relationship in almost all levels of education and occupation and showed mixed type of significance and non-significance with the diagnosis of the respondents. Conclusion: Polypharmacy cases can be minimized, considering adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Further studies are warranted in medication utilization and avoidable polypharmacy along with detailed pharmacoeconomic evaluation.

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Comparison of autocorrelation between CV-RISK independent variables in groups with and without history of cardiovascular diseases

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20204512 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 1626

Author(s):

Ivany Lestari Goutama ◽

Hendsun . ◽

Yohanes Firmansyah ◽

Ernawati Su

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Age Groups ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Independent Variables ◽

History Of

Background: Cardiovascular relative risk (CVRISK) is the latest cardiovascular relative risk score to evaluate the magnitude of cardiovascular risk in healthy people regardless of age and cardiovascular risk severity. The aim of the study is to determine the correlation between each independent variables of CVRISK score in individuals with and without history of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Methods: The study design is cross-sectional study. We conducted it online through social media using Google forms from June to August 2020. Participants include all productive age groups from 16 to 60 years. The data were processed using excel and statistically tested. Descriptive data analysis uses tabulated data which is displayed in numbers or proportions (categorical) and single data distribution (numeric). Statistical association analysis uses the categorical-correlation test with 2 statistical tests that use eta on nominal-ordinal variables and contingency coefficients on nominal-nominal variables.Results: There is a strong autocorrelation between hypertension and high tryglyceride levels (p value 0.001; correlation 0.549; risks 30.14%), nutritional status and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in CVD group (p value 0.002; correlation 0.774; risks 59.90%) and non-CVD group (p value 0.000; correlation 0.757; risks 57.3%). Hypertension and risky LDL-C levels firmly proves a very strong correlations and significant relationship in CVD groups (p value 0.014; correlation 0.947; risks 89.68%).Conclusions: There is a correlation that varies from weak to very strong among the independent variables in the CVRISK scoring of the participants. Further research is needed to determine the potentiality of CVRISK as an early prevention in determining the cardiovascular risk of individuals with and without history of CVD.

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Pattern analysis of S. haematobium infection and elimination in the area of Alsuki, Sudan

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Rawia A. Abdelshafie ◽

Abdalla I. Abdalla Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Health Program ◽

Pattern Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

The Impact

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the current conditions of children of the selected area, for the purpose of measuring the new effective health program for schistosomiasis disease eliminations and obtain the prevalence intensity and risk factors of S. haematobium among school children in the study area.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to screen school going children of all the ages from five randomly selected schools from Alsuki region. A statistical analysis derived from data formulated based on 1062 samples aged between 6 and 15 years attending the selected schools during the period testing within 6 months were enrolled.Results: The impact of health awareness program was measured usefully and the responded factor for reducing the Schistosomiasis diseases was significantly became less than (0.05). Therefore, the actual qualified fitting degree and applicability was significantly becoming (p value=0.001).Conclusions: This research concluded that the prediction of Schistosomiasis diseases due to the risk Ratio of the collected data for those who did not attended awareness over the people who attended program became (0.248).

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Population-based survey of HIV sero-status and vertical transmission among naive pregnant women in Sokoto, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11530 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fiekumo Igbida Buseri ◽

Charity Ngozi Okonkwo

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

P Value ◽

Full Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: This study aims at investigating the seroprevalence of HIV infection among status naive pregnant women and probable vertical transmission in Sokoto, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 13,026 apparently healthy pregnant women aged between 14 and 45 years and 312 mother-baby pairs in 4 different hospital settings in Sokoto State, North West, Nigeria between March, 2011 and February, 2013. The babies were aged between 8 and 16 months. HIV screening was performed using qualitative rapid tests and ELISA and HIV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Measurement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes was carried out by the BD FACScount System. All seropositive pregnant women were immediately placed on triple antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout the duration of the pregnancy and beyond.Results: An overall 2.4% prevalence of HIV-1 infection among the pregnant women and 20.5% incident of mother-to-child transmission were found. Of the seropositive pregnant women, 75.0% were full-time house wives, 13.8% and 11.2% were traders and civil servants respectively; of which, 70.2% were within the ages of 14 and 27 years (youthful predominance). Pearson’s χ2analysis did not show any statistically significant difference in the Mean values in the 4 health facilities (χ2 =2.084, df=3, P-value=0.555). Similarly, no significant difference in HIV seropositivity in the demographic data of the pregnant women were observed (P>0.05). Infection was recorded in all age groups but there was no statistical significance between age groups and infection (P = 0.833). Of the 64 seropositive babies, 62 (92.5%) contracted HIV from antiretroviral therapy non-adherence mothers (χ2 =271.457, df=1, P<0.01), OR=1506.6 (95%CI=285.5-7950.4). Conclusion: This study found high prevalence of vertical transmission due to ART non-adherence. Intervention initiatives should, therefore, focus seriously on ART non-adherence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11530Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 49-57

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Association of high birth weight with overweight and obesity in Chinese students aged 6–18 years: a national, cross-sectional study in China

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024532 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e024532 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhiyong Zou ◽

Zhongping Yang ◽

Zhaogeng Yang ◽

Xijie Wang ◽

Di Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Age Groups ◽

Chinese Students ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

High Birth Weight ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

BackgroundThe prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in China has drastically increased 57 times over the past 30 years, and to control birth weight is an effective way to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity across the life course.ObjectiveThis paper aimed to evaluate the association of high birth weight (HBW) with overweight and obesity in Chinese students aged 6–18 years.MethodsAll students with HBW (n=4981) aged 6–18 years were selected from a cross-sectional survey from seven provinces of China, and 4981 other students with normal birth weight (NBW) were randomly sampled with matched gender, age and province. Anthropometric parameters were measured and characteristics were collected by questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the OR of overweight and obesity with HBW, unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factors.ResultsParticipants with HBW revealed higher body mass index in childhood. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was significantly higher in the HBW group than in the NBW group (overweight 15.3% vs 13.1%, p<0.05; obesity 16.9% vs 10.6%, p<0.05), and the results were similar for overweight in all age groups except age 6–7, age 14–15 and age 16–18. Additionally, HBW was positively associated with overweight (OR=1.230; 95% CI 1.056 to 1.432) and obesity (OR=1.611; 95% CI 1.368 to 1.897) after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsHBW leads to an increased risk of overweight and obesity in childhood; thus, measures to control birth weight, such as controlling gestational weight gain, should be taken from the earliest beginning of life.Trial registration numberNCT02343588; Post-results.

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Prevalence and Predictors of Dietary and Nutritional Supplement Use in the Australian Army: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071462 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bradley Baker ◽

Bianka Probert ◽

Diane Pomeroy ◽

Julia Carins ◽

Katie Tooley

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Age Groups ◽

Nutritional Supplement ◽

Hard Copy ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Special Operations ◽

Supplement Use ◽

The Face ◽

Ongoing Surveillance

Dietary supplements (DSs) and nutritional supplements (NSs) can enhance performance, recovery or training adaptations, however, some substances, dosages, and usage protocols are unsafe. Knowledge of the type and extent of use within populations enables strategies to be formulated to promote safe and effective use (where needed) and to avoid adverse side effects. The purpose of this study was to understand DS and NS use by active-duty Australian soldiers. Surveys were distributed by e-mail and hard copy to eligible participants (n = 23,195). Respondents (males n = 1833; females n = 296) comprised 9.3% of the total population. Use of ≥1 DSs/week was reported by 76.4% of males and 86.8% of females, and use of ≥1 NSs/week was reported by 21.7% of males and 20.9% of females. The most commonly used supplements were protein or amino acids (55.6%), multivitamins and minerals (38.2%), other DSs (37.8%), individual vitamins and minerals (33.0%), and combination products (32.8%). Logistic regression revealed the number of DSs respondents used simultaneously was significantly different between males and females, age groups, BMI ranges, and body weight actions. Engagement in special operations was a significant predictor of the use of any DS, individual vitamin and minerals and multivitamin and minerals. Approximately 16% of regular DS users reported experiencing one or more side effects, with the most common being palpitations (10.6%), tingling or numbness in the face, fingers, arms, or legs (5.5%), tremors or shaking (2.9%), flushing (2.3%), headache (2.0%), abdominal pain (1.6%), anxiety (1.4%), and dizziness or confusion (0.9%). The results revealed more prevalent use of several categories of DSs and NSs among some subgroups. Ongoing surveillance of DS and NS use is important for tracking trends in use over time and gauging the effectiveness of any strategies employed to enhance the quality of supplement use.

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PREDICTORS OF UPTAKE OF A POTENTIAL COVID-19 VACCINE AMONG NIGERIAN ADULTS

10.1101/2020.12.28.20248965 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Oluwatemitope Olomofe ◽

Victor Kehinde Soyemi ◽

Bolaji Felicia Udomah ◽

Adeyinka Olabisi Owolabi ◽

Emmanuel Eziashi Ajumuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Capital City ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

P Value ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccination History ◽

The Face ◽

Level Of Significance

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic is not abating and there is no approved treatment yet. The development of vaccines is hoped to help in addressing this disease outbreak. However, in the face of anti-vaccines uprise, it is important to understand the factors that may influence the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines as this will influence how successful the fight against COVID-19 will be in the long term.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 776 adult Nigerians (age ≥18 years) was conducted in the 36 States of Nigeria and the Capital City with online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 5 sections: socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, respondent’s knowledge of COVID-19, respondents risk perception of COVID-19, vaccination history of respondents, and willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Descriptive analysis of variables was done and multivariate analysis using logistic regression was carried out to determine the predictors of uptake of a potential COVID-19 vaccine. The level of significance was predetermined at a p-value < 0.05. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 21.ResultsMost of the respondents were male (58.1%). Most participants were willing to take a potential COVID-19 vaccine (58.2%), while 19.2% would not take it with 22.6% indecisive. 53.5% would prefer a single dose COVID-19 vaccine. For vaccine uptake, being male (p= 0.002) and the perception that “vaccines are good” (p< 0.001) were the positive predictor of uptake of a potential COVID-19 vaccine.ConclusionMost Nigerians were willing to take a potential COVID-19 vaccine with the male gender and perception that “vaccines are good” being positive predictors. There is a need for public enlightenment aim at encouraging those that are indecisive or averse to receiving COVID-19 vaccines.

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Refractive Errors: Prevalence and Pattern among Rural Population of Islamabad, Pakistan

Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College ◽

10.35787/jimdc.v9i2.326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Waseem Akhter ◽

Erum Yousafzai ◽

Afia Matloob Rana ◽

Shakaib Anwar

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Contact Lenses ◽

Age Groups ◽

P Value ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Population ◽

Common Error ◽

Myopic Astigmatism

Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of correctable visual loss worldwide. Decreased vision due to refractive error can be easily corrected with the help of spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery. However, there are 42% of uncorrected refractive errors all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate different kinds of refractive errors, its prevalence and pattern in patients from rural areas who visited our hospital in the last five years. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,138 patients, who visited eye OPD at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad during a period of five years i.e. from September, 2013 to September, 2018. Patients having only refractive error with an age of five years and above were included in the study. All patients had objective refraction with automated refractometer followed by subjective refraction. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used for comparing groups with a P-value of <0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Compound myopic astigmatism was the most common error found in our study population (n=575; 26.9%). The second most frequent complaint was simple myopia (n=501; 23.4%) followed by presbyopia (n=441; 20.6%) and mixed astigmatism (n=235; 11%). Patients with more than one refractive error included 178 (8.3%) with mixed astigmatism and presbyopia and 78 (3.6%) with simple myopia and presbyopia. Compound myopic astigmatism was more prevalent in younger ages compared to older age groups (46.4% vs 19.9%) (P <0.001). Mixed astigmatism (12.4% vs 8.9%), simple myopia (23.8% vs 22.9%) and presbyopia (21.3% vs 19.5%) were slightly greater in females than males (P=0.07), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia is significantly higher among female population and young individuals. Mixed astigmatism combined with presbyopia is more common among elderly population.

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