scholarly journals Al-Gazālī’s Critique against the Muslim Philosophers in Tahāfut Al-Falāsifah

ULUMUNA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-118
Author(s):  
Qurratul Aini

This article discusses al-Gazālī’s critiques in his Tahāfut al-Falāsifah against the Muslim. It answers two main questions: First, what is the purpose of al-Gazālī in writing Tahāfut al-Falāsifah? Second, is it true that this work represent the conflict between philosophy and dogma, between revelation and the ratio, or between orthodoxy and hetherodoxy? Content analysis and historical method are used to elucidate the criticism of al-Gazālī against the Muslim philosophers in Tahāfut al-Falāsifah. This study shows that instead of questioning the validity of logic on philosophical reasoning and methodology, al-Gazālī wrote Tahāfut al-Falāsifah in order to contest epistemological philosophical superiority claims advanced by Muslim philosophers. The critism of al-Gazālī cannot be seen as a reaction, or let alone rejection, of orthodoxy or dogma against the philosophy. Rather, his critical thought should be viewed as his attempt as a Muslim scholar to accept and adapt Greek philosophical tradition into the framework of Islamic thought. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i1.805

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Nur Adila Muhammad ◽  
Izziah Suryani Mat Resad @ Arshad

Abstract Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah was one of the Islah Minangkabau scholar that play a huge role in the Islah Islamic thought and Islamic education reformation. Even though his education background is informal and was only received in the Minangkabau region, he can be regarded as an exemplary scholar that is very progressive and can be regarded highly with other Islah scholars. His biggest contribution that gives a huge impact towards the Muslim Minangkabau community is the Islamic education reformation with modern orientation. This model of modern Islamic education Institution that was introduced by Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyah became a prime example to the establishment of other Islamic education institution. Thus, this research will study the Islah movement in Minagkabau and the biography of Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah. In addition, the objective of this research is to analyse his role regarding the thought purification and Islamic education reformation in Indonesia.This research is a qualitative research that utilizes the content analysis as the research design with the use of historical research method.The finding of this research shows that Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah was one of the Islah scholars from the 20th century. Even though he did not receive a formal education and only receive his education in Minangkabau, he emerge as one of the reformation figure of Islah that have a huge impact to the Islah movement in Minangkabau especially the Islamic education reformation and also the Islah of Islamic thought in Minangkabau. The Islamic education reformation that has been done by Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah become the foundation and model of the Islamic education reformation in whole of Minangkabau and Indonesia. Keywords: Islah scholar, islah of Islamic thought, education reformation, Zanuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah, Minangkabau   Abstrak Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah merupakan seorang daripada ulama islah Minangkabau yang memainkan peranan besar dalam islah pemikiran dan reformasi pendidikan Islam. Walaupun beliau mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan yang tidak teratur dan hanya belajar dalam wilayah Minangkabau, namun beliau merupakan seorang tokoh ulama yang begitu progresif dan mampu menyamai tokoh-tokoh islah terkemuka yang lain. Sumbangan terbesar beliau yang memberi impak besar kepada umat Islam Minangkabau ialah pembaharuan pendidikan Islam berorientasikan moden. Model institusi pendidikan Islam moden yang diperkenalkan oleh Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah menjadi contoh kepada penubuhan institusi pendidikan Islam yang lain. Justeru, kajian ini meneliti gerakan islah di Minangkabau dan biografi Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah. Selain itu, objektif kajian ini juga menganalisis peranan beliau terhadap pemurnian pemikiran dan pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. Kajian ini merupakan kajian yang berbentuk kualitatif menggunakan analisis kandungan sebagai reka bentuk kajian dengan menggunakan metode kajian sejarah. Hasil kajian mendapati Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah merupakan seorang daripada ulama islah abad ke-20. Walaupun beliau tidak mendapat pendidikan yang sistematik dan hanya belajar di Minangkabau sahaja, beliau mampu muncul sebagai tokoh pembaharu dan islah yang memberi impak besar kepada gerakan islah di Minangkabau terutamanya reformasi pendidikan Islam dan juga islah pemikiran Islam di Minangkabau. Pembaharuan pendidikan Islam yang dilakukan oleh Zainuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah menjadi asas dan model kepada pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di seluruh Minangkabau dan juga Indonesia. Kata kunci: ulama islah, islah pemikiran Islam, reformasi pendidikan Islam, Zanuddin Labay al-Yunusiyyah, Minangkabau


Fahm-i-Islam ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-190

This article aims to explore the philosophical approach and the methods used by ‘Abdul-‘Azīz Firharvi in his valuable manuscript Al-tamyīz, which dealt with the philosophers and scholars differences about the interpretation of philosophy from Quran and Sunnah.‘Abdul-‘Azīz Firharvi was the famous Muslim scholar of British India in all over the world.He was adept in all Islamic sciences, but he is regarded as one of the greatest ever Mutakalim born in the land of Indo-Pak. He has written more valuable works on Ilm Al-Kla’m and Al-Tami’z is the part of his aims.This manuscript is infact the middle ground between the fanatical scholars and the philosophers who have the correct ideas, That is: philosophy should not be rejected outright because of prejudice, nor should any philosophical thought be adopted without weighing the criteria of thinking and the Qur'an and Sunnah.Allama Farharvi has adopted the same style in terms of occasion and place and has used Qur'anic and rational reasoning. This article is a link between philosophy and Islamic thought, which will not only eliminate violence from society, but will also pave the way for new scholars to examine philosophy and Islamic thought in a new perspective.


Author(s):  
HAFIZ ZAKARIYA ◽  
WIWIN OKTASARI

This study examines the prominent Malay literary organization in the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga: Rushdiah Club’s writing and printing activities. It provides a descriptive content analysis of books on various subjects that were published by the printing presses under the auspices of the members of the Rushdiah Club in Riau, Singapore and Penang from 1893 to 1950. Specifically, these presses were Matba‘at al-Ahmadiyyah and Matba‘ah al-Riyawiyyah in Riau-Lingga; Matba‘at al-Ahmadiyyah (better known as the Ahmadiah Press) and al-Imam Printing Company Ltd. in Singapore; and Jelutong Press in Penang. The objective of this paper is to discuss the roles of the Rushdiah Club, particularly its contribution to the Malay societies by flourishing the writing and printing culture. Furthermore, this paper investigates how their publications had constructed a specific pattern of Islamic thought and culture as the members joined intellectual debates over the issue of Islamic reformism. The analysis of the catalogues involves two phases: firstly, examining the writers; secondly, itemizing them according to categories, content, and characteristics of the books. The finding of the study indicated that the most common theme is Islam and religion, which is about 73 books (36.86%).  This study also contends that the Rushdiah Club which was strongly anchored by the Islamic ethos, responded to colonialism through non-violent means.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Alias Azhar

God’s revelations, as the main source of knowledge, do not deny, in any way our brain’s functional capabilities. The Quran acknowledges the necessity and importance of the brain. Islamic epistemology regards the brain as the second source of knowledge after the revelations. The holistic perspective on knowledge that is gained by mankind is that it is constructed by man in the context of their thinking culture, education and social concepts. Therefore, in this regard, thinking method directly relates to the objectives of Islam and its Sharia, and gives a significant implication towards understanding and developing Sharia as a dynamic knowledge area. This study combines three (3) methods, content analysis; historical method and comparison of the review of the history of the construction of Islamic thought and the review of screening methods Sociology Society background. The discussion this article covers the definition and concept of scientific thinking skills and scientific Islamic thought and the approaches of critical thinking in Islamic scientific thought. In reality, Muslims are not prohibited by their religion to think scientifically through scientific thinking methods, provided that it does not contradict with Islam. Some knowledge which is built through scientific thinking can be used to understand the Quranic texts more profoundly. Also, undeniably, the eminence of God’s revelations has been made evident and exploited to proof the existence of Allah.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yusuf Al Manaanu

The hegemony of the method of historical analysis by the West has an objective and free influence which exerts a profound influence on people's views on the world. There is a paradigm which considers the separation between history and religion which creates the impression that history runs based on space and time of humans who did in the past based on physical values ​​without any metaphysical values ​​and written subjectively. The historical developments that are most famously used today are Reconstructionism, Constructionism, and Deconstructionism. The method of compiling history which is the stage or period of time achieved in a historical study using the heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiographic methods. From this comes an offer that is responsible for the consciousness of some Muslims to reconstruct the historical method through the big project of Islamization. This idea invites pros and cons among academics. The idea of ​​Islamizing the historical analysis method in reality is the idea of ​​finding a historical method but it contains elements of religion and monotheism. This idea has been very popular since the beginning of the declaration and is still a discussion among Muslims, whether they support or reject it. This idea is also very close to raising intellectual awareness for the historical method. This paper aims to integrate historical methods with Islamic thought.   Hegemoneni metode penulisan sejarah oleh Barat memiliki pengaruh yang objektif dan bebas nilai memberikan pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap pandangan masyarakat di dunia. Ada paradigma yang menganggap pemisah antara sejarah dan agama yang menimbulkan kesan bahwa sejarah berjalan berdasarkan ruang dan waktu dengna manusia yang melakukan pada masa lampau yang berdasarkan nilai fisik tanpa adanya nilai metafisik.dan ditulis secara subjektif. Perkembangan penulisan sejarah yang paling terkenal digunkan saat ini adalah Rekonstruksionisme, Konstruksionisme, dan Dekonstruksionisme. Metode penyusunan sejarah yang merupakan tahapan atau priodesasi yang ditempuh dalam suatu penelitian sejarah dengan metode heuristic, kritik, interprestasi, dan historiografi. Dari sini munculah tawaran yang memunculkan kesadaran sebagian Muslim untuk melakukan rekonstruksi metode penulisan sejarah melalui proyek besar Islamisasi. Ide ini mengundang pro dan kontra di kalangan akademisi. Ide Islamisasi metode penulisan sejarah pada dasarnya adalah ide untuk menemukan metode penulisan sejarah tapi mengandung unsur religius dan monoteisme. Ide ini sangat populer sejak awal deklarasi dan sampai saat ini masih menjadi pembicaraan di kalangan umat Islam, apakah mereka mendukung atau menolaknya. Ide ini juga sangat mendesak untuk meningkatkan kesadaran intelektual untuk metode penulisan sejarah. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasi metode penulisan sejarah dengan pemikiran Islam.


2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Einboden

Washington Irving's ‘sketch of the life of the founder of the Islam Faith’, Mahomet (1849), was one of the first works by an American dedicated to explaining Muslim history and its prophetic heritage to Western readers. For its time it was an enlightened work, recognizing many virtues within Islamic belief and practice alike, but nevertheless Irving's presentation frequently challenges Muslim orthodoxy, and has the potential to offend Muslim sensibilities. This article considers the tactics of its first Arabic translator in 1960, the prominent Muslim scholar ‘Alī Husnī al-Kharbūtlī. The translation encourages readers to understand Irving's work as a ‘meeting’ between ‘Western Christian thought and Arab Islamic thought’. It does so through a revisionary procedure commencing with minor shifts in diction, and culminating in comprehensive inversions. Through radical changes to his source, al-Kharbūtlī depicts Irving as Islamic advocate, rather than the Islamic critic he intended to be.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Natalia Sharapenkova ◽  
Anna Meshkut ◽  
Elena Tupikova

The relevance of the present article is related to the urgent problem in Humanities (cultural studies, philology and sociology): characterization of anti-utopia that emerged in the ХХ and the XXI centuries, and its various national modifications. The purpose of the article is to define typical features of the anti-utopia in the Scandinavian novel Kallocain written by a Swedish writer Karin Boye and draw some parallels with Yevgeny Zamyatin’s novel We. The article proves the following thesis: the majority of the specific characteristics of anti-utopia are based on the category of the chronotope. The basic methods of the research were descriptive analytical method, comparative typological method, summarization, cultural-historical method, motive analysis, and content analysis of the text. The model of state-building is implemented in the artistic space of both novels. This model is presented as an ideal one; however, a closer look shows that it is the model of the totalitarian system of government: the states are isolated from the surrounding world which is presented in the novels as alien and hostile. Order, stability, and equality prevailing in the World Empire (Boye) and the United State (Zamyatin) are pushed to their grotesque limits and lead to the universal equalization of the citizens, and the governmental control of all the aspects of human life, including the intimate sphere.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Havis Aravik ◽  
Hoirul Amri

AbstractThe history of Islamic thought is inseparable from the transformation of knowledge from cultural thoughts outside of Islam, including Greek philosophy. The project was initiated by the Abbasids and reached its peak when power was held by the Caliph al-Harun Ar-Rasyid and al-Makmun. The most meritorious person and considered the first philosopher in the Islamic world was al-Kindi. This article discusses important matters in al-Kindi's philosophical thinking. With the aim to find out how the philosophical thinking of al-Kindi. This article uses library-based qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive approach and technical descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results of this study show that al-Kindi was a philosopher who brought philosophy into the Islamic world. The things in al-Kindi's thinking are the relationship between Religion and Philosophy, divinity philosophy, philosophy of soul, mind, and spirit, infinity to the concept of reason.Keywords: al-Kindi, Philosophy, God, Spirit, and Intellect. AbstrakSejarah pemikiran Islam tidak lepas dari transformasi ilmu dari pemikiran-pemikiran kebudayaan di luar agama Islam, termasuk filsafat Yunani. Proyek tersebut digagas oleh Bani Abbasiyyah dan mencapai puncaknya ketika kekuasaan dipegang oleh Khalifah al-Harun Ar-Rasyid dan al-Makmun. Orang yang paling berjasa dan dianggap filosof pertama dalam dunia Islam adalah al-Kindi. Artikel ini membahas tentang hal-hal penting dalam pemikiran filsafat al-Kindi. Dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemikiran filsafat al-Kindi. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif berbasis kepustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan teknis analisis deskriptif dan content analysis. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa al-Kindi merupakan seorang filosof yang membawa filsafat ke dalam dunia Islam. Hal-hal dalam pemikiran al-Kindi adalah hubungan Agama dan Filsafat, filsafat ketuhanan, filsafat jiwa, akal dan ruh, ketakterhinggaan sampai konsep akal.Kata Kunci: al-Kindi, Filsafat, Tuhan, Ruh dan Akal.


Sains Insani ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Arfah Ab. Majid

In Malaysia, the burgeoning of Islamic cultures and lifestyles including the expansion and stringent shariah implementation, Islamic fashions and Islamic programs or events are all associated with deepening conservatism. On one hand, it is perceived as a promising development, but on the other hand it is also presumed as a threat to tolerance and moderate values endorsed by Islam. This is simply because conservatism is often misinterpreted as extreme, exclusive, discriminative and oppressive attitudes and actions. But does conservatism really reflect and promote those detrimental values? How does conservatism as a concept that often used in political and social discourse can be used as a tool to explain religious phenomena? Using content analysis, this paper attempts to uncover the concept of conservatism from the theological and philosophical perspectives and discusses the relevance of conservatism and other existing categories of Islamic thought in Malaysia. This paper proposes that conservatism is a philosophy that is against the idea of autonomy of reason without revelation. Conservatism therefore is known as “philosophy of imperfection.” Any negative attitudes or actions are not caused by conservatism, nevertheless, they are due to the sole dependence on imperfect human reason that is unaided but revelation. This finding has revisited and redefined the existing concept of conservatism and other categories of Islamic thought according to Malaysian context and consequently explains the by-product of the burgeoning of Islamic cultures and lifestyles in Malaysia. Future research should focus on empirical method to assess conservatism and its effects on Malaysian society.Keywords: Islam, cultures, conservatism, thought, Malaysia Abstrak: Di Malaysia, kebangkitan budaya dan gaya hidup Islam termasuklah pengembangan dan pelaksanaan shariah yang ketat, fesyen-fesyen dan program-program atau acara-acara berbentuk keislaman semuanya dikaitkan dengan peningkatan konservatisme. Di satu sudut, ia dilihat sebagai perkembangan yang menggalakkan, namun di satu sudut yang lain ia dilihat sebagai satu ancaman kepada nilai-nilai toleransi dan kesederhanaan yang dianjurkan oleh Islam. Ini adalah kerana konservatisme sering disalahtafsirkan sebagai sikap dan perilaku yang ekstrim, eksklusif, diskriminatif dan opresif. Namun adakah konservatisme benar-benar mencerminkan dan mempromosikan nilai-nilai yang memudaratkan tersebut? Bagaimanakah konservatisme sebagai konsep yang kerap digunapakai dalam wacana politik dan sosial boleh digunakan sebagai alat untuk menerangkan fenomena agama? Dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan, makalah ini cuba untuk mendedahkan konsep konservatisme daripada perspektif teologi dan falsafah serta membincangkan perkaitan konservatisme dan konsep-konsep pemikiran Islam yang sedia ada di Malaysia. Makalah ini mencadangkan bahawa konservatisme adalah sebuah falsafah yang menentangi kekuasaan akal tanpa bimbingan wahyu. Oleh yang demikian, konservatisme dikenali sebagai “falsafah ketidaksempurnaan.” Sebarang sikap-sikap atau tindakan-tindakan yang negatif bukanlah disebabkan oleh konservatisme, namun ia disebabkan oleh pergantungan semata-mata kepada akal manusia yang tidak sempurna yang tidak dibimbing oleh wahyu. Penemuan ini telah menyemak dan mendefinisi semula konsep konservatisme sedia ada dan kategori-kategori pemikiran Islam yang lain bersesuaian dengan konteks Malaysia dan seterusnya menerangkan kesan tidak langsung peningkatan budaya dan gaya hidup Islam di Malaysia. Kajian akan datang sepatutnya menumpukan pada kaedah empirikal untuk menilai konservatisme dan kesannya ke atas masyarakat Malaysia.Katakunci: Islam, budaya, konservatisme, pemikiran, Malaysia


2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Dolan ◽  
Sara E. Dolan Looby

Background Physical restraints are used in intensive care units, particularly among patients at risk for self-terminating necessary treatment interventions, including endotracheal tubes and invasive catheters. Assessments conducted by intensive care unit nurses often influence the collaborative decision to initiate and discontinue restraints in critical care patients. However, little is known about factors that influence the critical thought processes of intensive care unit nurses in determining use of restraints. Objectives To describe nurses’ determinants of initiation and discontinuation of restraints in surgical intensive care unit patients. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted to identify and describe determinants of initiation and discontinuation of physical restraints. Demographic and employment data were collected via questionnaire. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by using conventional content analysis to establish categories and identify themes. Results A total of 13 nurses (mean age 43 [SD, 12] years, 92% female, mean of 18 [SD, 12] years of practice as a registered nurse, 69% bachelor of science in nursing) participated in the study. Content analysis revealed 3 general categories and 8 themes that indicated the thoughtful reflection processes nurses in a surgical intensive care unit use to determine use of restraints. Conclusions Top priorities were ensuring patient safety and comfort. Nurses synthesized factors including practice experience, patient-specific behaviors and risk, and patients’ need for devices in determining use of restraints.


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