Immunological response of the respiratory tract in the SARS-CoV-2 infection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjiv Singh ◽  
Punita Aggarwal ◽  
Velayutham Ravichandiran
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Maximum Protection

: Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a contagious pathogen responsible for the ongoing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The pathogenesis and immunological response of SARS-CoV-2 infection is poorly understood until now. After a person is infected by SARS-COV-2 immunity is compromised as both innate and adaptive immunity is playing a major role in the same. The host innate immune system forms the first layer of defense for protection from viral infections and initiates activation of the adaptive immune system in order to give maximum protection. In order to protect from tissue damage and diseases, the respiratory tract maintains the balance of T cell, B cell pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the current update in our understanding of the involvement of the immune system in the antiviral defense against SARS-CoV-2. These novel insights at the respiratory tract immunological responses may support the future development of vaccines and immunoregulatory therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3163
Author(s):  
Liisa Lehtoranta ◽  
Sinikka Latvala ◽  
Markus J. Lehtinen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) is the most frequent cause of infectious illnesses including the common cold. Pharmacological solutions for treating or preventing viral RTIs are so far limited and thus several self-care products are available in the market. Some dietary supplements such as probiotics have been shown to modulate immune system function and their role in reducing the risk and the course of RTIs has been investigated extensively within the past decade. However, the mechanism of action and the efficacy of probiotics against viral RTIs remains unclear. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. The literature summarized in this narrative review points out that specific probiotic strains seem effective in pre-clinical models, through stimulating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication. Clinical studies indicate variable efficacy on upper respiratory illnesses and lack proof of diagnosed viral infections. However, meta-analyses of clinical studies indicate that probiotics could be beneficial in upper respiratory illnesses without specific etiology. Further studies aiming at discovering the mechanisms of action of probiotics and clinical efficacy are warranted.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Penerapan Gizi Seimbang Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Atika Nur Azizah
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Implementation Method

The covid-19 pandemic (corona virus disease 2019) causes a decrease in the body's immune system. One of the things that can increase a toddler's immune system is eating a balanced nutritious diet. The purpose of the training on the application of balanced nutrition is to increase knowledge and skills about balanced nutrition. Balanced nutrition is necessary to promote a good immune system. The implementation method is in the form of training with lecture methods, discussions, and the practice of applying balanced nutrition to the management of the Nasyiatul Aisyiyah Rawalo Branch Manager. The result is an increase in knowledge by 60% and an increase in skills in the application of balanced nutrition by 85%.

scholarly journals Novel immunogenomic insights of corona virus disease (COVID-19): Available potential immunotherapeutics, current challenges, immune cell recognition and ongoing managerial strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3906-3915
Author(s):  
Kabeer Haneef ◽  
Muhammad Umer Asghar ◽  
Ashiq Ali
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Managerial Strategies ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The emerging Corona virus strain (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)) harbors intricate in the development of corona virus infection (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia and subsequently ameliorates lung infection. Genome sequence and interventions reveal proximal resemblance of corona virus strain COVID-19 with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), transmittable to bats, suggesting similar primary hosts in the spread of infection. However, potential rapid human-to-human transmission has caused therapeutic challenges in treating a wide range of humans suffering from corona virus all over the world. However, up to now, no direct vaccines or antiviral drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Previously designed antiviral drugs and convalescent plasma are undergoing investigations as treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Therapeutic challenges with regards to COVID-19 have prompted scientists to develop fruitful remedies to combat the pathogen. In this review, we address the role of current ongoing therapeutic strategies, , and complex mechanisms of adaptive immune system (B and T cells) to respond to viruses. Furthermore, we illustrate the current challenges in the treatment of COVID-19, managerial strategies, and ongoing and future perspectives.

scholarly journals RAGE and TLRs as Key Targets for Antiatherosclerotic Therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wioletta Olejarz ◽  
Dominika Łacheta ◽  
Alicja Głuszko ◽  
Ewa Migacz ◽  
Wojciech Kukwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Antiatherosclerotic Therapy ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Direct Killing

Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key factors indicating a danger to the organism. They recognize the microbial origin pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The primary response induced by PAMPs or DAMPs is inflammation. Excessive stimulation of the innate immune system occurs in arterial wall with the participation of effector cells. Persistent adaptive responses can also cause tissue damage and disease. However, inflammation mediated by the molecules innate responses is an important way in which the adaptive immune system protects us from infection. The specific detection of PAMPs and DAMPs by host receptors drives a cascade of signaling that converges at nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN), and chemokines, which promote direct killing of the pathogen. Therefore, signaling of these receptors’ pathways also appear to present new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for antiatherosclerotic therapy.

Pulmonary immunity to viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (14) ◽  
pp. 1737-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rameeza Allie ◽  
Troy D. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.

scholarly journals Beginning of the Next Year or Continuation of the Last One? Analysis of Statistics and a Personal Opinion

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Korotkov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Older People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Entire World

In 2020, the entire world faced a formidable new danger: the coronavirus pandemic. Millions of people were infected and many died. Unprecedented measures were taken in all countries. The corona virus affects deep parts of the respiratory tract and lung alveoli. Like any virus, corona virus primarily affects people with a weakened immune system, taking certain drugs, and the elderly. The primary mortality from this virus in all countries was in older people.1 After 9 months of pandemic development, the course of the pandemic can be analysed, and it is important to do this for each individual country.

scholarly journals An Algorithmic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children: Iranian Expert’s Consensus Statement

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdollah Karimi ◽  
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei ◽  
Maryam Rajabnejad ◽  
Zahra Pourmoghaddas ◽  
Hamid Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Consensus Statement ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Corona Virus

: After the outbreak of 2019 novel corona virus infection in China, we have the outbreak of disease in Iran and until March 05, 2020 have been reported a total number of confirmed cases more than 3500 and approximately 3.3% deaths. The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection as a newly emerging disease in East Asia has caused a great challenge in managing the patients and controlling the disease especially in children. This algorithm is based on the standard diagnosis and treatment strategies for pediatric viral infections and available strategies to prevention of COVID-19 infection. It is hoped that with international co-operation, this global dilemma will end with the least burden of disease. Due to the lack of scientific evidences in children, this algorithm is essential for decision making.

scholarly journals Association of the Promoter Haplotype of IFN-γ-Inducible Protein 16 Gene with Schizophrenia in a Korean Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Won Sub Kang ◽  
Su Kang Kim ◽  
Hae Jeong Park
Keyword(s):  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Promoter Snps ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Inducible Protein

Objective Viral infections play an important role in the development of schizophrenia, inducing the faulty immunological responses and aberrant inflammation. IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is an immunological DNA sensor against viral infections, triggering the inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated an association between putative promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of IFI16 and schizophrenia.Methods A total of 280 schizophrenia patients and 427 control subjects were recruited in this study. We genotyped three promoter SNPs (rs1465175, rs3754464, rs1417806) using direct sequencing. Associations of SNPs and haplotypes of IFI16 with schizophrenia were analyzed. The promoter activities on the haplotypes of IFI16 were measured.Results The T allele of rs1465175 and the C allele of rs1417806 were protectively associated with schizophrenia (p=0.021 on rs1465175; p=0.016 on rs1417806), whereas the G allele of rs3754464 was associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia (p=0.019). In haplotype analysis, a significant association between the GGA haplotype and schizophrenia was shown (p=0.013). Moreover, we found that the GGA haplotype elevated the promoter activity compared to the GAA haplotype, whereas the TAC haplotype reduced that.Conclusion The promoter SNPs and haplotypes of IFI16 may contribute to the susceptibility of schizophrenia, affecting the promoter activity of IFI16.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Selenium in Immune System against COVID-19

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5346
Author(s):  
Minkyung Bae ◽  
Hyeyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Viral Yield ◽  
Tract Infections

Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily allowance of vitamins and trace elements for malnourished patients at risk of or diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be beneficial. Recent studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that vitamin D and selenium deficiencies are evident in patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D improves the physical barrier against viruses and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides. It may prevent cytokine storms by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. Selenium enhances the function of cytotoxic effector cells. Furthermore, selenium is important for maintaining T cell maturation and functions, as well as for T cell-dependent antibody production. Vitamin C is considered an antiviral agent as it increases immunity. Administration of vitamin C increased the survival rate of COVID-19 patients by attenuating excessive activation of the immune response. Vitamin C increases antiviral cytokines and free radical formation, decreasing viral yield. It also attenuates excessive inflammatory responses and hyperactivation of immune cells. In this mini-review, the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system are discussed in relation to COVID-19.

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