Helmet use behavior and its relation to head injury of road traffic accident in Indonesia (Basic Health Research, 2018)

Background: Nationally, the prevalence of injuries tends to increase from 7.5% in 2007, 8.2% in 2013, and 9.2% in 2018. The main cause of injuries is motorcycle accidents (40.6%), which most occur on the highway (42.8%). This is a further analysis of Indonesia Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 data, to assess the role of sociodemography on helmet use behavior and head injuries due to traffic accident. Methods: The 2018 Basic Health Research was a cross-sectional research, based on data from individuals aged 5 years old and above, who analyzed with helmet use behavior and the incidence of head injuries due to traffic accident as dependent variables. The independent variables consist of sociodemographic characteristics, the role of individual in accident, and the impact of the accident. The data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate, and taking into account the complex sample in 5% confidence level. Results: The results showed that 44.4% from 19122 individuals aged five years old and above had good behavior in using helmets. The determinants of helmet use behavior were age, gender, education, occupation, economic status, location and area of residence (adjusted OR 1.15—4.5; p≤0.02). The result from14.1% of respondents who had a head injuries caused by traffic accidents. The risk of head injuries due to traffic accidents was 1.17 times (95% CI 1.02—1.35; p 0.03) in the unhelmeted group compared to the helmeted group. Conclusion: Helmet use behavior is connected with the reduction of head injuries due to traffic accidents. Counseling and monitoring of helmet use is need to be improved, especially for the youth category. Keywords: head injury, traffic accident, helmet use Abstrak Latar belakang: Secara nasional, prevalensi cedera cenderung meningkat dari 7,5 % pada tahun 2007, 8,2 % pada 2013, dan 9,2 % pada 2018. Penyebab utama dari cedera adalah kecelakaan bermotor (40,6 %), dan kebanyakan terjadi di jalan raya (42,8 %). Ini merupakan analisis lanjut data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 untuk menilai peran sosiodemografi terhadap perilaku penggunaan helm dan hubungan perilaku penggunaan helm dengan cedera kepala akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas. Metode: Riskesdas 2018 adalah riset potong lintang. Data individu umur 5 tahun ke atas dianalisis dengan perilaku penggunaan helm dan kejadian cedera kepala akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas sebagai variabel terikat. Variabel bebas terdiri dari karakteristik sosiodemografi, peran individu dalam kecelakaan, dan dampak kecelakaan. Data dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat dengan memperhitungkan complex sample dan 5 % tingkat kepercayaan. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 44,4% dari 19.122 individu umur 5 tahun ke atas mempunyai perilaku yang baik dalam menggunakan helm. Determinan perilaku penggunaan helm adalah umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status ekonomi, lokasi dan area tempat tinggal (adjusted OR 1,15—4,5; p≤0,02). Sejumlah 14,1% individu mengalami cedera kepala akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas. Risiko cedera kepala pada individu yang tidak menggunakan helm sebesar 1,17 kali (95% CI 1,02—1,35; p 0,03) dibandingkan dengan individu yang menggunakan helm. Kesimpulan: Perilaku penggunaan helm berhubungan dengan penurunan cedera kepala akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas. Penyuluhan dan pemantauan penggunaan helm perlu ditingkatkan terutama pada kelompok remaja. Kata kunci: cedera kepala, kecelakaan lalu lintas, penggunaan helm

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GAMBARAN KORBAN MENINGGAL DENGAN CEDERA KEPALA PADA KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS DI BAGIAN FORENSIK BLU RSUP PROF. Dr. R. D. KANDOU MANADO PERIODE TAHUN 2011-2012

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.2.1.2014.3608 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Feibyg Theresia Lumandung ◽

James F. Siwu ◽

Johannis F. Mallo

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Medical Records ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Study Researcher ◽

The Government ◽

Medical Teams ◽

Descriptive Method

Abstrack: Traffic accidents lately occur anywhere and are already familiar. Most accidents are motor accident with head injury, where it can lead to death. This research isto describe the victim died with a head injury in a traffic accident forensics section BLU Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Hospital Manado period 2011-2012. In this study, researcher uses retrospective descriptive method. Datawere collected from medical records of all cases of accidents in the years 2011-2012. The conclusion ofthis research, cases of traffic accidents with head injuries are more prevalent than others, most especially in the region of the temporal head injury can effect to death. Researcher suggests that tightened regulations in traffic and further enhanced prevention efforts from the government, police, and medical teams. Keyword : head injury, traffic accident Abstrak: Kecelakaan lalu lintas akhir-akhir ini terjadi dimana saja dan sudah tidak asing lagi. Kasus kecelakaan terbanyak adalah kecelakaan bermotor dengan cedera kepala, dimana hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran korban meninggal dengan cedera kepala pada kecelakaan lalu lintas dibagian forensik BLU RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado periode tahun 2011-2012. Dalam penelitian ini peniliti, menggunakan metode deskriptif retrospektif. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari rekam medik seluruh kasus kecelakaan di tahun 2011-2012.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas dengan cedera kepala lebih banyak terjadi dari cedera lainnya, khusunya paling banyak cedera kepala di regio temporalis yang dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Peneliti menyarankan agar lebih diperketat lagi peraturan-peraturan dalam berlalu lintas dan lebih ditingkatkan lagi berbagai usaha pencegahan dari pihak pemerintah, kepolisian, dan tim medis. Kata kunci :Cedera kepala, kecelakaan lalu lintas.

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Traffic accident and emission reduction through intermittent release measures for heavy fog weather

Modern Physics Letters B ◽

10.1142/s0217984915501481 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (25) ◽

pp. 1550148 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jing Shi ◽

Jin-Hua Tan

Keyword(s):

Traffic Safety ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Emission Characteristics ◽

Driving Behaviors ◽

Ca Model ◽

Reduce Emissions

Heavy fog weather can increase traffic accidents and lead to freeway closures which result in delays. This paper aims at exploring traffic accident and emission characteristics in heavy fog, as well as freeway intermittent release measures for heavy fog weather. A driving simulator experiment is conducted for obtaining driving behaviors in heavy fog. By proposing a multi-cell cellular automaton (CA) model based on the experimental data, the role of intermittent release measures on the reduction of traffic accidents and CO emissions is studied. The results show that, affected by heavy fog, when cellular occupancy [Formula: see text], the probability of traffic accidents is much higher; and CO emissions increase significantly when [Formula: see text]. After an intermittent release measure is applied, the probability of traffic accidents and level of CO emissions become reasonable. Obviously, the measure can enhance traffic safety and reduce emissions.

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The Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on Mortality of Blunt Head Injury

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/619231 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hsing-Lin Lin ◽

Tsung-Ying Lin ◽

Kwan-Ming Soo ◽

Chao-Wen Chen ◽

Liang-Chi Kuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽

Alcohol Concentration ◽

Brain Computed Tomography ◽

Adjusted Logistic Regression

Alcohol is found to have neuroprotection in recent studies in head injuries. We investigated the association of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) with mortality of patients with blunt head injury after traffic accident. All patients sustaining blunt head injury caused by traffic accident brought to our emergency department who had obtained a brain computed tomography scans and BAC were analyzed. Patients with unknown mechanisms, transfers from outside hospitals, and incomplete data were excluded. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of mortality. During the study period, 3,628 patients with brain computed tomography (CT) were included. Of these, BAC was measured in 556 patients. Patients with the lowest BAC (less than 8 mg/dl) had lower mortality; intoxicated patients with BAC between 8 and less than 100 mg/dl were associated with significantly higher mortality than those patients in other intoxicated groups. Adjusted logistic regression demonstrated higher BAC group and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, and lower ISS and age were identified as independent predictors of reduced mortality. In our study, we found that patients who had moderate alcohol intoxication had higher risk of mortality. However, higher GCS scores, lower ISS, and younger age were identified as independent predictors of reduced mortality in the study patients.

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Peran Sat Lantas Polres Rembang Dalam Menekan Angka Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Jurnal Daulat Hukum ◽

10.30659/jdh.v1i1.2647 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dadik Purnomo

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Empirical Research ◽

Research Method ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Public Official ◽

The Government ◽

Special Competence

ABSTRAKJudul dari penelitian ini adalah Peran Satuan Lalu Lintas Polres Rembang Dalam Menekan Angka Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Dengan Mengedepankan Standar Kompetensi Khusus Penyidik Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas. Tujuan penelitian ini bermaksud mengetahui peran Satuan Lalu Lintas Polres Rembang yang bertindak selaku pejabat publik harus mampu membuat suatu kebijakan publik dalam memberikan pelayanannya kepada masyarakat, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris yuridis. Dengan kesimpulan adanya permasalahan tingginya angka kecelakaan lalu lintas serta tingginya angka fatalitas dari tiap kecelakaan yang terjadi, Satlantas Polres Rembang mengambil suatu kebijakan dalam menjalankan tugas, fungsi dan perananannya sebagai representasi atau perpanjangan tangan dari pemerintah untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut.Kata Kunci: Peran Satlantas, Kecelakaan lalu lintas, Penyidik laka lantas.ABSTRACTThe title of this research is the role of Satuan Lalu Polres Rembang traffic accidents rate by prioritizing the special competence standard of traffic accident investigator. Unit of Rembang Polres that act as public official must be able to make a public policy in giving its service to society, this study uses juridical empirical research method. With the conclusion of the problem of the high number of traffic accidents and the high number of fatality of each accident happened, Satlantas Rembang Police take a policy in carrying out its duties, functions and role as a representation or extension of the hand of the government to overcome the problem.Keywords: the role of the traffic unit, traffic accident, �� traffic accident infestigator.

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HUBUNGAN CEDERA KEPALA DENGAN DISORIENTASI PADA PASIEN KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS

Jurnal Kesehatan ◽

10.38165/jk.v9i2.84 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1173-1178

Author(s):

Nuniek Tri Wahyuni ◽

Winda Indahsari

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Correlation Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spearman's Rho ◽

Spearman’S Rho

Banyak hal yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya cedera kepala, salah satu penyebab terjadinya cedera kepala yang serius adalah kecelakaan lalu lintas (sekitar 60% kematian yang disebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas merupakan akibat cedera kepala). Tujuan penelitian ini utuk mengidentifikasi cedera kepala dengan disorientasi pada pasien kecelakaan lalu lintas di IGD RSD Gunung Jati Kota Cirebon tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kolerasi yang bersifat deskriptif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pasien cedera kepala di RSD Gunung Jati Kota Cirebon, teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling dengan jumlah sampel 22 responden. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi penilaian GCS dan lembar kuesioner TOAG. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sebagian besar cedera kepala ringan yaitu sebanyak 16 dari 22 responden atau sekitar (72.7%) dan sebagaian besar mengalami disorientasi sedang, yaitu sebanyak 14 orang dari 22 responden atau sekitar (63,6%). Berdasarkan analisa statistik uji Spearman’s Rho menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan cedera kepala dengan disorientasi pada pasien kecelakaan lalu lintas di IGD RSD Gunung Jati Kota Cirebon serta nilai probabilitas (p = 0.001). Kata Kunci : Cedera Kepala, Disorientasi ABSTRACTMany of the causes of head injury, one of the causes of serious head injuries are traffic accidents (about 60% of deaths caused by traffic accidents are the result of head injury). The purpose of this study was to identify head injury with disorientation in traffic accident patients at IGD RSD Gunung Jati Kota Cirebon 2018.The type of research used in this study is a descriptive correlation study, using a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were head injury patients at IGD RSD Gunung Jati Kota Cirebon, the sampling technique used was accidental sampling with a sample of 22 respondents. Data collection techniques used the GCS assessment sheet and TOAG questionnaire sheet. Bivariate analysis using the chi square test.The results of this study indicate that, which is mostly light weight that is as much as 16 out of 22 respondents or approximately (72.7%) and most of moderate disorientation, which is as many as 14 people from 22 respondents or approximately (63.6%).Based on statistical analysis Spearman’s Rho showed that there was correlation with the patient in RSD Teachers Mountain Jati Cirebon City and probability value (p = 0,001).Keywords: Head Injury, Disorientation

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DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DEATHS DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, EXAMINED IN DR. S.N. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JODHPUR (RAJ.)

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i8.1364 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Kana Ram Patel ◽

Jagdish Jugtawat ◽

Shalender Kumar ◽

P.C. Vyas

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Subdural Hemorrhage ◽

Age Group ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Medical College ◽

Male To Female

Accidents are not due to external factors all the time but often they occur due to failure of control of self-conscience and free thoughts. Road Traffic Accidents is still the major cause of death worldwide including India. A retrospective study has been conducted in Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur (Raj.), in the year 2019 to study the pattern and distribution of Head Injuries of fatal road traffic accidents and to prepare the demographic profile of it. Out of total 901 cases, male to female ratio was 9:1, and commonest age group affected was 21-30 years (39.8%). Among total victims, Hindus were 748 (83%) and rests were Muslims 103 (11.4%) and other religions. Head injury was the most common injury, present alone in 509 cases (56.4%) and in 392 (43.6) cases along with other injuries. Skull fractures were found in 451 (50.5), in which linear/fissure fracture (32.9%) was most common. Most common bone fractured was temporal bone. The commonest variety of intracranial hemorrhage was subdural hemorrhage and craniotomy was done in 29 (3.2%) cases. Keywords: Accidents, Road traffic, Head injury, Fractures.

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Gambaran Korban Meninggal Dunia dengan Cedera Kepala pada Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Bagian Forensik RSUP dr M Djamil Padang Tahun 2018-2019

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia ◽

10.25077/jikesi.v2i1.283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 178-184

Author(s):

Muhammad Imam Arrasyid ◽

Rika Susanti ◽

Roza Mulyana

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Head Region ◽

The Road ◽

Road Users ◽

Property Loss ◽

On The Road ◽

The City

Background. A traffic accident is an incident on the road which accidentally involves a vehicle with or without other road users which results in human casualties and/or property loss. The most common injury that occurs during traffic accidents is head injury. Head injury due to traffic accidents is a major cause of disability and mortality in developing countries.Objective. To analyze the overview of victim who died with head injury in traffic accidents at the forensic department of DR. M. Djamil Padang 2018-2019.Methods. This type of research is retrospective descriptive. Sampling was carried out by total sampling technique in the forensic department of RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang from March 2020 - September 2020.Results. The results showed that 150 victims who died with head injury in traffic accidents. The conclusion of this study, most of the age is 15-29 years and the incidence was higher in males. The most common injury patterns are abrasions.The head region most affected is the frontalis region. The most time for accidents is at 12.01-18.00 WIB and the most accident days are on Sundays. Most of the accident locations were outside the city of Padang, most types of vehicles were motorbikes, the role of the most victims were motorists and the most types of accidents were being hit by other vehicles.Conclusion. Most of the age is 15-29 years and the incidence was higher in males. The head region most affected is the frontalis region. Most of the accident locations were outside the city of Padang, most types of vehicles were motorbikes, the role of the most victims were motorists and the most types of accidents were being hit by other vehicles

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Managing head injury risks in competitive skateboarding: what do we know?

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-102013 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-102013

Author(s):

Andrew Stuart McIntosh ◽

Declan Alexander Patton ◽

Alexander GD McIntosh

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

National Standards ◽

Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽

Helmet Use ◽

Impact Performance ◽

American Society ◽

Broad Objective

ObjectivesThe broad objective of this paper is to inform policy, practice and research regarding the management of head injury risks in competitive skateboarding. The main motivation for the current study was the question of mandating helmet use in competitive skateboarding. The specific aims are to present current knowledge on (A) head injury risks in skateboarding, (B) preliminary biomechanical data on falls and head injury risks in a selection of competitive skateboarding events similar to those planned for the Summer Olympics, (C) standards for skateboard-styled helmets and (D) impact performance of helmets commonly used in skateboarding.MethodsA narrative review of the published literature on head injuries in skateboarding was conducted. Videos of skateboarding competitions from Vans Park Professional League, Street League Skateboarding and Dew Tour were reviewed to describe crashes and falls. Standards databases including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), British Standards Institution (BSI), Snell, United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were searched for skateboarding-styled helmet standards. A sample of helmets considered suitable for skateboarding was tested in standard impact tests.ResultsThe majority of previous literature focused on the paediatric population in a recreational setting with little data from competitive skateboarding. Head injuries comprised up to 75% of all injuries and helmet use was less than 35%. Video analysis identified high rates of falls and crashes during competitive skateboarding, but also a capacity for the athletes to control falls and limit head impacts. Less than 5% of competitive skateboarders wore helmets. In addition to dedicated national skateboard helmet standards, there are several national standards for skateboard-styled helmets. All helmets, with the exception of one uncertified helmet, had similar impact attenuation performance; that is, at 0.8 m drop height, 114–148 g; at 1.5 m, 173–220 g; and at 2.0 m, 219–259 g. Impact performance in the second impact was degraded in all helmets tested.ConclusionHelmets styled for skateboarding are available ‘off the shelf’ that will offer protection to the head against skull fractures and intracranial injuries in competitive skateboarding. There is an urgent need to commence a programme of research and development to understanding and control head injury risks.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERATE AND SEVERE HEAD INJURIES AT EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT HUE CENTRAL HOSPITAL

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2017.2.22 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 122-126

Author(s):

Trong Ai Quoc Hoang ◽

That Hoang Quy Ton ◽

Dang Tri Vo ◽

Thi Kim Tram Hoang ◽

Thi Thanh Nga Chau

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Head Injury ◽

Head Trauma ◽

Traffic Accident ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Ct Scanner ◽

Central Hospital ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Glasgow Score

Background: Head injury is one of common trauma at ED. It is also main cause of dead and disability of trauma. In Vietnam, accident traffic is most common cause of head injury. ED admits a large number of moderate and severe head injury patients everyday. These injuries can result in physical and mental consequences because of traumatic brain injury (TBI); burden to family and society. However, there is not a consensus in statistics of cause, severe symptom, risk factors to severity and short-term outcome at these patients. Objectives: assessement of cause, symptom and risk factors of moderate and severe head injuries as well as presentations of CT scanner. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Population of interest: Patients with trauma who transported to ED of Hue Central Hospital and classified as moderate and severe head injuries were chosen conveniently into the study. Inclusion criteria: Patients with trauma by any reason; Glasgow score≤13, Sample size: There was not limitation of case number. Results: There were 50 patients with severe and moderate head injury. Main cause of trauma was traffic accident (92.2%). Patients were transported to ED by private vehicles (84,3%). Mean age of male was 38.20±14.28, female was 33.00±17.82 (p>0.05). Most of accident were not witnessed by family and not rescued by bystanders. There was an evaluable concentration of plasma ethanol in 88.2% of patients with mean level of 33.99±21.88 mmol/L in male and 12.90±19.98 mmol/L in female (p<0.05). Ethanol levels in severe head trauma were lower than ones in moderate head trauma (p<0.001). Ethanol levels were not different in patients with different lesions on CT scanners (p>0.05). It existed a correlation between Glasgow score and ethanol levels (r=0.43, p<0.01). Expired rate of patient at ED was 21.6%. Conclusion: Main cause of trauma was traffic accident (99.2%). There were 88.2% of patients used ethanol before trauma; 15.7% of patients were transported by ambulance. There were 64.7% with headache; amnesia of accident 82.4%; vomiting 78.4%; scalp wound 45.1%; ear bleeding 7.8%; nose bleeding 7.8%; raccoon eye 19.6%. It did not exist a difference of ethanol levels in different lesions on head CT scanner. Expired rate of patient at ED was 21.6%. Key words: head injury, traffic accident, ethanol, Glasgow

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Trends in admission and death rates due to paediatric head injury in England, 2000–2011

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2015-308615 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 100 (12) ◽

pp. 1136-1140 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robin Marlow ◽

Julie Mytton ◽

Ian K Maconochie ◽

Hazel Taylor ◽

Mark D Lyttle

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Head Injuries ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Paediatric Head Injury ◽

The Uk

BackgroundThe number of children admitted to hospital is increasing year on year, with very short-stay admissions doubling in the last decade. Childhood head injury accounts for half a million emergency department attendances in the UK every year. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has issued three iterations of evidence-based national guidance for head injury since 2003.ObjectivesTo assess if any changes in the rates of admission, death or causes of head injury could be temporally associated with the introduction of sequential national guidelines by longitudinal analysis of the epidemiology of paediatric head injury admissions in England from 2000 to 2011.MethodsRetrospective analysis of English Hospital Episode Statistics data of children under the age of 16 years old admitted to hospital with the discharge diagnosis of head injury.ResultsThe number of hospital admissions with paediatric head injury in England rose by 10% from 34 150 in 2000 to 37 430 in 2011, with the proportion admitted for less than 1 day rising from 38% to 57%. The main cause of head injury was falls (42–47%). Deaths due to head injury decreased by 52% from 76 in 2000 to 40 in 2011. Road traffic accidents were the main cause of death in the year 2000 (67%) but fell to 40% by 2011. In 2000, children who were admitted or died from head injuries were more than twice as likely to come from the most deprived homes compared with least deprived homes. By 2011, the disparity for risk of admission had narrowed, but no change was seen for risk of death.ConclusionsTemporal relationships exist between implementation of NICE head injury guidance and increased admissions, shorter hospital stay and reduced mortality. The underlying cause of this association is likely to be multifactorial.

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