Application of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors

Recently, the development of eco-friendly, cost-effective and reliable methods for synthesis of metal nanoparticles has drawn a considerable attention. The so-called green synthesis, using mild reaction conditions and natural resources as plant extracts and microorganisms, has established as a convenient, sustainable, cheap and environmentally safe approach for synthesis of a wide range of nanomaterials. Over the past decade, biosynthesis is regarded as an important tool for reducing the harmful effects of traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods commonly used in laboratories and industry. This review emphasizes the significance of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles in the field of electrochemical sensing. There is increasing evidence that green synthesis of nanoparticles provides a new direction in designing of cost-effective, highly sensitive and selective electrode-catalysts applicable in food, clinical and environmental analysis. The article is based on 157 references and provided a detailed overview on the main approaches for green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their applications in designing of electrochemical sensor devices. Important operational characteristics including sensitivity, dynamic range, limit of detection, as well as data on stability and reproducibility of sensors have also been covered. Keywords: biosynthesis; green synthesis; nanomaterials; nanotechnology; modified electrodes

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Glutamate biosensors based on diamond and graphene platforms

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c4fd00032c ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 457-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Jingping Hu ◽

Sirikarn Wisetsuwannaphum ◽

John S. Foord

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Chemical Vapour ◽

Vital Role ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Chemical Vapour Deposition Diamond ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Glutamate Oxidase

l-Glutamate is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, playing a vital role in many physiological processes and implicated in several neurological disorders, for which monitoring of dynamic levels of extracellular glutamate in the living brain tissues may contribute to medical understanding and treatments. Electrochemical sensing of glutamate has been developed recently mainly using platinum, carbon fibre and carbon nanotube electrodes. In the present work, we explore the fabrication and properties of electrochemical glutamate sensors fabricated on doped chemical vapour deposition diamond electrodes and graphene nanoplatelet structures. The sensors incorporate platinum nanoparticles to catalyse the electrooxidation of hydrogen peroxide, glutamate oxidase to oxidise glutamate, and a layer of poly-phenylenediamine to impart selectivity. The performance of the devices was compared to a similar sensor fabricated on glassy carbon. Both the diamond and the graphene sensor showed very competitive performance compared to the majority of existing electrochemical sensors. The graphene based sensor showed the best performance of the three investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear dynamic range and long term stability, whereas it was found that the diamond device showed the best limit of detection.

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Cost Effective Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose: A Comprehensive Review

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22010355 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 355

Author(s):

Georgia Balkourani ◽

Theodoros Damartzis ◽

Angeliki Brouzgou ◽

Panagiotis Tsiakaras

Keyword(s):

Detection Limit ◽

Surface Area ◽

Metallic Nanoparticles ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Direct Electron Transfer ◽

Specific Area ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Internal Resistance ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Synthesis Methods

The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. In the current review paper we classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts’ synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets. Analyzing glucose electrooxidation mechanism over Cu- Co- and Ni-(oxide)/graphene (or derivative) electrocatalysts, we deduced that glucose electrochemical sensing properties, such as sensitivity, detection limit and linear detection limit, totally depend on the route of the mass and charge transport between metal(II)/metal(III); and so both (specific area and internal resistance) should have the optimum values.

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Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11080902 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 902

Author(s):

Pritam Kumar Dikshit ◽

Jatin Kumar ◽

Amit K. Das ◽

Soumi Sadhu ◽

Sunita Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Metallic Nanoparticles ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Wide Range ◽

Range Of Functions

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal rise in nanotechnology research due to its broad range of applications in diverse fields including food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, environmental science, catalysis, and medicine. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials (nano-sized particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm) make them uniquely suitable for such wide range of functions. The nanoparticles when manufactured using green synthesis methods are especially desirable being devoid of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals, or addition of external stabilizing or capping agents. Numerous plants and microorganisms are being experimented upon for an eco–friendly, cost–effective, and biologically safe process optimization. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the green synthesis of metallic NPs using plants and microorganisms, factors affecting the synthesis, and characterization of synthesized NPs. The potential applications of metal NPs in various sectors have also been highlighted along with the major challenges involved with respect to toxicity and translational research.

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Comparison of Metal Nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Eu, Cd) Used for Immunoanalysis Using LA-ICP-MS Detection

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26030630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 630

Author(s):

Marcela Vlcnovska ◽

Aneta Stossova ◽

Michaela Kuchynka ◽

Veronika Dillingerova ◽

Hana Polanska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metal Nanoparticles ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

P53 Protein ◽

Metal Nanoparticle ◽

Biogenic Elements ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Wide Range

Immunochemical methods are used not only in clinical practice for the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases but also in basic and advanced research. Based on the unique reaction between the antibody and its respective antigens, it serves to specifically recognize target molecules in biological complex samples. Current methods of labelling antibodies with elemental labels followed by detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allow detection of multiple antigens in parallel in a single analysis. Using the laser ablation (LA) modality (LA-ICP-MS), it is also possible to monitor the spatial distribution of biogenic elements. Moreover, the employment of metal nanoparticle-labeled antibodies expands the applicability also to molecular imaging by LA-ICP-MS. In this work, conjugates of model monoclonal antibody (DO-1, recognizing p53 protein) with various metal nanoparticles-based labels were created and utilized in dot-blot analysis in order to compare their benefits and disadvantages. Based on experiments with the p53 protein standard, commercial kits of gold nanoparticles proved to be the most suitable for the preparation of conjugates. The LA-ICP-MS demonstrated very good repeatability, wide linear dynamic range (0.1–14 ng), and limit of detection was calculated as a 1.3 pg of p53 protein.

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Review on Methodologies Used in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Significance of Phytosynthesis Using Plant Extract as an Emerging Tool

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200531150218 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (40) ◽

pp. 5188-5204

Author(s):

Uzair Nagra ◽

Maryam Shabbir ◽

Muhammad Zaman ◽

Asif Mahmood ◽

Kashif Barkat

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Metal Nanoparticles ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Noble Metals ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Green Technology ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Nanosized Particles ◽

Preparation Methods

Nanosized particles, with a size of less than 100 nm, have a wide variety of applications in various fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Metal nanoparticles [MNPs] have been synthesized by different chemical and physical procedures. Still, the biological approach or green synthesis [phytosynthesis] is considered as a preferred method due to eco-friendliness, nontoxicity, and cost-effective production. Various plants and plant extracts have been used for the green synthesis of MNPs, including biofabrication of noble metals, metal oxides, and bimetallic combinations. Biomolecules and metabolites present in plant extracts cause the reduction of metal ions into nanosized particles by one-step preparation methods. MNPs have remarkable attractiveness in biomedical applications for their use as potential antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agents. The present review offers a comprehensive aspect of MNPs production via top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top approach with considerable emphasis on green technology and their possible biomedical applications. The critical parameters governing the MNPs formation by plant-based synthesis are also highlighted in this review.

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Green Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Ag-rGO Nanocomposites for Highly Selective Mercury (II) Sensing

Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia ◽

10.2174/2210681207666170705143629 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shubhangi J. Mane-Gavade ◽

Sandip R. Sabale ◽

Xiao-Ying Yu ◽

Gurunath H. Nikam ◽

Bhaskar V. Tamhankar

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Color Change ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Suitable Condition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Spectroscopic Studies ◽

Calibration Plot ◽

First Time

Introduction: Herein we report the green synthesis and characterization of silverreduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag-rGO) using Acacia nilotica gum for the first time. Experimental: We demonstrate the Hg2+ ions sensing ability of the Ag-rGO nanocomposites form aqueous medium. The developed colorimetric sensor method is simple, fast and selective for the detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous media in presence of other associated ions. A significant color change was noticed with naked eye upon Hg2+ addition. The color change was not observed for cations including Sr2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+indicating that only Hg2+ shows a strong interaction with Ag-rGO nanocomposites. Under the most suitable condition, the calibration plot (A0-A) against concentration of Hg2+ was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 ppm with a correlation coefficient (R2) value 0.9998. Results & Conclusion The concentration of Hg2+ was quantitatively determined with the Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.85 ppm. Also, this method shows excellent selectivity towards Hg2+ over nine other cations tested. Moreover, the method offers a new cost effective, rapid and simple approach for the detection of Hg2+ in water samples.

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Utilising Commercially Fabricated Printed Circuit Boards as an Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12070793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 793

Author(s):

Uroš Zupančič ◽

Joshua Rainbow ◽

Pedro Estrela ◽

Despina Moschou

Keyword(s):

Printed Circuit Boards ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Label Free ◽

Circuit Boards ◽

Printed Circuit ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Electrochemical Biosensing ◽

Pre Treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) offer a promising platform for the development of electronics-assisted biomedical diagnostic sensors and microsystems. The long-standing industrial basis offers distinctive advantages for cost-effective, reproducible, and easily integrated sample-in-answer-out diagnostic microsystems. Nonetheless, the commercial techniques used in the fabrication of PCBs produce various contaminants potentially degrading severely their stability and repeatability in electrochemical sensing applications. Herein, we analyse for the first time such critical technological considerations, allowing the exploitation of commercial PCB platforms as reliable electrochemical sensing platforms. The presented electrochemical and physical characterisation data reveal clear evidence of both organic and inorganic sensing electrode surface contaminants, which can be removed using various pre-cleaning techniques. We demonstrate that, following such pre-treatment rules, PCB-based electrodes can be reliably fabricated for sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the methodology both for labelled protein (procalcitonin) and label-free nucleic acid (E. coli-specific DNA) biomarker quantification, with observed limits of detection (LoD) of 2 pM and 110 pM, respectively. The proposed optimisation of surface pre-treatment is critical in the development of robust and sensitive PCB-based electrochemical sensors for both clinical and environmental diagnostics and monitoring applications.

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Removal of Heavy Metals from Chithrapuzha River Water by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared Via Green Synthesis Methods

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/360620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1154-1160

Author(s):

G. DEEPA ◽

M. JEYARAJ ◽

P. N. Magudeswaran

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Green Synthesis ◽

River Water ◽

Human Life ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Aquatic Life

On account of industrialization and increasing population, the water bodies get polluted by means of degradable and non-degradable substances. In 21st century, it is necessary to maintain a healthy environment especially water bodies for the survival of not the aquatic animals but also for healthy human life. Recent advances suggest that the issues related to water quality could be resolved by using nanoparticles and nano-filtration membrane methods from the development of nanotechnology. In this research, attempt to remove heavy metals from Chithrapuzha River water at Cochin bar mouth (S1) and Fact barge jetty (S2) using Fe2O3 prepared via green synthesis using Egg albumin and Aloe vera. Our results provoke that, the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticle is cost-effective and eco-friendly and also good in nano-regime. Results of filtration studies showed that Fe2O3 nanoparticles remove heavy metals from Chithrapuzha River water and also increases the DO content which helps the survival of aquatic life.

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Tandem Synthesis of High Yield MoS2 Nanosheets and Enzyme Peroxidase Mimicking Properties

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10091009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1009

Author(s):

Suresh Thangudu ◽

Mu Tzu Lee ◽

Sami Rtimi

Keyword(s):

Surface Science ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Energy Difference ◽

Molybdenum Sulfide ◽

Water Soluble ◽

High Yield ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bulk Mos2

Molybdenum Sulfide nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) have unique properties that allow its use in a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, a lack of green synthesis methods to achieve a high yield remains a challenge after decades. Herein we report a simple, ecofriendly, green and cost-effective approach to synthesize water soluble MoS2 NSs via probe/Tip sonication method. The sequential batch manner pathway allows us to attain a high yield of MoS2 NSs (~100%). The prepared MoS2 NSs were characterized using up-to-date surface science techniques. UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy allowed us to visualize the doublet peaks of pristine MoS2 at 610 and 680 nm concomitant with the inter-band transitions at 394 nm and 460 nm. Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), the crystallites’ sizes were estimated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy were performed with respect to the bulk MoS2. The energy difference between the Raman peaks revealed that our NSs are formed of 5–6 layers. Further, we explored enzyme peroxidase mimetic properties of the synthesized MoS2 NSs. Results showed that the present MoS2 NSs offer excellent peroxidase mimicking properties. Most importantly, we observed that the optical properties and characteristics of MoS2 NSs synthesized by the current green method are similar to those of MoS2 NSs synthesized using conventional harsh methods reported in the literature. So that we strongly assume that the present method is a green alternative for the existing low yield and harsh experimental procedures to achieve water soluble MoS2 NSs in high yield. The synthesized soluble NSs are promising catalysts for the detection of toxic chemicals in the environment and/or for following enzymatic chromogenic reactions.

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Progress, Challenges and Opportunities in Divalent Transition Metal-Doped Cobalt Ferrites Nanoparticles Applications

Advanced Functional Materials ◽

10.5772/intechopen.93298 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Oana Cadar ◽

Thomas Dippong ◽

Marin Senila ◽

Erika-Andrea Levei

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Application Range ◽

High Electrical Resistivity ◽

Cobalt Ferrites ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Preparation Route ◽

Metal Doped ◽

New Applications

Engineered nanomaterials with tailored properties are highly required in a wide range of industrial fields. Consequently, the researches dedicated to the identification of new applications for existing materials and to the development of novel promising materials and cost effective, eco-friendly synthesis methods gained considerable attention in the last years. Cobalt ferrite is one of the nanomaterials with a wide application range due to its unique properties such as high electrical resistivity, negligible eddy current loss, moderate saturation magnetization, chemical and thermal stability, high Curie temperature and high mechanical hardness. Moreover, its structural, magnetic and electrical properties can be tailored by the selection of preparation route, chemical composition, dopant ions and thermal treatment. This chapter presents the recent applications of nanosized cobalt ferrites doped or co-doped with divalent transition ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ obtained by various synthesis methods in ceramics, medicine, catalysis, electronics and communications.

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