The Brazilian State in the New Democracy

1998 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Weyland
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Institutional Stability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Democracy

How does a country's transition to democracy affect the state? This question is of great importance, given the crucial role that the state has played in the economic, social, and political development of most countries affected by the “third wave” of democratization. Yet this topic has received insufficient scholarly attention. Indeed, definitional assumptions may make this question appear a non-issue: because the state is regarded as more permanent than a political regime, which can change with disturbing frequency, democratic transitions are often assumed to leave the state unchanged. Latin America's “politicized states” (Chalmers, 1977; Power, 1991), however, lack institutional stability. Given the fluidity of state structures in the region, democratization may have a profound effect on the state. It may help institutionalize the state and make it more autonomous from established social forces, or, by contrast, it may further corrode the internal unity and undermine the strength of the state. Because the state has assumed an enormously wide range of responsibilities in Brazil, this country constitutes an especially good case for analysis.

The Middle East's Democracy Deficit in Comparative Perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 189-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Kamrava
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Norms And Values

AbstractThe Middle East's democracy deficit is a product of the patterns of political and economic development in the region. It is not because the region is predominantly Islamic or is somehow afflicted by purportedly undemocratic cultures. By itself, culture is not an impediment to transition to democracy as it is subject to influences from the larger polity, especially insofar as the economy and the initiatives of the state are concerned. Instead, transition to democracy is determined by the degree of society's autonomy from the state. This autonomy may result from the empowerment of society as a consequence of economic development, or the state elite's devolution of power to social actors and classes, or, more commonly, a combination of both. Assumptions about the inherently undemocratic nature of cultures such as Islamic and Confucian ones are fundamentally invalid. The key to understanding democratic transitions lies instead in the nature of state-society relations rather than the nature of society's norms and values in themselves.

scholarly journals Crises of political development in Ukraine: causes and content

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
Galyna Zelenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Low Efficiency

Crises of political development are inherent in countries transitioning from an authoritarian to a democratic regime. In contrast to political crises, crises of political development are inherent in transit societies. Usually they have much deeper and more fundamental reasons related to the quality of the authoritarian political regime, the nature of the transformational changes and are much longer lasting. Іn this article author analyzes the crises of political development that are manifested in Ukraine during the transformation of the political regime. The crises of political development include the crisis of identity, distribution, participation, penetration and legitimacy. The crisis of identity characterizes the disintegration of ideals and values that dominated in political culture of the previous period; the crisis of distribution lies in the inability of the ruling elite to ensure socially acceptable growth of material well-being and its distribution, which causes social stratification and is a constant source of socio-political conflicts; the crisis of penetration is conditioned in the reduced ability of public authorities to perform the functions inherent in the state, which complicates the implementation of reforms and governance; the crisis of participation is conditioned through the creation of artificial barriers by the ruling class for the inclusion in political life of groups claiming power or passivity of society, as a result of which unconventional forms of political participation begin to prevail; the crisis of legitimacy is conditioned in the low efficiency of the constitutional model of power organization and arises as a result of inconsistency of goals and values of the ruling regime with the ideas of the majority of citizens about the rules of just government. The combination of these crises creates a crisis syndrome of modernization and hinders the development of the state in general. In conclusions the author formulates the institutional tools which can reduce the negative effects of crises of political development. Key words: crisis of political development, crisis of identity, crisis of distribution, crisis of participation, crisis of penetration, crisis of legitimacy, financial-industrial groups, political institutionalization, political regime.

The Crisis or consolidation of populism in Mexico?

2021 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alberto Javier Olvera
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The State ◽  
Judicial Power ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Media

The overwhelming triumph of Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the elections of 2018 was the outcome of the legitimacy and representation`s crisis in which the transition to democracy regime had been involved. That regime had promoted a neoliberal project. Finally, it failed to build a democratic State in Mexico. López Obrador deems that only the concentration of power in the presidency and the restoration of the economic and political hegemony of the State can solve the crisis. The author explains that in order to do that, López Obrador has decided to ignore most of the laws and legal institutions, to polarize the country by means of an openly populist discourse and to attack the judicial power and the media. However, his project, according to the author, is unviable both economically and politically, a situation that increases the risks of an authoritarian turn in the Mexican political regime.

scholarly journals Actual challenges of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Marian Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

Ethnic communities in Ukraine are vulnerable in socio-economic and politically challenging conditions. National minorities today face two problems of survival: 1) maintaining consolidation; 2) deepening integration into Ukrainian society. In such a situation, an important instrumental role is played by civil society institutions, such as civic organizations representing the public interest of national minorities at the institutional level. They have real resource potential, which in the conditions of decentralization and increasing the effectiveness of relations with the state can minimize the risks of socially consolidating component of Ukrainian society. There is a need for the readiness of public organizations of national minorities to fulfill the social and management mission. One such promising step could be the process of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities.The purpose of the article is to analyze the procedure of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities in Ukraine. The study is aimed at a motivational action that brings together citizens who are ready for public interaction with other subjects of social and administrative relations and interested in representing the image of the national minority in the country. Institutional rebranding aims to change public perceptions of public organizations as public organizations as institutions engaging in public activity rather than socially profitable ones. They are updating the social purpose of NGOs. After all, the main tasks of modern institutional re-branding of public organizations are to enhance the social uniqueness of the public institute, to strengthen the role and importance of the organization in civil society, as well as to attract it to a wide range of citizens who increase their social responsibility in a mono-national and nation-wide environment. We propose to follow the impact of institutional rebranding of public organizations of national minorities with the help of several important principles: 1) perception of the political regime; 2) regulatory regulation of activity; 3) the nature of interethnic coexistence; 4) strengthening social and consolidating role.We are aware of the fact that in Ukraine the level of effective authority of the "third sector" is rather mediocre, and in the context of public interaction between state and non-governmental institutions a priority model of cooperation has not yet been developed. Moreover, socio-economic circumstances make it difficult to change existing perceptions of NGOs. Therefore, institutional rebranding is new, but extremely relevant, especially for public organizations of national minorities, a method of public positioning in the current conditions of development of the state and civil society.

State-Minority Contestations in Post-colonial Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Mansoor Mohamed Fazil
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Social Force ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Military

Abstract This research focuses on the issue of state-minority contestations involving transforming and reconstituting each other in post-independent Sri Lanka. This study uses a qualitative research method that involves critical categories of analysis. Migdal’s theory of state-in-society was applied because it provides an effective conceptual framework to analyse and explain the data. The results indicate that the unitary state structure and discriminatory policies contributed to the formation of a minority militant social force (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – The LTTE) which fought with the state to form a separate state. The several factors that backed to the defeat of the LTTE in 2009 by the military of the state. This defeat has appreciably weakened the Tamil minority. This study also reveals that contestations between different social forces within society, within the state, and between the state and society in Sri Lanka still prevail, hampering the promulgation of inclusive policies. This study concludes that inclusive policies are imperative to end state minority contestations in Sri Lanka.

State-run celebration of Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia (based on audiovisual sources)

2019 ◽  
pp. 251-268
Author(s):  
Timur Gimadeev
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

The article deals with the history of celebrating the Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia organised by the state. Various aspects of the history of the holiday have been considered with the extensive use of audiovisual documents (materials from Czechoslovak newsreels and TV archives), which allowed for a detailed analysis of the propaganda representation of the holiday. As a result, it has been possible to identify the main stages of the historical evolution of the celebrations of Liberation Day, to discover the close interdependence between these stages and the country’s political development. The establishment of the holiday itself — its concept and the military parade as the main ritual — took place in the first post-war years, simultaneously with the consolidation of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Later, until the end of the 1960s, the celebrations gradually evolved along the political regime, acquiring new ritual forms (ceremonial meetings, and “guards of memory”). In 1968, at the same time as there was an attempt to rethink the entire socialist regime and the historical experience connected with it, an attempt was made to reconstruct Liberation Day. However, political “normalisation” led to the normalisation of the celebration itself, which played an important role in legitimising the Soviet presence in the country. At this stage, the role of ceremonial meetings and “guards of memory” increased, while inventions released in time for 9 May appeared and “May TV” was specially produced. The fall of the Communist regime in 1989 led to the fall of the concept of Liberation Day on 9 May, resulting in changes of the title, date and paradigm of the holiday, which became Victory Day and has been since celebrated on 8 May.

RESEARCH ON INVESTMENT AND INNOVATION ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: TRENDS AND PROBLEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-73
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Ivanovich Bogdanenko
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intellectual Potential ◽  
Innovation Processes

In the monograph the theoretical identification of concepts and categorical series of state regulation of investment-innovation processes are investigated; the directions of optimization of the state policy of innovation and investment development management in Ukraine are determined; the organizational and legal principles of the state regulation of development of intellectual potential of the population are substantiated; the areas of development and improvement of the national innovation system as an object of state policy are highlighted and assessed. The monograph will be interesting for scholars, lecturers, doctoral and graduate students, and will also be useful to practical politicians, journalists and media workers and a wide range of readers interested in investment and innovation activities.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

The Development of Slovenia in the European Union: Social Aspects

2017 ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Iryna Butyrska
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Regime Stability ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

The author proves that the successful stability of independent Slovenia contributed to a number of factors, existing since its being incorporated in the SFRY. The factor, uniting the state has become the common goal – the aspiration to join the EU. The process of the European integration contributed to the modernization of a number of spheres, in particular social, cultural and economic ones. The global financial and economic crisis has revealed the turmoil in the economy of the state and its leadership was forced to gradually reduce a significant part of social privileges for the population. This caused the tension in the society and reduced the level of the national unity, having a negative impact on people’s wellbeing. However, since 2014, the Prime Minister M. Cherar has been trying to restore people’s trust in the state. The situation is getting better; indicators of trust in government are increasing, which also points to state capacity and political regime stability in Slovenia. Keywords: Slovenia, state stability, social sphere, government

Safety assessment of biological raw materials in the system of medicines quality assurance

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yu. Olefir ◽  
E. Sakanyan ◽  
I. Osipova ◽  
V. Dobrynin ◽  
M. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Medicines Quality

The entry of a wide range of biotechnological products into the pharmaceutical market calls for rein-forcement of the quality, efficacy and safety standards at the state level. The following general monographs have been elaborated for the first time to be included into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition: "Viral safety" and "Reduction of the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy via medicinal products". These general monographs were elaborated taking into account the requirements of foreign pharmacopoeias and the WHO recommendations. The present paper summarises the key aspects of the monographs.

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