Employment of Students From Pharmaceutical Specialties – A Pilot, Retrospective-Prospective, Longitudinal, Questionnaire Survey in Two Centers in Bulgaria

Abstract Aim To investigate the employment, the desire to work, the work habits and preferences of the students from the pharmaceutical specialties in Bulgaria. Secondary objectives: To analyze the possibilities for employment, to assess its lawfulness, to analyze existing vicious practices, to establish the main problem in fitting together the academic learning process and the work activity. Materials and methods This was a pilot, retrospective-prospective, longitudinal survey in two centers. We developed a survey questionnaire containing 28 questions of both the open-ended and closed-ended types. The data collection was done using the “Direct individual poll” method. he target group consisted of 165 students from pharmaceutical specialties – pharmacy students from Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, and Bachelor-pharmacists from the Medical College, University “Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov”, Bourgas. The data were processed with the SPSS software. Results The results are presented in two parts: the first part refers to Bachelors of Pharmacy, and the second – to Masters of Pharmacy. In their majority, the pharmacy students work during their academic studies – 86.4%. The main stimulus for starting work is of financial origin. Of all students working, 56.8% were hired on an employment contract, while up to one-third worked without any contract at all. In the case of assistant pharmacists 4 45.3% of the respondents worked, and the majority of the respondents did it for financial reasons (66.7%). 86.2% had a signed employment contract, but 67.9% were insured on the basis of the minimum salary. Most commonly the students were working in the field of their future specialty in the pharmacy network. Conclusion The students indicated difficulties in the process of combining their work activity and their studies, a negative attitude to the legal framework and easily discernible negative attitude towards the main field of fulfillment also by the Masters of Pharmacy – working in a pharmacy.

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Endemicity of malaria in rural areas: A prospective longitudinal study in India

South East Asia Journal of Public Health ◽

10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15940 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 28-33

Author(s):

Mohammad Athar Ansari ◽

Iqbal Mohd Khan

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Presumptive Treatment ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Medical College ◽

Paramedical Staff ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

The aim of the study is to assess the magnitude of the problem and certain epidemiological factors associated with malaria and examine the changing pattern of malaria through its parameters of measurement during 2009-2011. The study was carried out at the Rural Health Training Center (RHTC), under the J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Mus-lim University, Aligarh, (India) for three years from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2011. Teams of doctors and paramedical staff regularly visited the villages. If any person was found to be suffering from fever, his/her blood was examined for the malaria parasite. Patients were given presumptive treatment and radical treatment if slides were positive. The findings of the study demonstrated that the number of malaria cases increased during the study period, but in the year 2010, a sudden upsurge was noticed. Out of 5594 patients, most of the patients seen were in the age group of 11-20 years (34.3%). P. vivax (96.2%) was the most common malaria infection in these areas. An increasing trend of malaria was seen from July to October. Most of the parameters of malaria measurement in-creased many folds in 2010 and showed a declining trend in 2011. The overall findings of the study indicated the high endemicity of malaria in the study area and demonstrated a changing pattern of malaria in the registered vil-lages as most of the parameters of malaria measurement increased. An integrated approach is needed which in-cludes mass survey or active surveillance, and appropriate drug therapy to tackle this public health problem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15940 South East Asia J Public Health | Jul-Dec 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 2 | 28-33

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THE ROLE OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN THE WORLD CONTEXT

Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law ◽

10.12737/article_59bbac1c6741c2.52388894 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 40-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Виктор Момотов ◽

Viktor Momotov

Keyword(s):

Legal System ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Case Law ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Legal Systems ◽

Legal Norms ◽

Judicial Practice ◽

The Usa ◽

Anglo American

In Russian legal science there is a wide-spread belief according to which legal precedents are not sources of Russian law, because Russian legal system forms a part of continental legal system. Various researchers believe that judicial practice does not contain legal norms and consequently case law is not a component of Russian legal framework. The present paper contains the theoretical and historical legal research of the place and role of case law in Anglo-American and continental legal systems. It’s shown that for long historical periods legal precedents were recognized as sources of law not only in Great Britain and the USA, but also in major European legal systems, while at the present time differentiation of legal systems with respect to their attitude towards case law is becoming outdated. Furthermore, based on the research of various legal scholars’ traditions (principally of the positivistic and the sociological traditions) this article demonstrates that negative attitude towards case law is largely determined by the formalistic and obsolete understanding of the term ”source of law”, coming from the misinterpretation of positivism. The paper also presents the current development trends of case law as a source of law. In particular the article outlines the proactive interpretations of new statutory provisions issued by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the global uniqueness of such interpretations and the influence of scientific–technological progress and public needs on the highest court’s interpretations. The mutual interference of case law and statutory law is shown.

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ASSIMILATING AND REPRODUCING CONCEPTS AFTER PHARMACOLOGY LECTURE - A QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED STUDY

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i10.38900 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 122-125

Author(s):

SYAM SREEDHARAN ◽

DHANYA SASIDHARAN PALAPPALLIL ◽

LAILA KANDATH VEEDU ◽

HARI SANKAR KN ◽

ATHIRA MUTHANATTU DIVAKARAN

Keyword(s):

Poor Performance ◽

Second Phase ◽

Simple Explanation ◽

Medical College ◽

The Social ◽

Medical Undergraduates ◽

Simple Language ◽

The Subject ◽

Spss Software ◽

Short Answer Questions

Objective: Medical undergraduates learn pharmacology during the second phase of MBBS. Considering the expanding list of drugs and volatility associated with its learning, the objective of this study was to describe the factors that interfere with the assimilation and reproduction of the concepts in pharmacology. Methods: This was a descriptive study done in the Department of Pharmacology of a Government Medical College in Central Kerala for a period of 2 months. Five short answer questions were chosen to elicit responses from the participants in the form of a surprise test. A Google fill out form elicited the perception of the participants about learning during the pharmacology lecture. The data were sorted and entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). Descriptive data were expressed using frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 148 students, 84 (56.75%) participated in the study. For the surprise test, the mean marks scored were 2.24±0.77 (maximum marks 5). Forty-seven (56%) participants claimed that they were attentive in pharmacology lectures only “sometimes.” The majority of the participants 82 (97.6%) “sometimes” found it difficult to imbibe the concepts in pharmacology. Seventy (83.3%) agreed that definitions are difficult to learn as such. Only 10 (11.9%) disagreed with the statement that a drug’s action cannot be interpreted as its use because sometimes actions can aggravate some diseases. Sixty-one (72.6%) participants had difficulty in understanding the word “rationale.” Five minutes break, continuity of topics, separate question-answer session at the end of class, summarization, a video demonstration of the mechanism of action, providing printed lecture notes, simple explanation, mnemonics to learn, clinical correlation, lectures during morning hours, and team-based quizzes were some suggestions to increase the assimilation of the subject. Conclusion: Participants had a mean score which was <50% of the total score. While the scores for definitions varied the question on uses of drugs fetched similar marks; however, the students had poor performance on the question related to rationale. Ignorance about the meaning of the word “rationale” shows the importance of regular feedback and the use of simple language in understanding the problems faced by the participants in learning the concepts in pharmacology.

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Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Cervical Cancer Screening in Women attending Obstetrics and Gynaecological Opd at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v5i2.31381 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 1055-1059

Author(s):

Raj Deb Mahato ◽

Amit Deo ◽

Hanoon Pokharel

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

College Teaching ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Medical College ◽

The Mean ◽

Knowledge And Attitude

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most common Gynaecological cancer in Nepal which is preventable if appropriate screening and prevention measures are employed. Considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence and cervical cancer related deaths can be achieved by effective screening. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive measures. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in women visiting Obstetrics and Gynaecology OPD at tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department of Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. Women were enrolled in the study by convenient sampling methods. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Results: Among 374 participants, the mean age was 31.13 years. More than three fourth (89.6%) of participants were literate. Regarding occupation, 89.8% of participants were housewives, and 82.9 % of participants were married. As per the findings, only 43.27 % of participants i.e. less than the mean, had adequate knowledge of cervical cancer and its screening. 65.50 % of participants had a negative attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Literate participants had good knowledge and positive attitude regarding cervical cancer screening than illiterate participants (P value less than 0.05). Conclusion Considerable proportions of participants had inadequate knowledge and negative attitude regarding cervical cancer screening in Gynaecological patients visiting tertiary care Hospital in Eastern Nepal.

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Assessing Pharmacy Students’ and Preceptors’ Understanding of and Exposure to Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Pharmacy ◽

10.3390/pharmacy8030149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Revolinski ◽

Jacqueline Pawlak ◽

Ciara Beckers

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽

Policy Development ◽

Pharmacy Practice ◽

Response Rates ◽

Student Understanding ◽

Pharmacy Students ◽

Medical College ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Integral Role ◽

School Curricula

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is commonly employed, and may be required, in multiple healthcare settings, with pharmacists playing an integral role in developing and conducting AMS techniques. Despite its prevalence, AMS is minimally taught in pharmacy school curricula. In order to increase student and preceptor understanding and application of AMS techniques, the Medical College of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy required introductory pharmacy practice students to complete three checklists and reflections of AMS techniques observed at three different practice settings: inpatient, ambulatory, and community (retail) pharmacy. Student and preceptor understanding and application of AMS techniques were then assessed via voluntary survey. Survey response rates were 43% for pharmacy students, while preceptor response rates were 27%. Student understanding and application of AMS techniques increased after completion of the AMS checklist, with the largest magnitude of change seen with antibiotic selection recommendations and guideline and policy development. Preceptor understanding was minimally impacted by the activity; however, an increase in understanding was seen for allergy assessments, antibiotic time-outs, and vaccine assessments and recommendations. AMS is an important component of pharmacy practice today. Implementation of a checklist and reflection activity within experiential education increases perceived student understanding and application of relevant AMS techniques.

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Response of systemic PUVA in vitiligo - experience with 25 cases in Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka

Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jafmc.v10i1.22900 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

ATM Rezaul Karim ◽

Md Abdul Latif Khan ◽

Md Sayeed Hasan ◽

Moyassaque Ahmed ◽

Shirajul Islam Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Response ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Armed Forces ◽

The Body ◽

Military Hospital ◽

Study Group ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Medical College ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Introduction: It is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells that make pigment) in the skin are destroyed. As a result, white patches appear in the skin in different parts of the body. Objective: The objective of this study is to see the efficacy of systemic PUVA in the treatment of vitiligo patient. Methods: This is an prospective longitudinal interventional study, carried out in the depigmented area was assessed according to the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka in between the duration of April 2010 to March 2011. Total 25 vitiligo patients based on inclusion criteria like patient with vitiligo affecting more than 5% body surface area, patient having ivory- white fluorescence on Woods lamp, patient who was above 15 years of age, patient who had given written consent, patient was not taken any previous treatment etc. Results: This study showed the therapeutic response of study group after 04 weeks of therapy, 05 (20%) patients responsed Fair, 15 (60%) patients responsed Poor and no responsed by 05 (20%) patients. Therapeutic response of study group after 08 weeks of therapy showed that 15 (60%) patients responsed Fair and 10 (40%) patients responsed Poor. It was observed after 12 weeks of therapy that 13 (52%) patients responsed Poor followed by 10 (40%) patients responsed Fair and 02 (08%) patients responsed well. 29 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 10, No 1 (June) 2014 Therapeutic response of study group after 16 weeks of therapy was 15 (60%) patients responsed Fair, followed by 06 (24%) patients responsed Poor and 04 (16%) patients responsed Good. It was showed that after 20 weeks of therapy 13 (52%) patients responsed Fair, followed by 08 (32%) patients responsed Good, 03 (12%) patients responsed Poor and 01 (04%) patients responsed Excellent. It was observed that after 24 weeks of therapy 12 (48%) patients responsed Good, followed by 08 (32%) patients responsed Fair, 03 (12%) patients responsed Poor and 02 (08%) patients responsed Excellent. Conclusion: Systemic PUVA for the repigmentation of vitiligo seems to be effective. Study needs large number of patients for longer period of duration for confirmation of results. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v10i1.22900 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(1) 2014

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Self-Medication Practices in Surrounding Communities of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital of Eastern Nepal

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v15i1.23021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Surya Bahadur Parajuli ◽

Anjali Mishra ◽

Heera KC ◽

Prem Bhattarai ◽

Sharad Karki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Family Type ◽

Local Context ◽

Common Source ◽

Self Medication ◽

Time Saving ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College

Background: Self-medication is the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders/symptoms, or the intermittent/continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic/recurrent disease/symptoms (WHO). It is the cause for antibiotic resistance, inappropriate treatment, financial burden and many deaths. WHO listed self-medication as one of the priority research area at the local context. The objective of the study was to find the prevalence and pattern of self-medication in surrounding communities of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the surrounding communities of Birat Medical College from 1st August 2018 to 15th December 2018. Multistage sampling was used to collect information from 348 household having family members aged 16 years and above. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Committee of Birat Medical College. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used. Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.5±15.9 years. Prevalence of self-medication was 44.04%. Majority took self-medication for headache 43.6% followed by common cold 39.1% etc. Majority used allopathic drugs 82.7% followed by traditional healers 9.8%. Common medication were antipyretics 18.8%, antibiotics 16.5%, proton pump inhibitor 7.5%, antihistamines 6.8% etc. The reason behind self-medication were low cost 30.1%, time saving 24.1%, illness too trivial/mild for consultation 18.8%, quick relief 18.1%, high doctor fee 15 %, lack of awareness 13.5 %, familiar with treatment options 12.8%, long waiting line in hospital 12% etc. Out of them 8.3% noticed side effects of self-medication. Out of all 59.5% felt the need of awareness program on rational use of medicines. Age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, religion, education and occupation of participants, education and occupation of head of household, poverty status, family type, house residence type, type of house has no significant association with self-medication. Participants residing in alani/rent households were 1.93 times more likely to self-medicate than those residing in their own and participants having negative attitude were 1.90 times more likely to self-medicate than those who had positive attitude and both were statistically significant. Conclusions: The burden of self-medication was present and allopathic drugs including antibiotics were common. Adverse drug reactions were reported but participants were unaware about the place to report. Participants had negative attitude towards self-medication which is harmful for their health. As pharmacy was the common source of self-medication, the prescription based medicine dispensary should be advocated.

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Gestational route to healthy birth (GaRBH): protocol for an Indian prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025395 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e025395

Author(s):

Vipin Gupta ◽

Ruchi Saxena ◽

Gagandeep Kaur Walia ◽

Tripti Agarwal ◽

Harsh Vats ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fetal Growth ◽

Ethics Committees ◽

First Trimester ◽

High Rate ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Medical College ◽

Start Date ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Quantitative Changes ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

IntroductionPregnancy is characterised by a high rate of metabolic shifts from early to late phases of gestation in order to meet the raised physiological and metabolic needs. This change in levels of metabolites is influenced by gestational weight gain (GWG), which is an important characteristic of healthy pregnancy. Inadequate/excessive GWG has short-term and long-term implications on maternal and child health. Exploration of gestational metabolism is required for understanding the quantitative changes in metabolite levels during the course of pregnancy. Therefore, our aim is to study trimester-specific variation in levels of metabolites in relation to GWG and its influence on fetal growth and newborn anthropometric traits at birth.Methods and analysisA prospective longitudinal study is planned (start date: February 2018; end date: March 2023) on pregnant women that are being recruited in the first trimester and followed in subsequent trimesters and at the time of delivery (total 3 follow-ups). The study is being conducted in a hospital located in Bikaner district (66% rural population), Rajasthan, India. The estimated sample size is of 1000 mother-offspring pairs. Information on gynaecological and obstetric history, socioeconomic position, diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, depression, anthropometric measurements and blood samples is being collected for metabolic assays in each trimester using standardised methods. Mixed effects regression models will be used to assess the role of gestational weight in influencing metabolite levels in each trimester. The association of maternal levels of metabolites with fetal growth, offspring’s weight and body composition at birth will be investigated using regression modelling.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the ethics committees of the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi and Sardar Patel Medical College, Rajasthan. We are taking written informed consent after discussing the various aspects of the study with the participants in the local language.

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Prediction of nutritive sucking in preterm babies (<34 weeks) and preterm sucking readiness scale

Maternal Health Neonatology and Perinatology ◽

10.1186/s40748-019-0113-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nisha Kumari ◽

Ashish Jain ◽

Siddarth Ramji

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Observational Study ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Negative Association ◽

Medical College ◽

Longitudinal Observational Study ◽

Nutritive Sucking ◽

Preterm Babies ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Objective To determine predictors of nutritive-sucking in babies < 34 weeks and estimate the appropriate preterm sucking readiness (PTSR) score as an indicator of readiness of nutritive-sucking. Methods Prospective longitudinal observational study conducted in Neonatal unit of a referral hospital attached to Medical College. Forty-nine inborn babies of 28-34 weeks’ gestation and on full gavage feeds were enrolled. Results (a) Nutritive-sucking was achieved at a median age of 14 days (Range 7–50). (b) Low birth weight (LBW) (< 1531.1 ± 142.8) and lesser gestational age (GA) (< 32.8 ± 1) were poor predictors (p < 0.05) and have a significant independent negative association (Correlation birth weight (BW) - 0.0222, GA − 2.2177) with age at which established nutritive-sucking was achieved. (c) PTSR score of ≥9 had the best prediction for achievement of nutritive-sucking at 14-days of life, with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion PTSR score is a sensitive and specific tool to predict the readiness for nutritive-sucking in preterm babies < 34 weeks.

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A comparative study between endoscope assisted transtympanic pop-in tympanoplasty and permeatal underlay tympanoplasty

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v6i2.19805 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meera Bista ◽

Toran KC

Keyword(s):

Success Rate ◽

College Teaching ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Taste Sensation ◽

Exact Test ◽

Medical College ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

Made In

Background: Otoscopic procedure like tympanoplasty is one of the magic wands that an ear nose throat surgeon possesses to alleviate the suffering of a hearing impaired patient. Endoscopic trans-tympanic pop in technique is an alternative method where tympanic fascial graft is placed medial to tympanic membrane remnant through the perforation without elevation of tympanomeatal flap and angled endoscope is used to assess the ossicular chain.Objective: The study was done to compare the results of endoscope assisted trans-tympanic pop-in tympanoplasty with permeatal underlay tympanoplasty.Methods: The study is a prospective, longitudinal and experimental study conducted in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital from January 2016 to June 2016. A total of sixty-two patients, thirty-one in study and thirty-one in control group were present. The comparison was made in terms of success rate, decrease in taste sensation and time taken for the procedure. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Categorical data were tested by Fisher Exact test and p-value of <0.005 was considered statistically significant.Result: Among 62 patients, 55 had successful graft uptake (88.7% success rate). Hearing improvement was seen in 51 patients (88.25%). Regarding taste sensation 5 out of 62 had decrease in taste sensation after surgery (8%). Time taken was approximately 30 to 45 minutes (mean =44.1min) in endoscopic transtympanic pop-in type and 60 to 90 minutes (mean =73.8 min) in permeatal underlay type.Conclusion: We can conclude that endoscopic trans-tympanic pop-in tympanoplasty gives similar hearing and graft uptake result but with less time and greater ease as compared to permeatal underlay technique.

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