Digital currencies: The present and the future

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1132-1155
Author(s):  
Husan S. UMAROV
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
System Development ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Development Objectives

Subject. The article considers digital currencies in the context of global and national financial system development. Objectives. The purpose is to identify and justify the role of digital currencies in the global finance development and the place of modern central bank policies in the development of digital currencies, to underpin the need for changing approaches to digital currencies on the part of central banks, and to predict possible scenarios for the development of digital currencies on the global scale. Methods. The study applies methods of logical and statistical analysis, the comparative approach, and systematization. Results. The paper describes major pros and cons of digital currencies by comparing them with cryptocurrencies; identifies the beneficiaries of the introduction of digital currencies in countries with the most developed strategies for the introduction of national digital currencies. It also unveils barriers to a large-scale introduction of digital currencies to the world market, and highlights the main areas of their use. I developed three scenarios of digital currencies introduction to the world market. Conclusions. A large-scale introduction of digital currencies as a means of international settlements is not possible at the present stage, however, their use as a tool for dealing with financial crises is the most realistic scenario.

FRUIT AND BERRIES WORLD PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1464
Author(s):  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

Horticulture is an important branch of agriculture with particular importance in some countries of the world. The production of fruits, berries and nuts is an important part of forming a high-grade food supply for the population in many countries, including the developing ones. Basing on the statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN), the authors examined the change in the production volume of these products in the world as a whole for 1961-2018, as well as for the period 1992-2018 in some countries - twenty largest producers in 2018; and a number of trends were identified. In particular, it was noted that in 2018 the global gross harvest of fruits and berries increased by 4.34 times compared to 1961, while that of nuts - by 7.04 times. A deeper analysis in the context of states, which are the main producers of fruits, berries and nuts, carried out for 1922-2018, indicates that there is a change in the positions of these countries in the corresponding world ranking. The quantitative and qualitative changes we observe inevitably have a significant impact both on the volume of the world market in terms of production, and, consequently, the supply of fruit and berry products, and on the parameters of international trade in fruits, berries and nuts. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is not among the countries - largest producers of fruit and berry products (in 2018 it was the 31st in the global rating for fruits and berries, and the 52nd for nuts), it occupies a very significant position in the world on its imports, especially on some of them. In connection with the policy of import substitution, deployed in response to sanctions from a number of Western states, some positive changes are also observed in the Russian gardening industry. However, imports in the resources of fruits and berries still amounted to 53.6% in 2018. Naturally, many types of fruit and berry products are economically inexpedient to cultivate on an industrial scale in the natural and climatic conditions of our country, but it is necessary to carry out scientifically grounded and systematic work to increase the production of relatively traditional for Russia fruit and berry plants in the large-scale commodity sector.

Monoproductive Traits in Brazil’s Economic Past

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Edward J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
World Market ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Commerce

During the first three hundred years of its existence, Brazil had no opportunity to develop its potential natural resources for the benefit of its inhabitants. Portugal, Brazil’s mother country, exploited the colony as a source of wealth for itself and did not administer it for the purpose of creating a sound economic structure for the good of Brazil. Its foreign commerce was a Crown monopoly until 1808. During this colonial period, easily exploited minerals and those crops which would command quick, lucrative profits on the world market, were stressed by Portuguese administrators. Thus, early in its history, the disastrous seeds of monoculture were sown in Brazil. These products were taken to Lisbon, which served as a jobbing center for the Empire, and from there they were distributed by vessel to other countries. Large-scale industry was discouraged by Portugal, and in some instances, actually forbidden. In this, Portugal was following the general colonial policy common to many European nations during that period. Characteristic of the Portuguese attitude was Queen Maria’s order in 1785 for the destruction of all industries and factories in Brazil that were not devoted to the production of sugar; a product from which Portugal at this time derived much of its national income. In return for the lucrative slave crops of sugar and cotton, the colony was forced to buy expensive finished goods from the mother country. The exchange profited Portugal greatly and strangled Brazil economically.

Port Placement Theory in Consideration of Geographical Characteristics and Disaster Risks in Case of Ocean Space Utilization

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Takahashi ◽  
Yasuo Kasugai ◽  
Isao Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Port Placement ◽  
Space Utilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
The World

In case of ocean space utilization, the factors which have to be taken into consideration in order to form an international basic container route are geographical factors which are the position on a global scale, the economic scale of port hinterland, the ocean climatic condition for setting the route etc. as well as factors from the viewpoint of transport such as the volume of container cargo and both size of container ships and container terminals. It is important to consider these geographical factors not only in order to study the port placement from the global point of view but also to devise the port policy. Although there are many studies on factors from the viewpoint of transport, there is almost no study on these geographical factors. Then, the authors made a new simulation model and analyzed these geographical factors of the international container ports in all parts of the world. As a result of analysis, the authors got the conclusion that there were three port placement patterns. The first type is ‘the Continent Base Port Type’, which it is located in the continent and has the large economic hinterland. Typical ports of this type are Antwerp, LA, LB and Shanghai. The second type is ‘the Ocean Base Port Type’, which is located in the ocean space where geographical predominance is high. This type forms route hubs. Typical ports of this type are Singapore, Malta and Kaohsiung. The third type is ‘the Tight Hinterland Port Type’, which is located in an island and has the tight economic hinterland where the economic activities density is very high. This type has characteristics that the distance between the ports is short and there are a lot of numbers of ports, which is unique and special in the world. Japan’s ports are classified in the third type. Furthermore, Japan has a characteristic that there are many large-scale earthquakes and has to consider earthquake measures to reduce disaster risks. The authors will suggest the most suitable port placement theory in consideration of these characteristics in case of ocean space utilization.

scholarly journals MAMPIR NGOMBE: REFLEKSI DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19 MELALUI FILM TARI

JOGED ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Arjuni Prasetyorini
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
News Media ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

ABSTRAK“Mampir Ngombe” adalah film tari yang merefleksikan kondisi Pandemi Covid-19. Sejak akhir tahun 2019 hingga saat ini, seluruh manusia di bumi sedang menghadapi Pandemi dengan skala global. Memasuki tahun 2020 negara-negara di dunia mulai melakukan lockdown atau pembatasan sosial berskala besar bagi negaranya. Tingkat kematian akibat Pandemi Covid-19 ini selalu diberitakan melalui berbagai media setiap harinya, bahkan terdapat beberapa kerabat dan kawan yang terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19, hingga sembuh kembali namun juga ada yang meninggal. Duka dan kecemasan meliputi hampir disetiap harinya. Pandemi Covid-19 secara langsung dan tidak langsung memberi berbagai dampak. Salah satu dampak yang terjadi jika direnungkan secara dalam akan muncul suatu kesadaran, di mana hidup terasa benar-benar singkat bahwa setiap manusia tidak tahu kapan akan dipanggil pulang.Sebuah pepatah Jawa atau pitutur Jawa mengatakan “Urip iku mung sadermo mampir ngombe, yang memiliki arti hidup itu sangat singkat, ibarat hanya singgah minum. Pepatah itu menjadi sangat terasa pada kondisi saat ini. Waktu yang demikian singkat ini manusia diharapkan mengisinya dengan fikiran yang positif dan dan berusaha memanfaatkannya dengan melakukan hal-hal yang baik dan bermanfaat. Daripada hidup dalam ketakutan, kecemasan, dan kekuatiran, sebaiknya diisi dengan doa, serta belajar untuk ikhlas setiap harinya, hingga setiap langkah yang dijalani akan menjadi laku yang migunani tumpraping diri lan liya. Koreografer menggunakan media video/film sebagai media ungkap sebagai respons dan adaptasi pada kondisi Pandemi Covid-19. Pandemi Covid-19 membatasi gerak seni pertunjukan dalam hal ini tari yang secara normatif dapat dinikmati secara langsung oleh mata dan energi dirasakan hadir secara nyata, namun pada kondisi ini harus dinikmati melalui video/film. Karya ini merupakan sebuah ekperimentasi langkah baru bagi koreografer untuk mencoba dan berusaha mengekpresikan tari melalui media video/film dengan durasi 6.44 detik.ABSTRACTThe dance film entitled "Mampir Ngombe" with a short duration is a reflection and introspection on the current conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic, all people on earth are facing a pandemic on a global scale since the end of 2019, entering 2020 countries in the world have begun. carry out lockdowns or large-scale social restrictions for the country. The death rate due to the Covid-19 Pandemic is always reported through various news media every day, there are even some relatives and friends who have been confirmed positive for Covid-19, until they recover, but some have died. Grief and anxiety always cover almost every day. The Covid-19 pandemic directly and indirectly has various impacts. One of the impacts that occurs if you think about it deeply will emerge an awareness, where life feels really short that every human being does not know when to be called home. A Javanese proverb or Javanese pitutur “states Urip iku mung sadermo mampir ngombe, which means life is like just stopping by for a drink, very briefly. The proverb is very pronounced in the current condition. This time is so short that humans are expected instead of every day filled with worries, fears and worries, it would be nice if they were filled with positive thoughts and and trying to make use of them by doing good and useful things, such as filling them with prayers, working with them. following health protocols, trying to live up to the advice from the government, namely Gerakan 5M Covid-19 (Wearing a mask, washing hands with soap with running water, keeping your distance, keeping away from crowds) and learning to do iklas every day, so that every step you take will become a laku that migunani tumprapting liyan. Choreographers use video / film media as a medium of expression as a response and adaptation to the conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic limits the movement of performing arts, in this case dance, which can normally be enjoyed directly by the eye and the energy is felt to be present in real terms, but in this condition it must be enjoyed through videos / films. This work is an experimentation of a new step for choreographers to try and try to express dance through video / film media with short duration.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Hukum Islam Pada Edaran Pemerintah dan MUI Dalam Menyikapi Wabah Covid-19 Setelah Pemberlakuan New Normal

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Cholisa Rosanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Government

This study discusses the Covid-19 virus that is spreading in the world and its handling from the government and MUI after the implementation of new normal according to Islamic law. The government implements a large-scale social restrictions system (PSBB) or social distancing to break the chain of the spread of the covid-19 virus. The government has implemented new normal rules. MUI has issued a notice numbered Kep-1188 / DP-MUI / V / 2020 concerning new normalcy that will be applied by the government such as reopening places of worshipaccording to the health protocol. Nevertheless, this circular is a pros and cons for some people. The purpose of this study is to help the public understand whether the government and MUI circulars in tackling the plague after applying the new normal according to the Shari'a or actually contrary to Islamic Sharia. The research method is the study of literature literature with a normative approach and historical approach. The results of the study showed that the rules imposed by the government and MUI in dealing with the outbreak of Covid-19 pacsa new normal did not disregard Islamic law.

scholarly journals Foreign trade of oil food complex products in the conditions of integration of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Antonyuk ◽  
T. Stupnytska ◽  
P. Antonyuk ◽  
O. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
World Market ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World

The article examines the current tendencies of entering the oil and fat subcomplex of Ukraine intothe world markets. It has been revealed that oil crops and their products are the main export commodity inagro-food export of the state. The large scale production of the sub-complex products, with modest domesticconsumption, is first and foremost associated with successful integration into international trade. Foreigntrade thus becomes an important factor in the development of the subcomplex. Considering the complexityand multidimensionality of the problem, the main segments of the market - oilseeds, oils and oilcake - arehighlighted in the research. On the basis of statistical data, the analysis of export volumes, dynamics, position on the world market and opportunities for their strengthening were made. It has been established thatUkraine, as a powerful producer and active participant in the world market, influences, to some extent, theexcess of world production over consumption of oil and products of their processing, which leads to a decrease in export prices and, as a consequence, to a loss of export earnings of domestic exporters. The studysubstantiates the need to improve the structure of production of oilseeds, the balance of use of soybeansand rapeseed, constant monitoring of the situation in foreign markets.

Current and promising strategies to prevent and reduce aflatoxin contamination in grains and food matrices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S.L. Gibellato ◽  
L.F. Dalsóquio ◽  
I.C.A. do Nascimento ◽  
T.M. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Matrices ◽  
Culture Supernatants

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that colonise various crops around the world and cause major damage to the agro-industrial sector on a global scale. Considering the estimative of population growth in the next decades, it is of fundamental importance the implementation of practices that help prevent the economics and social impacts of aflatoxin contamination. Even though various approaches have been developed – including physical, chemical and biological approaches – there is not yet one that strikes a balance in terms of safety, food quality and cost, especially when considering large scale application. In this review, we present a compilation of advantages and disadvantages of different strategies for prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination. Biological approaches represent the trend in innovations mainly due to their specificity and versatility, since it is possible to consider the utilisation of whole microorganisms, culture supernatants, purified enzymes or even genetic engineering. However, challenges related to improvement of the efficiency of such methods and ensuring safety of treated foods still need to be overcome.

scholarly journals Research of Money Characterstics in the Condutions of Segmentation of their Digital Analogues

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Voloshin ◽  
◽  
Viktoriya Gonchar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
World Market ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Commodity Money ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Money

The paper presents an attempt to study new qualitative characteristics of money that they will receive in the event of legalization of options for digital currencies in the world market. The logic of the development of the modern cryptocurrency segment is such that they will potentially be able to change the world market towards a complete rejection of the cash. This, in turn, will significantly change the system of commodity-money relations in favor of holders or managers of digital currencies, which will become uncontrollable from both their passive owners and the state. It is shown that the characteristics of digital money can gradually shift towards their endless illiquidity, as well as towards the gradual elimination of the concept of equivalence in commodity exchange. In this case it is possible to change the entire ideology of business, as the basis of the modern economy. Possibility to localize the likely excess composition of digital money, a large-scale growth of the service market is considered, as an alternative to the market of material goods. Digital money itself can be a system for irreversible changes in the conditions of controllability of any trading operations. Nowadays there are certain prerequisites for this: the global expansion of the services market as an active segment of the business, as an alternative to the goods market; a cryptocurrency with starting capabilities, as a reasonable currency with unlimited inflationary opportunities; the factor of counteraction to these changes on the part of the global banking system, as indirect evidence of such prerequisites, etc. The paper presents data on the calculation of risks associated with the financial instability of some countries’ economies during the transition from system cash to digital calculations. It is shown that a systemic transition to new rules for dealing with an infinite digital money supply can lead to the elimination of the system of equivalent exchange of the "commodity-money-commodity" type, into the area of uncontrolled expansion of the services market, as a commodity segment capable of hiding digital unsecured money supply.

scholarly journals Innovative solutions as a modern direction of the sea transport development

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Adrianna Karaś
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Intelligent Transport ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Needs

The aim of the article is to assess the potential of intelligent transport solutions. The article focuses on sea transport. It presents the latest trends in transport and logistics that we can expect in the coming years and describes highly advanced solutions – completed projects, as well as those in the development phase. The solutions concern both projects from the world market and the Polish market. The sources of changes and market needs were also presented and focused on the sources of financing for innovative projects. The research problem presented in the article is: is the constant and successive introduction and implementation of intelligent and innovative solutions in sea transport a contemporary and irreversible trend defining the directions of development of transport systems and their modernization on a global scale?

scholarly journals The Construction of Brazilian Fashion as a Global Discourse: “Resolving” Difference Without Overcoming Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Miqueli Michetti
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Single Identity ◽  
Sociological Discourse

Abstract: the article analyses the construction of “Brazilian fashion” as a global discourse in the world market of symbolic goods. After examine the building of the Brazilian national identity from the early to mid-20th Century, we analyze the discursive current updates of this identity in terms of diversity. Through sociological discourse analysis of the fashion field, we investigate the making of this discourse as a social truth. The comparative approach shows that we are in face of two distinct ways of coping with difference and setting up identity and otherness. In one of them, the State was the key player attempting to assimilate the differences into a single identity. In the other, the State plays a supporting role and there is the Market and its attempts to produce difference as a merchandise. In the former, equality tended to mask differences and in the latter, the differences tend to mask the inequalities. A Construção da Moda Brasileira como Discurso Global: "Resolver" a Diferença Sem Superar a Desigualdade Resumo: o artigo analisa a construção da “moda brasileira” enquanto um discurso global no mercado mundial de bens simbólicos. Depois de examinar a construção da identidade nacional brasileira do início ao meio do século XX, analisamos as recentes atualizações discursivas dessa identidade em termos de diversidade. Através da análise do discurso sociológico do campo da moda, investigamos a realização deste discurso como uma verdade social. A abordagem comparativa mostra que estamos diante de duas maneiras distintas de lidar com a diferença e configurar identidade e alteridade. Em um deles, o Estado era o agente principal, tentando assimilar as diferenças em uma única identidade. No outro, o Estado desempenha um papel de apoio e existe o Mercado e suas tentativas de produzir a diferença como mercadoria. No primeiro, a igualdade tende a mascarar diferenças e, no segundo, as diferenças tendem a mascarar as desigualdades.

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