Effect of Christmas Melon (Laganaria Breviflorus) extract on toxigenic Mycoflora Isolated from Stored Unpolished Rice sold in major Markets in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Study on toxigenic mycoflora and potential mitigation effect of Christmas Melon (Laganaria Breviflorus) extract in unpolished rice sold in Abeokuta Ogun state of Nigeria was carried out. Unpolished rice gotten from markets in Abeokuta were aseptically transported to the laboratory, serial dilution to reduce the fungal load was carried out and were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Methyl Red Dessicated Coconut Agar (MRDCA) respectively. Microscopy, macroscopy, toxigenicity test and inhibition studies with the peeled and unpeeled fruit of Laganaria breviflorus fermented for seven days was carried out. Results reveal the predominance of Aspergillus as the major genera, specifically, A. niger, A.flavus, A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. nidulans. Other fungi genera isolated include Penicillium, F`usarium, Mucor, Alternaria and Rhizopus . Of the 11 fungi genera isolated, 9 were toxigenic of which the zones of inhibition of unpeeled whole fruit extract of Laganaria breviflorus range from (3 - 28mm) where A. nidulans shows the highest susceptibility to the whole fruit extract of Laganaria breviflorus while the zone of inhibition of peeled fruit extract of Laganaria breviflorus ranges from (3 - 22mm) where A. parasiticus, Fusarium specie and P.chrysogenum showed the highest susceptibility . As the day progresses the zone of inhibition becomes wider. Unpeeled LB extract exhibited more zones of inhibition than the peeled LB extract. Laganaria breviflorus fruit extracts in the study demonstrates a potential in reducing toxigenic fungi, consequently a means to reducing mycotoxins in staple foods in Nigeria.

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Development of an Encapsulation System for the Protection and Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Nisin at Meat Cooking Temperature

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v2n3p36 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Khadidja Boualem ◽

Muriel Subirade ◽

Yves Desjardins ◽

Linda Saucier

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Inhibition Activity ◽

Font Size ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Median Size ◽

Meat Cooking ◽

Cooking Temperature ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Effective Use

Nisin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis widely investigated for use in foods as a natural antimicrobial. However, its effective use in meat products is restricted notably by its reaction with meat constituents (including glutathione) in raw meat. The purpose of this study was to develop an encapsulation system that would optimize nisin activity when used in meat. To achieve this goal, an encapsulation in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes was developed. DPPC liposomes were formed in phosphate buffer with or without nisin. The encapsulation efficiency of nisin in liposomes was greater than 46 ± 2%. The median size of nisin-loaded liposomes was 495 nm, compared to 170 nm for empty liposomes. The liposomes containing nisin were stable for up to 7 days at 4°C but a zone of inhibition was observed afterwards. Stability of the liposome to heat was also tested and demonstrated that above 37°C nisin was released from the melted liposomes to form zones of inhibition. Activity of free and encapsulated nisin was tested in raw and cooked ground beef (71°C). Free nisin lost its activity in raw beef but DPPC-encapsulated nisin remained active and was released upon melting of the liposome during heat treatment.

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. LEAVES AND SEEDS EXTRACT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2020.367 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 276-284

Author(s):

Garga M. A. ◽

Manga S. B. ◽

Rabah A.B. ◽

Tahir H. ◽

Abdullahi M. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Volatile Oil ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect and identify the phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds extract on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clinical isolates using agar well diffusion method. The samples were collected from the premises of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The Seeds and Leaves were collected fresh. They were extracted using methanol and ethyl acetate. Various concentrations from 100mg/ml to 500mg/ml were prepared. The test bacteria used is Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Microbiology laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University. The bacteria were re-identified using biochemical tests. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zone of inhibition were read after 24 hours of incubation at 370C.The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the methanolic leaves extracts at 500 mg/ml had effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 20mm. The methanolic seed extract have effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 19.5mm. The MIC for the leave and seed extracts for Staphylococcus aureus was 250mg/ml. The MBC was 500mg/ml. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, and glycosides but anthraquinone and steroids were absent in the extracts. The zones of inhibition showed that both the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts at 500mg/ml were active to all the tested bacteria. ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Mean Range test was used to analyze the data. Based on Duncan’s grouping, there is significant difference between the solvents and the concentrations used.

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Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effects of Different Mouthrinses against Streptococcus Mutans: An in Vitro Study

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4625-43.6.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 398-407

Author(s):

Eman Abu-obaid ◽

Fouad Salama ◽

Ala’a Abu-obaid ◽

Fars Alanazi ◽

Mounir Salem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Strain ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Negative Control ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Antimicrobial Effects ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

Purpose: To assess the antimicrobial effects of different natural and semi-natural mouthrinses on isolates of S. mutans obtained from the saliva of Saudi children and reference strains of S mutans (ATCC 25175). Study design: Saliva samples were collected from 20 children. Natural and semi-natural mouthrinses included were herbal mix mouthrinse, cranberry mouthrinse, chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse, cranberry extract mixed with chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse, chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse with alcohol (positive control), and distilled water (negative control). The microbiological examination tests were minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration, and zone of inhibition for the saliva isolates of S. mutans while zone of inhibition test only for reference strain of S. mutans. Results: For reference strain in a comparison with the distilled water, the herbal mix, cranberry, cranberry mixed with chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine, and chlorhexidine with alcohol showed significantly increased zones of inhibition by 36.38, 36.25, 26.13, 17.75, and 12.38, respectively. For saliva isolates in a comparison with the distilled water, the herbal mix, cranberry, cranberry mixed with chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine, and chlorhexidine with alcohol showed significantly increased zones of inhibition by 38.00, 34.25, 22.94, 16.50, and 16.44, respectively. Chlorhexidine with alcohol showed significantly lower minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration than the other groups. Conclusions: Herbal mix and cranberry mouthrinses could be effective natural alternative to chlorhexidine mouthrinse with or without alcohol in affecting tested parameters.

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In-vitro Control of Oral Thrush Causal Organisms Using Medicinal Plants Extracts

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb11310443 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 376-382

Author(s):

Abosede M. EBABHI ◽

Adedotun A. ADEKUNLE ◽

Yoma I. OGHENERHABOKE

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Oral Thrush ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Oral hygiene is important to the generality of the human healthcare system. For this, the antifungal activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of four medicinal plants of Jatropha curcas (stem), Eucaluptus golbulus (leaves), Vernonia amygdalina (stem) and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (root) were carried out in vitro against three species of Candida associated with oral thrush namely C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis using the disc diffusion agar assay. The zones of inhibition varied with the test organisms as well as the extracts. The ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas showed the highest zone of inhibition of 10.88 ± 0.22 mm against C. albicans while the least zone of inhibition (6.13 ± 0.13 mm) was exhibited by the ethanol extract of Z. zanthoxyloides on C. glabrata. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids and reducing sugar in all plant samples. This study can be further used as a foundation for the screening of phytochemical constituents by pharmaceuticals for the control and eradication of oral thrush.

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Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Photosensitization on Aflatoxin Producing Aspergillus flavus (Raper and Fennell)

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2017/5273893 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Loise M. Njoki ◽

Sheila A. Okoth ◽

Peter M. Wachira

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Aflatoxin Production ◽

Prunus Africana ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽

Organic Extracts ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

This study was undertaken with an aim of exploring the effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts in the control of aflatoxin production. Antifungal properties, photosensitization, and phytochemical composition of aqueous and organic extracts of fruits from Solanum aculeastrum, bark from Syzygium cordatum, and leaves from Prunus africana, Ocimum lamiifolium, Lippia kituiensis, and Spinacia oleracea were tested. Spores from four-day-old cultures of previously identified toxigenic fungi, UONV017 and UONV003, were used. Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to test the antifungal activity. The spores were suspended in 2 ml of each extract separately and treated with visible light (420 nm) for varying periods. Organic extracts displayed species and concentration dependent antifungal activity. Solanum aculeastrum had the highest zones of inhibition diameters in both strains: UONV017 (mean = 18.50±0.71 mm) and UONV003 (mean = 11.92±0.94 mm) at 600 mg/ml. Aqueous extracts had no antifungal activity because all diameters were below 8 mm. Solanum aculeastrum had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration at 25 mg/ml against A. flavus UONV017. All the plant extracts in combination with light reduced the viability of fungal conidia compared with the controls without light, without extracts, and without both extracts and light. Six bioactive compounds were analyzed in the plant extracts. Medicinal plant extracts in this study can control conidia viability and hence with further development can control toxigenic fungal spread.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM FRUIT AND LEAVES EXTRACTS AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.47432/2021.37.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

A. Sharif ◽

H. Javed ◽

A. Ali ◽

I. Ahmed ◽

F. N. Khoso

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Liquid Medium ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

E Coli ◽

Medical Needs ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Antibacterial Potential

Zanthoxylum alatum (Z. alatum), an important medicinal plant is used for various ailments including chest infection, cough, cholera, fever, stomach disorders, gas problems, indigestion, piles, toothache, gum problems, dyspepsia and stomachic worldwide. Keeping in view the medicinal potential of this plant, fruit and leaves methanolic (MeOH) extracts were prepared, evaluated for antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and for antibacterial potential by well diffusion and macrodilution methods in-vitro. Our results confirmed that Z. alatum fruit and leaves extracts have significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values 0.28 ± 0.07 mg/ml and 0.34 ± 0.05 mg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory trend at highest tested concentration (120 mg/ml) at 24 hr incubation in well diffusion method was recorded as 0.39, 0.30, 0.28, 0.27 and 0.18 cm against S. pyogenes, B. cereus, E. coli, S. aureus and S. enterica for leaf extract, respectively. In case of fruit extract inhibitory trend at highest tested concentration was observed as 0.33, 0.32, 0.31, 0.30 and 0.28 cm against S. aureus, S. enterica, S. pyogenes, B. cereus and E. coli, respectively. The fruit extract showed higher zones of inhibition than leaves extracts against all the test bacteria except S. pyogenes. Moreover, highest zones of inhibition were observed at lowest incubation (24 hr) and lowest zones were observed at highest incubation period (72 hr) for all tested concentrations. Macrodilution method showed antibacterial susceptibility in liquid medium with different levels of IC50 values ranging from 1.6±0.13 mg/ml to 10.3±0.7 5mg/ml. Interestingly, none of the tested bacteria showed resistance against any of the test extract in well diffusion or macrodilution method expressing the Z. alatum as potent candidates to kill bacteria in semisolid or in liquid medium to fulfill medical needs in future.

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Evaluation of antifungal activity of Terminalia subspathulata bark and fruit extracts against azole-resistant Candida isolates

Access Microbiology ◽

10.1099/acmi.cc2021.po0130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Hassan Yahaya ◽

Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi ◽

Yahaya Yakubu

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Severe Problem ◽

Fruit Extracts ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Background: Emerging resistant Candida species become a severe problem for public health. The study aims to examine the efficacy of Terminalia subspathulata bark and fruit extracts as an alternative source of antifungals for resistant strains of Candida species. Methodology: Candida albicans was isolated between 4–5th interdigital foot space and C. parapsilosis were isolated from the left-hand third finger of male patients. Morphological and molecular methods identified the isolates. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was determined using azole derivatives, amphotericin B (AmpB) and echinocandins based on E-test and broth microdilution (BMD) methods. The AFST activity of the 10 μL methanolic extracts with concentrations between 1.25–10 mg/mL was assessed by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Results: The AFST results showed total resistance to all azoles (FLU, MIC ≥ 256 μg/ml and VOR, ITR and POS each with MIC ≥ 32 μg/ml). The BMD method agreed with E-test MICs. The T. subspathulata bark extract tested indicated activity on the C. albicans lawn with the zone of inhibition between 9–13 mm. The fruit extract indicated zone between 8–10 mm. Candida parapsilosis indicated susceptibility to bark extract with the zone of inhibition between 10–15 mm, while the fruit extract showed zone between 8–13 mm. Conclusion: Despite azole resistance, the extracts showed good activity against the isolates. Findings showed alternatives to AmpB and echinocandins because of toxicity and parenteral administration, respectively. Based on our findings, our study first reports the medicinal value of T. subspathulata.

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Antimicrobial, Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking (In-silico Approach) of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Jatropha gossypiifolia L on Selected Clinical and Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i630248 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

A. F. Okiti ◽

O. T. Osuntokun

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Molecular Docking ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Tithonia Diversifolia ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Jatropha Gossypiifolia

The aim of this study is to determine the zones of inhibition, phytochemical screening and molecular docking (In-silico Approach) of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Jatropha gossypiifolia L against selected clinical and multi drug resistant isolates. Crude extraction of air dried leaves were carried out by soaking the plant in ethanol and ethyl acetate, standard agar diffusion method was used for sensitivity testing, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were obtained by agar dilution method. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of T. diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and J. gossypiifolia L was assayed against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albican and against multi drug resistant bacteria which are Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Salmonella subsp 3b. Levofloxacin and fluconazole were the standard antibiotics used. Sensitivity test revealed the highest zone of inhibition observed for J. gossypiifolia L and T. diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray against Candida albican with mean and standard deviation of 29±1.414 and 19.5±0.707 at 100 mg/ml respectively, while the least zone of inhibition was observed from the extracts of J. gossypiifolia L against Escherichia coli with 11.75±0.354 at 100 mg/ml. Both plant extracts showed antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant isolates having zones of inhibition ranging from 0 to 15±1.414. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the extracts ranges between 6.25 and 100 mg/ml as well as the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobotannins, reducing sugars saponins, steroids and tannins. Molecular docking of the phytochemicals of T. diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray only was carried out using levofloxacin as template, which revealed the presence of compounds more effective in inhibiting DNA gyrase enzyme. Thus, the use of both plants as traditional medicine is justifiable and should be encouraged in the formulation and production of new antibiotics.

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Antibacterial Efficacy of Nanoparticle-Incorporated Root Canal Sealer against Common Endodontic Pathogens - An in vitro Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1530627 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 68-74

Author(s):

Srujana Hemmanur ◽

Iffat Nasim

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Root Canal ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Root Canal Treatment ◽

Antibacterial Efficacy ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Product Analysis ◽

Test Product ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

Infection caused by microorganisms play a crucial role in the induction of inflammation of pulpal as well as the periapical tissues. Factors like improper disinfection or obturation of the root canal space contributes to the failure of the root canal treatment. The aim of the study was to modify the contents of MTA-based sealer with nanoparticles and check for its antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis. Silver nanoparticles (10 nm) were incorporated in MTA based sealer at various concentrations to form the test product. The antibacterial efficacy of the modified sealer was tested by well diffusion test on E. faecalis. The zone of inhibition (mm) was checked for each test product. Analysis of the results showed significant diameters of zones of inhibition (mm) as compared to sealer without nanoparticles. The zone of inhibition increased with the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticle incorporated sealer can be used in the clinical setup to prevent reinfection of the root canal system and ensure the success of the root canal treatment.

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Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities of Bitter Gourd Fruit Extracts at Three Different Cultivation Stages

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2020/7394751 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi ◽

Shafaqat Ali ◽

Tauqir A. Sherazi ◽

Atta-Ul Haq ◽

Muhammad Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Bitter Gourd ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Fruit Extracts ◽

Ripening Stages ◽

Dried Fruit ◽

Pure Methanol

In this study, we are presenting the effect of three ripening stages of air-dried bitter gourd fruit extracts on phenolic acid composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. The results showed mature bitter gourd fruit extract in 100% methanol showing 78% DPPHº scavenging activity. Immature dried fruit extract in 80% and 100% methanol showed promising antibacterial activities, i.e., >18.5 ± 0.21 mm zone-of-inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, while mature dried fruit extract in 80% methanol showed 18.4 ± 0.17 mm zone-of-inhibition against Escherichia coli. Anticancer activity results of 100% methanol extracts of ripened fruit possess showed 6.72 ± 1.81 and 3.55 ± 0.51 mg/mL IC50 values with HeLa and MDBK cancer cell lines, respectively. The overall results indicate that the immature and ripen fruits of BG could be extracted in pure methanol as an antibacterial and anticancer phytomedicine.

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