Technologies and machines for the production of potatoes

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
И.Н. Гаспарян ◽  
А.Г. Левшин ◽  
И.Г. Голубев ◽  
С.В. Щиголев ◽  
Ш.В. Гаспарян
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time

В статье проанализирован мировой рынок с.-х. техники, ее особенности совершенствования за счет усложнения конструкций и активного внедрения технологий точного земледелия. Рассмотрены вопросы изменения российского парка сельхозмашин, который продолжительное время идет на спад по всем основным видам техники. Число тракторов в российском парке сократилось на 18,4%, комбайнов на 16,2%, в том числе картофелеуборочных машин. Сокращение имеющейся в отечественном парке сельхозтехники закономерно снижает обеспеченность сельхозмашинами в пересчете на 1000 га пахотной площади. Более детально рассмотрены применяемые механизированные технологии возделывания картофеля в РФ и необходимая для этого специальная техника, так как при выборе технологии необходимо учитывать всю систему машин от посадки до уборки. Дана характеристика основных распространенных в России механизированных технологий возделывания картофеля: традиционной, голландской, грядово-ленточной, гриммовской, гребневой. Представлена информация по технологическим процессам посадки и уборки, на которые приходится значительная часть эксплуатационных и трудовых затрат. Для реализации этих технологических процессов требуется использовать специальную технику, которая сильно разнится по производительности и особенностям применения в различных климатических условиях и объемах производства. В качестве примера использования комплекса такой техники охарактеризована система производства в крупнотоварном хозяйстве, ЗАО «Озеры» (Московская область). Потребность в технике для картофелеводства остается высокой и необходимо развивать отечественное машиностроение с учетом мировых достижений в этой области. The article analyzes the world market of agricultural machinery, its features of improvement due to the complication of designs and the active introduction of precision farming technologies. The issues of changing the Russian fleet of agricultural machinery are considered, which has been declining for a long time in all major types of equipment. The number of tractors in the Russian fleet decreased by 18.4%, combines by 16.2%, including potato harvesters. The reduction of agricultural machinery available in the domestic fleet naturally reduces the availability of agricultural machinery in terms of 1000 ha of arable land. The mechanized technologies of potato cultivation in the Russian Federation and the special equipment required for this are considered in more detail, since when choosing a technology, it is necessary to take into account the entire system of machines from planting to harvesting. The characteristics of the main mechanized technologies of potato cultivation common in Russia is given: traditional, Dutch, ridge-ribbon, Grimme, comb technologies. Information is provided on the technological processes of planting and harvesting, which account for a significant part of the operating and labor costs. To implement these technological processes, it is required to use special equipment, which varies greatly in performance and application characteristics in various climatic conditions and production volumes. As an example of the use of a complex of such equipment, the production system in a large-scale farm, CJSC Ozery (Moscow region), is described. The need for equipment for potato growing remains high and it is necessary to develop domestic mechanical engineering, taking into account the world achievements in this area.

FRUIT AND BERRIES WORLD PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1464
Author(s):  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

Horticulture is an important branch of agriculture with particular importance in some countries of the world. The production of fruits, berries and nuts is an important part of forming a high-grade food supply for the population in many countries, including the developing ones. Basing on the statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN), the authors examined the change in the production volume of these products in the world as a whole for 1961-2018, as well as for the period 1992-2018 in some countries - twenty largest producers in 2018; and a number of trends were identified. In particular, it was noted that in 2018 the global gross harvest of fruits and berries increased by 4.34 times compared to 1961, while that of nuts - by 7.04 times. A deeper analysis in the context of states, which are the main producers of fruits, berries and nuts, carried out for 1922-2018, indicates that there is a change in the positions of these countries in the corresponding world ranking. The quantitative and qualitative changes we observe inevitably have a significant impact both on the volume of the world market in terms of production, and, consequently, the supply of fruit and berry products, and on the parameters of international trade in fruits, berries and nuts. Due to the fact that the Russian Federation is not among the countries - largest producers of fruit and berry products (in 2018 it was the 31st in the global rating for fruits and berries, and the 52nd for nuts), it occupies a very significant position in the world on its imports, especially on some of them. In connection with the policy of import substitution, deployed in response to sanctions from a number of Western states, some positive changes are also observed in the Russian gardening industry. However, imports in the resources of fruits and berries still amounted to 53.6% in 2018. Naturally, many types of fruit and berry products are economically inexpedient to cultivate on an industrial scale in the natural and climatic conditions of our country, but it is necessary to carry out scientifically grounded and systematic work to increase the production of relatively traditional for Russia fruit and berry plants in the large-scale commodity sector.

TO THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TORTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
ASTEMIR ZHURTOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Russian Federation

Cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as humiliate the dignity, are prohibited in most countries of the world, and Russia is no exception in this issue. The article presents an analysis of the institution of responsibility for torture in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the current criminal law of Russia superficially and fragmentally regulates liability for torture, in connection with which the author formulated the proposals to define such act as an independent crime. In the frame of modern globalization, the world community pays special attention to the protection of human rights, in connection with which large-scale international standards have been created a long time ago. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international acts enshrine prohibitions of cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as degrade the dignity.Considering the historical experience of the past, these standards focus on the prohibition of any kind of torture, regardless of the purpose of their implementation.

Russia in the World Production and Market of Potatoes and Fruit and Vegetable Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Yu.I. Agirbov ◽  
◽  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
E.V. Britik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
World Production ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Qualitative Changes

In 1961-2018 in the world as a whole, the gross harvest of potatoes increased from 290.6 million tons to 368.2 million tons, that is, 1.36 times. Over the same period, the production of vegetables and food melons increased from 197.7 million tons to 1,088.8 million tons (5.51 times), and fruits and berries from 199.9 million tons to 867.8 million tons (4.34 times). In a number of states in 1992-2018 the corresponding increase significantly exceeded the average values for the world as a whole, as a result of which their place in the global ranking increased, and the positions of some traditional producers of potatoes and fruits and vegetables decreased. For example, in terms of gross harvest of potatoes in 1992, Russia was in first place, and Poland was in third, while in 2018 they were in 4th and 9th positions, respectively. In terms of vegetable production, Italy and Japan were displaced from 4th and 5th places, which were taken by Turkey and Nigeria. In terms of gross harvests of fruits and berries, Turkey occupied the fifth position in total world production by 2018, although in 1992 it belonged to Italy. Quantitative and qualitative changes inevitably have a significant impact on both the volume of the world market and the parameters of international trade in potatoes, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries. Processes in foreign economic liberalization and economic integration contributed to an increase in the specialization and concentration of production of relevant plants in countries with more favorable natural and climatic conditions, as well as a gradual increase in demand for potatoes, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries from a number of states, including those that used to meet the needs of their population in large volumes at the expense of their own producers. The Russian Federation is one of the significant players in the world potato and fruit and vegetable market. Despite the increase in gross fruit and vegetable production in recent years, Russia’s positions in the global rating dropped from 7th to 10th place in vegetables and melons, from 20th to 31st place in fruits and berries. As for potatoes, there was a decrease in the volume of its production, as a result, Russia dropped from 1st place in 1992 to 4th place in 2018.

scholarly journals From “the Moon Is Rounder Abroad” to “Bravo, My Country”: How China Misperceives the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Chinese Public

AbstractFor a long time, since China’s opening to the outside world in the late 1970s, admiration for foreign socioeconomic prosperity and quality of life characterized much of the Chinese society, which contributed to dissatisfaction with the country’s development and government and a large-scale exodus of students and emigrants to foreign countries. More recently, however, overestimating China’s standing and popularity in the world has become a more conspicuous feature of Chinese public opinion and the social backdrop of the country’s overreach in global affairs in the last few years. This essay discusses the effects of these misperceptions about the world, their potential sources, and the outcomes of correcting misperceptions. It concludes that while the world should get China right and not misinterpret China’s intentions and actions, China should also get the world right and have a more balanced understanding of its relationship with the world.

scholarly journals Increasing Sugar Production in Indonesia Through Land Suitability Analysis and Sugar Mill Restructuring

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Amran Sulaiman ◽  
Yiyi Sulaeman ◽  
Novia Mustikasari ◽  
Dedi Nursyamsi ◽  
Andi Muhammad Syakir
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World Market ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Land Suitability Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
Sugarcane Productivity

Indonesia is the fourth most populated country in the world with an annual population growth rate of 1.3%. This growth is accompanied by an increase in sugar consumption, which is occurring at an annual rate of 4.3%. The huge demand for sugar has created a large gap between sugar production and demand. Indonesia became the world’s largest sugar importer in 2017–2018. Sugarcane farmers have an important role in sugar production. They are facing problems with declining sugarcane productivity and arable land decreasing. We aimed to understand the sugar production issue in Indonesia and to examine options to increase sugar production. To achieve these aims, a framework consisting of four steps was developed: Analysis of the current situation; problems identification; resolution; and delivering programs; and strategies. The main problems in sugar production in Indonesia were identified, including a stagnation in sugarcane harvest area, low sugarcane productivity, lack of good varieties, and inefficient sugar mills. Based on the identified problems, strategies to increase production were created. Two approaches need to be executed simultaneously: An increase in sugarcane planting area, and an increase in productivity and sugar yield. The first approach in increasing sugar production is the exploration of new sugarcane planting areas outside of Java both on existing agricultural land and in new areas. A land suitability analysis for the whole country was conducted based on a semi-detailed soil map. The main priority for development was the existing agricultural area via an integration system or existing crop exchange. The second approach is restructuring sugar factories through the revitalization of existing sugar mills and investment in the construction of new mills. The challenges that need to be addressed include land availability, provision of high-yielding varieties, and improving the efficiency of sugar mills. General strategies and medium-term programs are presented and discussed. These efforts, if well-executed, will boost Indonesia’s sugar production to meet its domestic demand by 2025, achieving competitiveness in the world market by 2045.

Monoproductive Traits in Brazil’s Economic Past

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Edward J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
World Market ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Commerce

During the first three hundred years of its existence, Brazil had no opportunity to develop its potential natural resources for the benefit of its inhabitants. Portugal, Brazil’s mother country, exploited the colony as a source of wealth for itself and did not administer it for the purpose of creating a sound economic structure for the good of Brazil. Its foreign commerce was a Crown monopoly until 1808. During this colonial period, easily exploited minerals and those crops which would command quick, lucrative profits on the world market, were stressed by Portuguese administrators. Thus, early in its history, the disastrous seeds of monoculture were sown in Brazil. These products were taken to Lisbon, which served as a jobbing center for the Empire, and from there they were distributed by vessel to other countries. Large-scale industry was discouraged by Portugal, and in some instances, actually forbidden. In this, Portugal was following the general colonial policy common to many European nations during that period. Characteristic of the Portuguese attitude was Queen Maria’s order in 1785 for the destruction of all industries and factories in Brazil that were not devoted to the production of sugar; a product from which Portugal at this time derived much of its national income. In return for the lucrative slave crops of sugar and cotton, the colony was forced to buy expensive finished goods from the mother country. The exchange profited Portugal greatly and strangled Brazil economically.

Olive Oil and the Potential for Olive Cultivation in India

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
B.V. Subbiah
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
World Market ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Olive Cultivation

The big gap between the production and consumption of edible oil in India is met by imports of more than a million tonnes annually, which have become a heavy drain on the country's slender foreign exchange resources. It is an urgent necessity to augment edible oil production, without prejudice to the cultivation of other agriculturally important crops. The olive offers an edible oil very much valued in the world market, and efforts to introduce its cultivation are desirable. The special properties of this oil and the soil and climatic conditions required for olive cultivation are described and the possibilities are discussed for its introduction in the marginal lands of India, particularly Rajasthan and adjoining areas.

scholarly journals Analysis of the operation of active needle disks on erosive soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032052
Author(s):  
G Kokieva ◽  
S Adamov ◽  
S Yampilov ◽  
A Pekhutov ◽  
Yu Shaposhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Abstract The development of agricultural technologies, the mechanization of the cultivation of ordinary crops for a long time has gone differently in different ways. The working bodies of agricultural machines process various materials, the number of which is increasing. In addition, the way the same material is processed often changes when trying to improve agricultural technologies. All this forces us to create new mechanisms of agriculture that were previously known. The use of replaceable gear bodies on flat cutting cultivators helps to reduce the energy intensity the process and improve the quality of non-falling soil. To protect against it, various agricultural techniques are recommended: plowing along the entire slope, deepening the arable layer, the formation of irregularities on the surface of arable land in the form of holes, intermittent furrows. The article describes the mechanized protection of the soil of the technological process and technical means for growing crops on erosive lands on the slope. Methodology for improving agricultural machinery for working on the slope of erosive dangerous lands. Ways to increase the stability of the movement of agricultural machines on slopes to improve the quality of technological operations are justified. The operating mode of the active disk needle is described.

scholarly journals Foreign trade of oil food complex products in the conditions of integration of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Antonyuk ◽  
T. Stupnytska ◽  
P. Antonyuk ◽  
O. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
World Market ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World

The article examines the current tendencies of entering the oil and fat subcomplex of Ukraine intothe world markets. It has been revealed that oil crops and their products are the main export commodity inagro-food export of the state. The large scale production of the sub-complex products, with modest domesticconsumption, is first and foremost associated with successful integration into international trade. Foreigntrade thus becomes an important factor in the development of the subcomplex. Considering the complexityand multidimensionality of the problem, the main segments of the market - oilseeds, oils and oilcake - arehighlighted in the research. On the basis of statistical data, the analysis of export volumes, dynamics, position on the world market and opportunities for their strengthening were made. It has been established thatUkraine, as a powerful producer and active participant in the world market, influences, to some extent, theexcess of world production over consumption of oil and products of their processing, which leads to a decrease in export prices and, as a consequence, to a loss of export earnings of domestic exporters. The studysubstantiates the need to improve the structure of production of oilseeds, the balance of use of soybeansand rapeseed, constant monitoring of the situation in foreign markets.

scholarly journals Research of Money Characterstics in the Condutions of Segmentation of their Digital Analogues

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Voloshin ◽  
◽  
Viktoriya Gonchar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
World Market ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Commodity Money ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Money

The paper presents an attempt to study new qualitative characteristics of money that they will receive in the event of legalization of options for digital currencies in the world market. The logic of the development of the modern cryptocurrency segment is such that they will potentially be able to change the world market towards a complete rejection of the cash. This, in turn, will significantly change the system of commodity-money relations in favor of holders or managers of digital currencies, which will become uncontrollable from both their passive owners and the state. It is shown that the characteristics of digital money can gradually shift towards their endless illiquidity, as well as towards the gradual elimination of the concept of equivalence in commodity exchange. In this case it is possible to change the entire ideology of business, as the basis of the modern economy. Possibility to localize the likely excess composition of digital money, a large-scale growth of the service market is considered, as an alternative to the market of material goods. Digital money itself can be a system for irreversible changes in the conditions of controllability of any trading operations. Nowadays there are certain prerequisites for this: the global expansion of the services market as an active segment of the business, as an alternative to the goods market; a cryptocurrency with starting capabilities, as a reasonable currency with unlimited inflationary opportunities; the factor of counteraction to these changes on the part of the global banking system, as indirect evidence of such prerequisites, etc. The paper presents data on the calculation of risks associated with the financial instability of some countries’ economies during the transition from system cash to digital calculations. It is shown that a systemic transition to new rules for dealing with an infinite digital money supply can lead to the elimination of the system of equivalent exchange of the "commodity-money-commodity" type, into the area of uncontrolled expansion of the services market, as a commodity segment capable of hiding digital unsecured money supply.

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