Knowledge and awareness on the Impact of Covid-19 on global wealth - A survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 582-590
Author(s):  
Rieshy V ◽  
Gayatri Devi R
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Google Docs ◽  
Survey Participant ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Survey Population ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus, also called as COVID-19, a pandemic disease that causes a widespread concern about the economic hardships for both the consumers and businessman communities that are present across the globe. As the coronavirus unfolds, the global economic market melts down, which is caused by this pandemic disease, pushes the wealthy. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the awareness level of global wealth due to covid 19. A self-designed survey study was conducted among 100 individuals of the general population. The questionnaire was designed in the manner to assess their knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on global wealth. The questionnaire contains a set of 15 questions. It was distributed through the google docs. The results and data from this study was using SPSS software. The responses recorded in the present study from the survey participant depicts that the participants possess adequate knowledge about the COVID-19 infection and equally they possess an adequate awareness about the impact caused globally due to COVID-19. The results of the present study shows that 71.03% of the participants are aware about the pandemic outbreak COVID-19 and among them 57.94% participants believes that the pandemic outbreak COVID-19 resulted in a global impact on various industries. Within the limitations of the present study, awareness and knowledge among the survey population about the impact of COVID-19 on global wealth is and from the result of the descriptive analysis carried out in the present study, it is evident that majority of the population are aware of the impact caused on the global wealth due to the pneumonia associated with the global pandemic outbreak, COVID-19.

scholarly journals DAMPAK IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN DARING PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Biogenesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Ayu Wahyuni ◽  
Cut Shaviatul Bayti ◽  
Aufa Rindu Purnama ◽  
Lidya Wahyundari
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teacher Motivation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Data Updating ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

At current, the Covid-19 pandemic is a global health threat with confirmed cases and high mortality. WHO declared this outbreak a global pandemic because the transmission of this virus was very fast and most countries in the world also  exposed to it. Recent data updating the number of confirmed patients worldwide is 23,491,520 positive cases. Indonesia is one of the countries that has been exposed to this virus  the beginning of March until now on 25 August 2020, there were 157,859 confirmed cases spread across 34 provinces and 415 districts / cities. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact the teachers, students and parents felt during the Covid 19 pandemic during the implementation of online learning. This study used a method descriptive analysis content. This method is used to describe some information about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on implementing online learning. The results of this study are the impact on teacher performance, that is, the loss of teacher motivation in teaching and there are teachers who do not understand use of electronic devices, the impact on the learning process is that students are not familiar with the distance learning process,Impact on parents as student guardians is issue between students and teachers and economic conditions can affect the learning process of the students.  In the midst of this pandemic, parents are very influential in children's development, such as trying to create a supportive environment to motivate children in learning with these different situations, and the government is expected to participate in embracing the complaints and needs of children in learning, for example internet quotas. Hopefully with joint efforts, the pandemic will end quickly and we can return to building a pleasant situation better than before.  

scholarly journals International Female Perspective on Roller Derby and Body Image

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Andrea Eklund ◽  
Barbara Masburg
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Roller Derby ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Body Self ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact participation in roller derby has on body image from an international perspective. An online Qualtrics survey was used to gather data from 814 female skaters from 246 international roller derby leagues. The survey contained quantitative questions from the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) along data such as demographic investigation, importance of roller derby, and the reasons for joining and continuing were analyzed using SPSS software. Basic descriptive analysis was completed. Questions seeking qualitative data were coded initially to identify patterns in the data. Further codifying was completed in order to group data into categories and themes. Based upon the data, a typical respondent was Caucasian, 20 to 40 years of age, married/domestic partnership, and has a post-secondary degree. The null hypothesis was rejected as there was a significant difference when comparing means of the MBSRQ prior to joining and currently. </em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Elements of Marketing Mix and Consumer Behavior during Environmental Uncertainty:

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Manaf B. Raewf ◽  
Thabit H. Thabit ◽  
Yaser A. Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Environmental Uncertainty ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Many companies are facing difficulties such as sales reduction due to the changing of consuming behavior during the period of crises. However, this research aims to understand consumer behavior, and identify influences on consumer behavior during environmental uncertainty, as well as, providing a conclusion for companies to handle the issues related to consumer needs during environmental uncertainty and crisis like COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, managers are getting confused during the process of making marketing decisions. In addition, COVID-19 as a result of being a global pandemic, the global economy greatly affected and led to a financial crisis caused by the occurred lockdown, where the impact is not due to the disparity between supply and demand as the previous financial crisis. The researchers distributed questionnaires electronically during COVID-19 lockdown to analyze the consumer behavior in two cities of Iraq by using SPSS software, Cronbach’s Alpha, and Person Correlation were used to test the four hypotheses of research. The researchers concluded that environmental uncertainty clearly effects on the principles of consumer behavior. Moreover, during crises and pandemics such as COVID-19, the behavior of consumers is going to be changed. Additionally, the main findings were the positive relation of consumers' behavior with the price, quality, and the availability of product. While, there is a negative relation with advertisements.

Efektivitas Iklan Produk Chocolicious Melalui Media Sosial Instagram

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Tsalis Kurniawan Husain ◽  
Farizah Dhaifina Amran
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Epic Model ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company

Chocolicious Indonesia is a company engaged in the downstream agribusiness industry that is actively conducting marketing activities through Instagram.  This research to analyzes the effectiveness of Chocolicious Indonesia’s products advertising through Instagram.  The method used is the descriptive analysis method. Sampling using the incidental sampling method with 100 respondents. The respondents are the followers of Chocolicious Indonesia’s Instagram account. This study conducted a validity and reliability test using SPSS software version 20. The analytical method used to measure the effectiveness of advertising is the EPIC model which includes four critical dimensions : empathy, persuasion, impact, and communication (EPIC).  The results showed that Chocolicious Indonesia’s product advertising through Instagram is very effective with a value of 4,21. The four dimensions measurement shows that the dimensions of empathy, persuasion, and communication are very effective. While the impact dimensions are in the effective category.

scholarly journals Students’ Perceptions of the Impact of Online Education on Health during COVID-19: A Survey Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad K. ◽  
Vinayachandra ◽  
Geetha Poornima K. ◽  
Rajeshwari M.
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This empirical research aims to see whether students in higher educational institutions are satisfied with technology-assisted Online Education during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on their physical mental and emotional health. The findings of this study could help policymakers and healthcare professionals develop effective psychological therapies and cost-efficient recommendations for preventing negative feelings among general people who are solitary at home. Methodology: To demonstrate the demographic and other selected features of the respondents, a descriptive analysis was done. Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, a non-parametric test was employed to investigate the significant correlations between sample characteristics and the level of health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. The connection between gender, education level, and age group vs the stated level of health problems was evaluated using a One-Way ANOVA test for independence. Findings/Result: It was found that too much exposure to mobile and laptop screens is currently one of the major disadvantages of online education and leads to a feeling of isolation and fear. It may indicate distress and an increased abnormal or obsessive tendency like picking nails, sucking the thumb, and pulling the hair. Excessive use of gadgets even resulted in mental health problems, stress sensations, anxiety, excitation or thrill, headaches, tiredness of the muscle, eye and ear strains, obesity or overweight, faintness, irregular sleep patterns, mental disturbance, back pain, aching shoulders, neck, and muscles pain, etc. Online education also affected the physical activity levels of students like bad postures, later bedtimes, longer sleep rise discontinuation, and later waking times which has been associated with motionless and lazy lifestyles. Originality: The study used data collected through an online survey to learn how students are dealing with online education, which has been around for a long time but is still underutilized, and how satisfied they are with it. During June 2021, data was obtained. The online survey form was kept open for a week to allow respondents to reply. The participating population does not have a regional boundary Paper Type: Empirical research.

scholarly journals Avaliação por Egressos Como Indicador de Qualidade do Processo de Formação na Graduação

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (35) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Maria Dyrce Dias Meira ◽  
Giselle Silva Oliveira ◽  
Mara Cristina Hototian Silva ◽  
Paulina Kurcgant
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Training Institution ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Google Docs ◽  
On Line ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Predominantly Female

Os graduados representam o produto das Universidades e seu desempenho no mercado de trabalho é um dos parâmetros mais importantes para avaliar a qualidade do ensino. O objetivo desse artigo foi verificar como se deu a formação na graduação, com base na percepção da trajetória profissional trilhada por egressos de um Curso de Enfermagem. Estudo transversal, descritivo desenvolvido em abordagem quantiqualitativa. Participaram 61 egressos graduados entre os anos 2008 a 2012. Aplicou-se questionário semiestruturado utilizando processador on-line “Google Docs”. Realizada a análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos e análise de conteúdo das questões subjetivas. Os participantes eram, predominantemente, jovens e do sexo feminino; 85% haviam realizado pós-graduação; 75% afirmaram satisfação profissional; 90% começaram a trabalhar nos dois primeiros anos, a maioria em hospitais e na Atenção Básica. Da análise temática emergiram três categorias: “A instituição formadora favorece a inserção no mercado de trabalho”; “Estágio curricular supervisionado como diferencial” e “Aspectos para melhorar formação do enfermeiro”. A formação proporcionou capacitação técnico-científica e socioeducativa para o exercício profissional seguro e comprometido com a qualidade do serviço, porém deve haver maior investimento no desenvolvimento de competências ético-políticas.Palavras-chave: Avaliação Educacional. .Educação em Enfermagem. Força de Trabalho.Abstract The graduates represent the universities product and their resourcefulness in the labor market is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the teaching quality. The objective of this study was to verify undergraduate training based on the professional trajectory perception traced by a Nursing Course graduates. The authors carried out a survey study, a descriptive, qualitative and quantitative approach and cross segment, which analyzed data from 61 graduates between the years 2008-2011. Data were collected through semi structured response to a questionnaire sent to graduates by an electronic medium online processor “Google Docs”. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data and content analysis of subjective questions was performed. It is a young population and predominantly female. 85% had completed graduate studies; 75% affirmed professional satisfaction; 90% started working in the first two years, mostly in hospitals and in Primary Health Care. From the thematic analysis three categories emerged: “The training institution favors the insertion in the labor market”; “Supervised curricular internship as a differential” and “Aspects to improve nursing training”. The training provided scientific-technical and educational formation for the safe professional exercise and committed to the service quality, but there must be more investment in the development of ethical-political skills.Keywords: Educational Measurement. Education. Nursing. Labor Force.

scholarly journals The Impact of Facilities Management on Students’ Academic Achievement

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Anom Munajat Zurainan ◽  
Eliy Nazira Mat Nazir ◽  
Sabiroh Md Sabri
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Facilities Management ◽  
Achievement Data ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Impact

Facilities management is one of the important aspects that need to be considered in every educational institution. Literature shows that good management of the facilities in an educational institution can affect students’ learning process and subsequently impact the students’ academic achievement. Thus, the educational institution must critically understand how to manage the facilities well. The purpose of this research is to investigate the management of various facilities and how it impacts students’ academic achievement. This research was carried out in Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perlis with the main objective to investigate the management of facilities such as e-learning facility, classroom, library, and hostels and whether they have any effect on the students’ academic achievement. Data was collected using questionnaires which were distributed to 217 students. Data were then analyzed using SPSS software and a few analyses were carried out such as descriptive analysis, correlations, and regression analysis. The results have shown that three areas of the facilities have a significant impact on students’ academic achievement while only one area does not have a significant impact on students’ academic achievement. The results of this study could be used by an educational institution to better plan and manage their facilities and subsequently help students to increase their academic achievement.

Impak Kerjasama Politik Umno-Pas Terhadap Perkembangan Islam Di Malaysia Dari Tahun 1973 Hingga 1978

Sains Insani ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tawfik Yaakub ◽  
Osman Md Rasip
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Radio Station ◽  
The Political ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Political Approach ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses impact of UMNO-PAS political cooperation towards Islamic development in Malaysia from 1973 until 1978. The success of political cooperation in 1973 was the result of both UMNO’s leader, Tun Abdul Razak and PAS’s leader, Asri Muda willingness to explore a new political approach compared to what was being practiced at that time. Both leaders then started the development of a government known as the ‘Cooperation Government’ with the combination of UMNO and PAS in 1973 and later on, the development of the National Front’s (BN) Coalition Government in 1974. The Islamic religion benefits the most from the development of the Coalition Government which is a favourable gain for the Malays in Malaysia. Henceforth, this article will discuss in detail on the impact of the political cooperation between UMNO and PAS within the cooperation period. The methods used for this research is by interview and also by referring to secondary sources which are analyzed in a historical descriptive manner that is normally practiced in historical research. At the end of this research it is established that there are profound impacts to the Islamic religion within the UMNO-PAS cooperation period within 1973 to 1978 for example, the television and radio station beginning starting their programmes with the recitation from Quranic verses, the promulgation of ‘Adhan, alcohols are no longer served in official government’s function, lottery companies are not allowed to promote and announce the lottery results in official government’s media, the establishment of Islamic institution, the strengthening of Islamic education and the appropriate change in the relevant ministry’s symbols. This article can be utilized by subsequent researchers who wish to study the impact of political cooperation between UMNO and PAS. Keywords: political cooperation, UMNO-PAS, cooperation government ABTRAK:Makalah ini membincangkan mengenai impak kerjasama politik UMNO-PAS terhadap perkembangan Islam di Malaysia dari tahun 1973 hingga 1978. Kerjasama politik yang berjaya dibentuk bermula pada tahun 1973 adalah hasil daripada kesediaan Tun Abdul Razak dengan Mohd Asri Muda yang menerajui UMNO dan PAS pada ketika itu mencetuskan perubahan corak berpolitik yang berbeza berbanding sebelumnya. Maka, kedua-dua pemimpin ini kemudiannya merintis pembentukan sebuah kerajaan yang menggabungkan UMNO dengan PAS menerusi Kerajaan Campuran pada tahun 1973 dan Kerajaan Gabungan Barisan Nasional (BN) pada tahun 1974. Hasil daripada kejayaan penubuhan kedua-dua kerajaan ini, perkembangan Islam di negara ini bertambah pesat dan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh keseluruhan orang Melayu di Malaysia. Justeru, artikel ini membincangkan secara terperinci impak kerjasama politik antara UMNO dengan PAS dalam tempoh kerjasama politik berkenaan. Penyelidikan ini menggunapakai kaedah temubual dan menyorot sejumlah sumber sekunder yang kemudiannya dianalisis secara deskriptif sejarah (historical descriptive analysis) yang lazimnya dipraktikkan dalam kajian sejarah. Hasil kajian ini mendapati terdapat impak-impak jelas terhadap perkembangan Islam di negara ini sepanjang tempoh kerjasama politik antara UMNO dengan PAS dari tahun 1973 hingga 1978. Antara impak-impak tersebut ialah permulaan siaran televisyen dan radio dengan bacaan ayat-ayat suci Al-Quran, mengumandangkan suara azan, penghapusan arak dalam majlis-majlis kerajaan, penghapusan promosi dan keputusan judi di media kerajaan, penubuhan institusi Islam, pemerkasaan pendidikan Islam dan penukaran simbol institisu kerajaan. Akhirnya, artikel ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penyelidik-penyelidik berikutnya untuk menilai impak kerjasama politik antara UMNO dengan PAS.Kata kunci: kerjasama politik, UMNO-PAS, kerajaan campuran

Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 During the First Nationwide Lockdown in Vietnam: Web-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanh Ngoc Cong Duong ◽  
Tien Nguyen Le Bao ◽  
Phuong Thi Lan Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Vo Van ◽  
Toi Phung Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The first nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic was implemented in Vietnam from April 1 to 15, 2020. Nevertheless, there has been limited information on the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological health of the public. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychological issues and identify the factors associated with the psychological impact of COVID-19 during the first nationwide lockdown among the general population in Vietnam. METHODS We employed a cross-sectional study design with convenience sampling. A self-administered, online survey was used to collect data and assess psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress of participants from April 10 to 15, 2020. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were utilized to assess psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress of participants during social distancing due to COVID-19. Associations across factors were explored using regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 1385 respondents completed the survey. Of this, 35.9% (n=497) experienced psychological distress, as well as depression (n=325, 23.5%), anxiety (n=195, 14.1%), and stress (n=309, 22.3%). Respondents who evaluated their physical health as average had a higher IES-R score (beta coefficient [B]=9.16, 95% CI 6.43 to 11.89), as well as higher depression (B=5.85, 95% CI 4.49 to 7.21), anxiety (B=3.64, 95% CI 2.64 to 4.63), and stress (B=5.19, 95% CI 3.83 to 6.56) scores for DASS-21 than those who rated their health as good or very good. Those who self-reported their health as bad or very bad experienced more severe depression (B=9.57, 95% CI 4.54 to 14.59), anxiety (B=7.24, 95% CI 3.55 to 10.9), and stress (B=10.60, 95% CI 5.56 to 15.65). Unemployment was more likely to be associated with depression (B=3.34, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.01) and stress (B=2.34, 95% CI 0.84 to 3.85). Regarding worries about COVID-19, more than half (n=755, 54.5%) expressed concern for their children aged &lt;18 years, which increased their IES-R score (B=7.81, 95% CI 4.98 to 10.64) and DASS-21 stress score (B=1.75, 95% CI 0.27 to 3.24). The majority of respondents (n=1335, 96.4%) were confident about their doctor’s expertise in terms of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment, which was positively associated with less distress caused by the outbreak (B=–7.84, 95% CI –14.58 to –1.11). CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the effect of COVID-19 on mental health during the nationwide lockdown among the general population in Vietnam. The study provides useful evidence for policy decision makers to develop and implement interventions to mitigate these impacts. CLINICALTRIAL

Hospital Informatization in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Internet-Based Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zeng ◽  
Weiguo Zhu ◽  
Caiyou Wang ◽  
Liyan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Security ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The rapid spread of COVID-19 has created a severe challenge to China’s healthcare system. Hospitals across the country reacted quickly under the leadership of the Chinese government and implemented a range of informatization measures to effectively respond to the COVID-19. OBJECTIVE To understand the impact of the pandemic on the medical business of Chinese hospitals and the difficulties faced by hospital informatization construction. To discuss the application of hospital informatization measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. To summarize the practical experience of hospitals using information technology to fight the pandemic. METHODS Performing a cross-sectional on-line questionnaire survey in Chinese hospitals, of which the participants are invited including hospital information staff, hospital administrators, medical staff, etc. Statistical analyzing the collected data by using SPSS version 24. RESULTS A total of 804 valid questionnaires (88.45%) are collected in this study from 30 provinces in mainland China, of which 731 (90.92%) were filled out by hospital information staff. 473 (58.83%) hospitals are tertiary hospitals while the remaining 331 (41.17%) are secondary hospitals. The majority hospitals (82.46%) had a drop in their business volume during the pandemic and a more substantial drop is found in tertiary hospitals. 70.40% (n=566) of hospitals have upgraded or modified their information systems in response to the epidemic. The proportion of tertiary hospitals that upgraded or modified systems is significantly higher than that of secondary hospitals. Internet hospital consultation (70.52%), pre-check and triage (62.56%), telemedicine (60.32%), health QR code (57.71%), and telecommuting (50.87%) are the most used informatization anti-pandemic measures. There are obvious differences in the application of information measures between tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals. Among these measures, most of them (41.17%) are aiming at serving patients and most of them (62.38%) are universal which continue to be used after pandemic. The informatization measures are mostly used to control the source of infection (48.19%), such as health QR Code, etc. During the pandemic, the main difficulties faced by the hospital information department are “information construction projects are hindered” (58.96%) and “increased difficulty in ensuring network information security” (58.58%). There are significant differences in this issue between tertiary hospitals and secondary hospitals. The shortcomings of hospital informatization that should be made up for are “shorten patient consultation time and optimize consultation process” (72.51%), “Ensure network information security” (72.14%) and “build internet hospital consultations platform” (59.95%). CONCLUSIONS A significant number of innovative medical information technology have been used and played a significant role in all phases of COVID-19 prevention and control in China. Since the COVID-19 brought many challenges and difficulties for informatization work, hospitals need to constantly improve their own information technology skills to respond to public health emergencies that arise at any moment.

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