scholarly journals Changes of Rat Embryon Nephrogenesis during Cadmium Salt Intoxication in Pregnant Females

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-315
Author(s):  
V. F. Shatorna ◽  
◽  
N. M. Tereshchenko ◽  
V. O. Sorokin ◽  
M. K. Kravchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Contour Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Mesonephric Duct ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Group 2

The purpose of the experimental study was to determine morphogenetic disorders of embryonic and fetal kidney development in chronic intragastric exposure to cadmium salts (cadmium chloride, cadmium citrate) in pregnant females. Materials and methods. Low doses of cadmium salts were selected for the study, which can be compared with the actual concentration of cadmium in the daily diets of women, including pregnant women, in industrial regions. In the experiment, female rats with a given gestational age were divided into groups as follows: Group 1 – control (number of females – n = 16, of which 8 left the experiment on the 13th day of pregnancy, and 8 on the 20th; the number of embryos – n13 = 76; n20 = 77); Group 2 – administration of cadmium chloride at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight of the female (number of females – n = 16; number of embryos – n13 = 65; n20 = 62); Group 3 – administration of cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight of the female (number of females – n = 16; number of embryos – n13 = 69; n20 = 70). Results and discussion. New quantitative data on the effect of cadmium salts were obtained on the thickness of the cortical and cerebral layers of the kidneys, the diameter and area of the cavity of the nephron capsule in the prenatal period of development in chronic female intoxication. On the 13th day, the effect of cadmium salts on the development of embryonic kidneys was multidirectional: the effect of cadmium chloride led to an increase in the thickness of the mesonephros and mesonephric duct, and the effect of cadmium citrate reduced the studied parameters. On the 20th day of rat embryogenesis in the group exposed to cadmium chloride, the renal weights increased, and when exposed to cadmium citrate, the weight of the kidneys decreased significantly (p˂0.05) both in comparison with control values and in the group exposed to cadmium chloride. On the 20th day of development, in order to exclude an error in estimating the dynamics of changes in the weight of embryo mass and kidney mass, the nephrofetal index was calculated, i.e. the ratio of wet kidney mass to wet weight of fixed fetus. Histological parameters of nephron diameters were also compared. Conclusion. Cadmium citrate has been shown for the first time to be less non-photoxic than cadmium chloride. Calculation of the area of the cavity of the nephron capsule by the spline contour method showed a 2.6-fold decrease in the average area of the capsule cavity in the group exposed to cadmium chloride relative to the control mean values, indicating a violation of nephrogenesis. When exposed to cadmium citrate, there was also a decrease in the area of the cavity of the nephron capsule by 1.8 times, which indicates a lower level of nephrotoxic cadmium citrate compared to cadmium chloride, despite the identity of the dose of exposure

Regrowth of atrophied skeletal muscle in adult rats after ending immobilization

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Wet Weight

The recovery time course of muscle atrophied by immobilization was followed after removal of hindlimb casts from adult female rats. Increases of only 9% in body weight, 4% in gastrocnemius weight, and 10% in soleus weight occurred in controls during the 78-day duration of the experiment. There were no increases in the amounts of total protein or of citrate synthase activities in gastrocnemius or soleus during the first 3 days after removal of hindlimb casts; thereafter, there were increases in these paramters. Citrate synthase activities per mg of gastrocnemius protein were significantly higher at the 16th and 50th day of recovery. No significant differences for citrate synthase activity per mg of soleus occurred during recovery. Until the 50th day of recovery, no significant differences for total protein in soleus and for total protein and wet weight of gastrocnemius were observed between control and recovery values. However, the wet weight of the soleus returned rapidly during recovery and was not significantly different from control during recovery.

The changes of activity of separate carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in blood erythrocytes of pregnant rats under vanadium citrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Halyna Klymets
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Group I ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The aim of the work was to study the effect of vanadium citrate on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, estradiol content and to establish correlations between the activity of the studied enzymes and the estradiol content in pregnant female rats under the effect of vanadium compound. The study was carried out on 25 female Wistar rats, divided into five groups: group I - non-pregnant, group II - pregnant consuming pure water without additives, groups III, IV, V - females which during the mating and pregnancy periods received the solution of vanadium citrate at the concentrations of 3.75, 15.63 and 62.5 μgV/kg of body weight, respectively. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and estradiol content increase in pregnant females of group II compared to group I of non-pregnant animals. In pregnant females, the effect of vanadium citrate resulted in the decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the blood of animals in groups IV and V, and the content of estradiol in the animals of all three experimental groups (III, IV, V), compared to group II of pregnant females. The values of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the animals of group IV, which received the solution of vanadium citrate at the concentration of 15.63 μgV/kg of body weight, was similar to that of the animals in group I. This may indicate the normalizing effect of vanadium citrate on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase at the indicated concentration, which is probably due to the ability of the vanadium microelement to inhibit the activity of this enzyme. Vanadium citrate at the concentration of 15.63 μgV/kg of body weight caused the recovery of the enzyme activity to the values of the activity in group І.

scholarly journals CURCUMIN PROTECTION AGAINST CADMIUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN LUNGS OF SWISS ALBINO MICE

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
AMRITA KUMARI ◽  
SUMAN SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Group 2

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity in lungs of albino mice. Methods: Albino mice were divided into eight groups and five mice were kept in each group. The experiment was carried out for 15 and 45 days. Group 1 mice were kept as control. Group 2 mice were given an oral dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride on alternate days. Group 3 mice were administered an oral dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride on alternate days and 100 mg/kg body weight of curcumin daily. Group 4 mice were received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of curcumin daily. Autopsies were done on 15 and 45 days post-treatment. Results: The results of the present study showed a significant decrease in organ weight at both the intervals. Biochemical analysis showed decline in total glycogen, cholesterol, and protein concentration in lung of cadmium chloride-treated mice. Furthermore, the cadmium chloride concentration in cadmium chloride-treated group was increased in comparison to the control group. However, the treatment with curcumin ameliorated cadmium chloride-induced changes in lung tissue as it instigated the antioxidant enzymes remarkably. However, cotreatment of cadmium chloride with curcumin boosted the changes due to cadmium chloride. Conclusion: Hence, we concluded that curcumin has protective efficacy in the lungs against the cadmium chloride generated toxicity in albino mice.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic and teratological effects of mancozeb pre natal exposure on rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Castro ◽  
A. J. Tambasco ◽  
L. C. Paraíba ◽  
D. D. Tambasco
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Chromosome Damage ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Genetic Damage ◽  
Teratogenic Risk ◽  
Pregnant Females

Studies were conducted on the dam’s fertility and pup viability, litter physical and motor development and chromosomal analysis with female rats exposed to different concentrations of mancozeb, at initial and organogenesis periods of pregnancy. The exposure did not interfere with the pregnant females or their estrous cycle but resulted in retarded physical development, with exception of the vaginal opening and tests descent; which were in advance. The litter body weight was not affected. The examination of swimming performance indicated an initial impairment and a posterior recovery. The observed chromosome damage in dams and pups was found to enhance with the fungicide’s concentration. The results obtained led to the conclusion that even in the absence of maternal signs of toxicity, mancozeb could be related to some genetic damage and teratogenic risk to the population exposed.

Morphological Changes in the Rat Granulosa Cell Surface During Differentiation Induced by Estradiol and Gonadotropins

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.

Monosodium glutamate administration early in life alters pineal melatonin nocturnal profile in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Janaína B Garcia ◽  
Fernanda G Do Amaral ◽  
Daniela C Buonfiglio ◽  
Rafaela FA Vendrame ◽  
Patrícia L Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pineal Melatonin ◽  
Melatonin Synthesis ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Melatonin Production

The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin exclusively at night, which gives melatonin the characteristic of a temporal synchronizer of the physiological systems. Melatonin is a regulator of insulin activities centrally and also peripherally and its synthesis is reduced in diabetes.  Since monosodium glutamate (MSG) is often used to induce the type 2 diabetic and metabolic syndrome in animal models, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential effects of MSG given to neonates on the pineal melatonin synthesis in different aged male and female rats. Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with MSG (4mg/g/day) or saline solution (0.9%) from the second to eighth post-natal day. The circadian profiles both melatonin levels and AANAT activity were monitored at different ages. Body weight, naso-anal length, adipose tissues weight, GTT, ITT and serum insulin levels were also evaluated. Typical obesity with the neonatal MSG treatment was observed, indicated by a great increase in adipose depots without a concurrent increase in body weight. MSG treatment did not cause hyperglycemia or glucose intolerance, but induced insulin resistance. An increase of melatonin synthesis at ZT 15 with phase advance was observed in in some animals. The AANAT activity was positively parallel to the melatonin circadian profile. It seems that MSG causes hypothalamic obesity which may increase AANAT activity and melatonin production in pineal gland. These effects were not temporally correlated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia indicating the hypothalamic lesions, particularly in arcuate nucleus induced by MSG in early age, as the principal cause of the increase in melatonin production.

Effects of ageing and exogenous melatonin on pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in rats

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Diaz ◽  
D Pazo ◽  
AI Esquifino ◽  
B Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Effect Of Age

The effect of age and melatonin on the activity of the neuroendocrine reproductive system was studied in young cyclic (3-5 months-old), and old acyclic (23-25 month-old) female rats. Pituitary responsiveness to a bolus of GnRH (50 ng per 100 g body weight) was assessed at both reproductive stages in control and melatonin-treated (150 micrograms melatonin per 100 g body weight each day for 1 month) groups. After this experiment, female rats were treated for another month to study the influence of ageing and melatonin on the reproductive axis. Plasma LH, FSH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured. A positive LH response to GnRH was observed in both control groups (cyclic and acyclic). However, a response of greater magnitude was observed in old acyclic rats. Melatonin treatment reduced this increased response in acyclic rats and produced a pituitary responsiveness similar to that of young cyclic rats. FSH secretion was independent of GnRH administration in all groups, indicating desynchronization between LH and FSH secretion in response to GnRH in young animals and during senescence. No effect on prolactin was observed. Significantly higher LH (3009.11 +/- 1275.08 pg ml(-1); P < 0.05) and FSH concentrations (5879.28 +/- 1631.68 pg ml(-1); P < 0.01) were seen in acyclic control rats. After melatonin treatment, LH (811.11 +/- 89.71 pg ml(-1)) and FSH concentrations (2070 +/- 301.62 pg ml(-1)) decreased to amounts similar to those observed in young cyclic rats. However, plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were not reduced. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that, during ageing, the effect of melatonin is exerted primarily at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis rather than on the ovary. Melatonin restored the basal concentrations of pituitary hormones and pituitary responsiveness to similar values to those observed in young rats.

Defensive activity of Hesperidin against Ciprofloxacin induced hepatic injury in rabbits.

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraa M. Murad ◽  
Tamadhur Hani Hussein ◽  
Audai Sulaiman Khudhair ◽  
Manal Muhi Murad ◽  
Jawad Kadhim Faris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Breed ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Defensive Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

This study was conducted to find out hepatoprotective activity of hesperidin (HES) 100mg/kg body weight (b.w.) against ciprofloxacin (CPX) 100 mg/kg induced hepatotoxicity in local breed rabbits .CPX is a broad spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of many bacterial infections. Twenty four male rabbits were divided into four groups ,group1: control, (1 ml/kg Saline orally) group 2: CPX (100 mg/kg orally) for (14) consecutive days , group 3: HES (100 mg//kg) orally for (14) consecutive days group 4: CPX (100 mg/kg orally) plus HES (100 mg//kg orally ) for (14) consecutive days. All the rabbits were killed on the (15) day of the experiment, and then the blood, and livers samples were taken. CPX induced hepatotoxicity was proved by a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the body weight ,and a significant (p less than 0.01) increased serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) , Malonaldehyde enzyme (MAD) and histopathological changes. Protective hepatic toxicity effect and oxidative damage caused by CPX significantly (p less than 0.01) increasing in body weight and significantly (p less than 0.01) decreasing AST , ALT, MAD and improving tissue morphology in HES (100 mg//kg) . These results assure that HES (100 mg//kg) antioxidant effects can protect CPX-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits.

Comparison of phaco time parameters in eyes with and without glaucoma filtration surgery due to pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110177
Author(s):  
Ayse Gul Kocak Altintas ◽  
Cagri Ilhan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma ◽  
Filtration Surgery ◽  
Glaucoma Filtration Surgery ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Surgical Manipulations ◽  
Phaco Time

Purpose: To compare the phaco time parameters including ultrasound time (UST), effective phaco time (EPT), and average phaco power (APP) in eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG) and had or had not glaucoma filtration surgery. Methods: In this retrospective comparative study, Group 1 was constructed with 84 PEG patients who had not operated previously, and Group 2 was constructed with 49 PEG patients who had glaucoma filtration surgery. The mean values of UST, EPT, and APP were compared. The preoperative clinical characteristics and surgical manipulations were also compared. Results: The mean ages and male-to-female ratios of the groups were similar ( p > 0.05, for both). There was no difference in the preoperative clinical characteristics, including biometric values between the groups ( p > 0.05, for all). Some surgical manipulations, including pupillary stretching ( p = 0.004), pupillary membrane peeling ( p = 0.021), iris hook using ( p = 0.041), and capsular tension ring implantation ( p = 0.041), were significantly performed more commonly in Group 2. Although the mean UST and EPT values were similar ( p > 0.05, for both), the mean APP value was significantly lower in Group 2 ( p = 0.011). Conclusion: The lower APP parameter was observed in PEG patients having had glaucoma filtration surgery. Needing more surgical manipulation to overcome poor pupillary dilation and weak zonular instability can be a reason for this result.

Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu (Siddha herbal syrup formulation) in animal model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sundaram Malayappan ◽  
Gayathri Natarajan ◽  
Logamanian Mockaiyathevar ◽  
Meenakumari Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gross Pathology ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Abstract Objectives Madhulai Manappagu – a well-known sastric and widely prescribed Siddha herbal syrup formulation indicated for treating Veluppu Noi (Anaemia especially Iron deficiency Anaemia) has been in day today practice in Tamil Nadu for a quite longer decades. The syrup is a herbal preparation which has a sweet pleasant odour and a palatable taste, contain the juice of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as the main ingredient. Though the formulation is a fruit juice, the safety profile of the syrup is not established and is being marketed without toxicological evaluation. The study is aimed at ascertaining the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu in Wistar Albino rats. Methods The acute and sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies were performed as per the guidelines mentioned in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 (adopted on December 2001) and TG 407 (adopted on October 2008) with slight modifications respectively. For acute toxicity study, three female rats were randomly selected as control; three female rats were randomly selected and were administered a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. For sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies, three doses of test drug MM of 500 mg/kg/day (low dose), 750 mg/kg/day (intermittent dose) and 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dose) were selected for administration. Both sexes of Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each (five males, five females). Group I was kept as control group. Group II, III and IV served as low, intermittent and high doses of MM respectively. Animals were observed for mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, feed and water intake. Haematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight and histopathological examination were performed. Results In the acute toxicity study, rats showed no toxicological signs on behavior, gross pathology and body weight of rats when treated with a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. In the subacute (28 days repeated oral) toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes on behavior, gross pathology, body weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters when treated with Madhulai Manappagu in three different doses. Conclusions The toxicity studies which include both acute and 28 days repeated (subacute) oral toxicity studies, revealed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Madhulai Manappagu in animals. Thus the safety of the drug in human usage was ensured.

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