Epidemiological Study of Trichomonas Vaginalis in Married females

The aim of this study was to identify the main risk factors with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in married women that have vaginal discharge. The study include (250) female who attended Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital (Gynecological Clinics), through the period from February 2010 to July 2010.Patients female were subjected for a special questionnaire sheet. The study has found that (65) females were infected with this parasite from total (250), who were complaining from vaginal discharge with infection rate 26%.Higher infection rate was recorded between pregnant female was 17.2% while non-pregnant women 8.8% .The main age group of infected women concentrated in (20-29 years) in which rate were 12.83% and 11.76% in pregnant and non-pregnant women respectively.According to educational level and socio-economic status, the study recorded higher percentage 50.76% between illiterate women and with low socio-economic status 63.07%.The highest infection with Trichomonas vaginalis obtained from women with white to gray discharge 58.46% and with bad odor 81.53%.Depending on residency, in rural residence the high percentage of infection were recorded 63.07% while comparing with urban 36.93%.Considering to contraceptive types which used by women 47.69% for IUDs, followed by 32.31% for contraceptive pills and low percentage for condom 20%.

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Urogenital trichomoniasis in an Iraqi population

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/1996.2.3.501 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 501-505

Author(s):

N. K. Mahdi

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Age Group ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Urethral Discharge ◽

Vaginal Swabs ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects ◽

Over 40 Years ◽

Apparently Healthy

Vaginal swabs were obtained from 300 females and examined by the wet preparation and culture methods. Trichomonas vaginalis was identified in 34 female subjects [11.3%] with vaginal discharge. Pregnant women showed the highest rate [15.0%]. The next highest infection rate [12.9%] was noticed during the menstrual years. Women aged over 40 years showed a rate of 3.8%. A total of 235 males were also investigated;150 [63.8%] presented with urethral discharge and 85 [36.2%] were apparently healthy and asymptomatic. Among those with discharge, infection was identified in 11 subjects [7.3%], against 2 [2.4%] among the asymptomatic subjects. The majority of positive cases were in the age group 21-40 years

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Risk factors for vaginal trichomoniasis among women in Basra, Iraq

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2001.7.6.918 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (06) ◽

pp. 918-924

Author(s):

N. K. Mahdi ◽

Z. H. Gany ◽

M. Sharief

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Marital Status ◽

Educational Level ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Economic Status ◽

Isolation Rate ◽

Contraception Use ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference

We investigated Trichomonas vaginalis infection among 352 women with vaginal discharge, 46 were found to be infected, an infection rate of 13%. There were no significant differences in the isolation rate of T. vaginalis in women according to occupation, educational level, economic status, age, marital status, parity, menstrual status and contraception use. The difference in the isolation rates of T. vaginalis in women with a history of abortion [7.6%] and in women with no history of abortion [15.7%] was statistically significant.

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Factors Associated with Distribution of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia Among Rural and Urban Women in Child Bearing Age – A Case of Mbala General Hospital, Northern Province, Zambia

TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH ◽

10.21522/tijph.2013.09.03.art008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

Daniel Sinkala

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Economic Status ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Preeclampsia and eclampsia cases continue to rise in northern Zambia as people search for babies and continuity of clans’ survival. Due to the competitive nature of cultural demands/ myths on pregnancy and maternal socio-demographic factors (low-age, low socio-economic status, and poor health-seeking behaviour), women in rural prefer unprofessional primary health care services that are presumably affordable to them thereby, delaying in seeking for professional healthcare services. High levels of poverty in resource-limited areas have put many female adolescents at risk of falling pregnant. Thus, this study probed on the interaction between these maternal socio-demographic factors and disease distribution in both rural and urban areas with respect to various pregnancy outcomes. The study used retrospective quantitative methods in eliciting information from data sources (women, registers) in Mbala, Mpulungu, Senga, and Mungwi districts covering 3-year period (2017-2019). In all, 202 female respondents from Northern Zambia were interviewed through self-administered questionnaires. Thereafter, data were analysed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS v16). Findings indicate severe; socio-economic status and low maternal age affect pre-eclampsia disease distribution coupled with adverse pregnancy outcomes more in rural than urban areas. The better the socio-demographic conditions, the lower the disease distribution with good pregnancy outcomes. However, worsening maternal socio-demographic conditions may increase the incidence of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women of northern Zambia. The study recommended interventions tarred towards public health programmes such as social behaviour change and communication (SBCC) towards adolescent women and socio-economic empowerment of pregnant women in resource-limited areas. Keywords: Average ANC timing, Preeclampsia, Residency, Socio-economic, Teenage pregnancy.

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The Roots of the Obesity Boom. The Relationship Between Overweight and Educational Level Among Dutch Men, 1950–1979

Historical Life Course Studies ◽

10.51964/hlcs9580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 124-129

Author(s):

Björn Quanjer ◽

Kristina Thompson

Keyword(s):

Educational Level ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Economic Status ◽

Historical Cohort ◽

Lower Educational Level ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Economic Background ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

The Relationship

While in modern, high-income populations, obesity is associated with being from a low socio-economic background, this may not have always been the case. We test the relationship between obesity and educational level (as a proxy for socio-economic status) in a historical cohort of Dutch military conscripts, from the conscription years 1950–1979. We find that in the 1950s cohort, being in tertiary education was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight. In contrast, in the 1970s cohort, being in tertiary education was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of being overweight. We find evidence that the prevalence of obesity remained broadly similar among more highly educated men, while it increased among men of a lower educational level. This likely contributed to the overall rise in the obesity rate. Our findings echo other studies that find a crossover in education’s relationship to BMI as populations become wealthier and obesity rates rise.

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Values and Sex Behavior Attitude among Engineering College Students in Relation to Socio-economic Status

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0402.173 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mr. Ashok B. Patil ◽

Dr. G. B. Chaudhari

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Soft Skills ◽

Economic Status ◽

Skills Training ◽

Sex Behavior ◽

Age Group ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Attitude Inventory ◽

Management Students

Chakraborty T, Gupta D, Saha R (2017), Role of Psychological Predisposition on Employability of Management Students: Moderation Analysis through Soft Skills Training, International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 2,DIP: 18.01.172/20170402, DOI: 10.25215/0402.172In this era, the value and sex behaviour attitude of the Youth plays important role for the healthy society. The present study is conducted to investigate the values and sex behaviour attitude among engineering college students of Jalgaon city. Kamal Dvivedi and Shagufta Hafeez (1995) Values Scale and Dr Yashvir Singh (2004) Sex Behavior Attitude Inventory is used for the for the sample of 40 students of age group 18-22 years from engineering college of Jalgaon City.

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Knowledge, Practice and Utilization of Dental Services among Pregnant Women in the North of Jordan

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1541 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 345-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zain A Malkawi ◽

Reem S Tubaishat

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Educational Level ◽

Dental Hygiene ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Economic Status ◽

Chi Square ◽

Dental Services ◽

The North ◽

Knowledge Practice ◽

Utilization Of Dental Services

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate women's oral hygiene knowledge, practice, and use of dental services during pregnancy in the north of Jordan. Materials and methods Voluntary sample of 154 pregnant women of 18 to 40 years old were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to read a self-designated questionnaire and a cover letter which explained the purpose of the study. The questionnaire addressed self-reported demographics, knowledge, practice and use of dental services during pregnancy. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test to determine statistically significant differences across knowledge, practice and use of dental services during pregnancy. Results The sample included 29.3% aged 20 to 24 years old; 33.1% having bachelor degree; and 66.9% were housewives. The majority of study sample 68.2% knew they need dental consultation during pregnancy; however, 39.5% received dental consultation during pregnancy. Majority 62.4% brushed their teeth regularly; however, 73.2% does not use auxiliary dental hygiene devices. Majority 44.5% visited dentist, when they feel pain. Statistically significant association were found between educational level and knowledge about need to dental consultation during pregnancy (p = 0.012); educational level and knowledge about link between pregnancy and periodontal diseases (p = 0.01); and economic status and use of auxiliary dental hygiene devices during pregnancy (p = 0.040). Conclusion Pregnant women brushed their teeth regularly and visited dentist occasionally. Income was significantly associated with increase use of auxiliary dental hygiene devices. Educational level was significantly associated with mothers’ knowledge about the need for consultation and possible link between pregnancy and periodontal diseases. How to cite this article Malkawi ZA, Tubaishat RS. Knowledge, Practice and Utilization of Dental Services among Pregnant Women in the North of Jordan. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(3):345-351.

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Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant and lactating women in rural Vijayapur

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195857 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 224

Author(s):

Santosh D. Patil ◽

Ravindranath A. Bhovi

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Economic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Medical College ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Haemoglobin Content

Background: Nutritional anaemia is defined as a condition in which the haemoglobin content of the blood is lower than normal as a result of deficiency of one or more essential nutrients. Anaemia is the late manifestation of deficiency of nutrient(s) needed for haemoglobin synthesis. The prevalence of anaemia in developing countries is estimated to be 43% and that of developed countries is 9%. Anaemia is estimated to contribute to more than 115000 maternal deaths and 591000 prenatal deaths globally per year. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of anaemia among the pregnant women and lactating mothers and to explore the associated factors with anaemia.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant and lactating women in Ukkali a rural field practice area Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapur. Criteria for inclusion were pregnant women- current pregnancy of more than 6 months and lactating mother with child aged up to 6 months of age. Estimation of haemoglobin was carried by standard Sahlis pipette method. Anaemia was classified according to WHO grading criteria.Results: The maximum number of pregnant women (85.71%) in the age group of 35-49 years was anaemic followed by those who were in the age group of 20-34 years (61.54%). Prevalence of anaemia was 72 % in women of less than 20 years, whereas it was as high as 80% among lactating women of 35-49 years age group.Conclusions: Anaemia continues to be a problem with the existing health care resources. Socio-economic status, literacy of women and awareness related to health concerns are the major determinants that contribute to the problem of anaemia.

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Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in West Coast Region of The Gambia

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v21i2.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 585-592

Author(s):

Alphonsus Isara ◽

Aru-Kumba Baldeh

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

West Coast ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

The Gambia ◽

Age Group ◽

The West ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoea ◽

Coast Region

Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are the second most common cause of healthy life years lost by women in the 15 – 44 years age group in Africa. Aim/Objective: To determine the prevalence of STIs among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in the West Coast Region of The Gambia. Materials and Methods: Blood, urine, and high vaginal swabs samples from 280 pregnant women attending ANC in Brika- ma District Hospital, Brikama, and Bandung Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Bandung were examined. Serum samples were tested for HIV using western blot technique and for syphilis using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, and rapid plasma regimen. Candida albicans, Group B Streptococcus and Neisseria gonorrhoea were identified using Analytical Profile Index (API). Direct urine microscopy was used to identify C. albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis while Chlamydia trachomatis was identified using Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test. Results: The overall prevalence of STIs was 53.6%. The pathogenic agents isolated were Candida albicans (31.8%), Strep- tococcus agalactiae (15.0%), Treponema pallidum (6.8%), HIV (5.7%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3.9%), Neisseria gonorrhoea (1.8%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (0.7%). STIs were more prevalent among women in the younger age group of 15 – 24 years (54.7%), unemployed (54.0%), Primipara (62.3%), and in the third trimester of pregnancy (72.7%). Conclusion: A high prevalence of STIs was found among pregnant women attending ANC in the West Coast region of The Gambia. Public health intervention programmes should be strengthened to promote the sexual and reproductive health of pregnant women in The Gambia. Keywords: Sexually transmitted infections; pregnant women; antenatal clinics; The Gambia.

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An investigation of the age at menopause

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000008464 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 161-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Sonja McKinlay ◽

Margot Jefferys ◽

Barbara Thompson

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Economic Status ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Married Women ◽

Conclusive Evidence ◽

Menstrual Period ◽

Natural Menopause ◽

Age At Menopause ◽

Socio Economic Status

Data from a representative sample of 736 women aged 45–54 living in or near London in 1965 were analysed with respect to menopausal status and median and mean age at menopause (final menses). The median age at the natural menopause was 50·78 years. The validity of the measures used and the reliability of the data in this and previous studies are discussed. The conclusions are reached that median age of menopause is a more valid measurement than mean age and that there is no conclusive evidence of an increase in the age at menopause over the last century. The data also indicate understatement of the age at the last menstrual period (LMP) by women, with increasing lapse of time.The menopause was found to occur markedly later in currently married women than in unmarried or previously married women. When marital status was controlled by considering currently married women only, increased parity was shown to be related to a late menopause among women of higher socio-economic status, but not among those of lower socio-economic status. There was no notable association between the menopause and early or late menarche and socio-economic status.

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