scholarly journals Prevalence of multidrug resistance in human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and their sensitivity to Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Md. Al Nayem Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hossain ◽  
Md. Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Md. Ashrafuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogen responsible for skin infection, urinary tract infection (UTI) and endocarditis in human. The study was performed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in human clinical sample and to evaluate their sensitivity to Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract. A total of 12 isolates were identified belongs to S. aureus by performing several physiological and biochemical tests. The isolates exhibited highest resistant (75%) to streptomycin and lowest (33.33%) against co-trimoxazole followed by disc diffusion assay of eight antibiotics tested. The other four antibiotics such as azithromycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin and erythromycin exhibited 50 to 66.67% resistant to present isolates. Here we found that 75% of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The crude leaf extract of A. cathartica L. found to possess antibacterial properties at the rate of 83.33% against S. aureus isolates with 12-22 mm zone of inhibition. Results of TLC states that Benzene : Ethyl acetate (1:1) solvent system was more effective for initial separation of compound from crude leaf extract resulted three distinct bands with different Rf values ranging from 0.53 to 0.89. The result of this study refers that A. cathartica L. leaf extract would be useful to develop effective drugs that would reduce the higher prevalence of multidrug resistance S. aureus causing clinical infection in human.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i11.16525 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, October 2013, 2(11): 185-188 

scholarly journals Interactions between staphylococcal enterotoxins A and D and superantigen-like proteins 1 and 5 for predicting methicillin and multidrug resistance profiles among Staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254519
Author(s):  
Min Lu ◽  
Jean-Marie Parel ◽  
Darlene Miller
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Gene Profiles

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains are well recognized as posing substantial problems in treating ocular infections. S. aureus has a vast array of virulence factors, including superantigens and enterotoxins. Their interactions and ability to signal antibiotics resistance have not been explored. Objectives To predict the relationship between superantigens and methicillin and multidrug resistance among S. aureus ocular isolates. Methods We used a DNA microarray to characterize the enterotoxin and superantigen gene profiles of 98 S. aureus isolates collected from common ocular sources. The outcomes contained phenotypic and genotypic expressions of MRSA. We also included the MDR status as an outcome, categorized as resistance to three or more drugs, including oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. We identified gene profiles that predicted each outcome through a classification analysis utilizing Random Forest machine learning techniques. Findings Our machine learning models predicted the outcomes accurately utilizing 67 enterotoxin and superantigen genes. Strong correlates predicting the genotypic expression of MRSA were enterotoxins A, D, J and R and superantigen-like proteins 1, 3, 7 and 10. Among these virulence factors, enterotoxin D and superantigen-like proteins 1, 5 and 10 were also significantly informative for predicting both MDR and MRSA in terms of phenotypic expression. Strong interactions were identified including enterotoxins A (entA) interacting with superantigen-like protein 1 (set6-var1_11), and enterotoxin D (entD) interacting with superantigen-like protein 5 (ssl05/set3_probe 1): MRSA and MDR S. aureus are associated with the presence of both entA and set6-var1_11, or both entD and ssl05/set3_probe 1, while the absence of these genes in pairs indicates non-multidrug-resistant and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Conclusions MRSA and MDR S. aureus show a different spectrum of ocular pathology than their non-resistant counterparts. When assessing the role of enterotoxins in predicting antibiotics resistance, it is critical to consider both main effects and interactions.

Antibacterial properties of biosynthesized silver nano particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Krishna Reddy BV ◽  
Avinash Kumar G ◽  
Nageswara Rao G
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Lannea Coromandelica ◽  
Cost Efficacy

Nanoparticles have their demand in various fields of science and technology and their applications extend even in medical and pharmaceutical arena. They have been used as preservatives, diagnosing aids and potent antibacterial agents. But their production is a serious matter of concern when it comes to cost, efficacy and toxicity issues. Overcoming these limitations green synthesis has taken its advantage for their commercial and large scale synthesis. This research will focus on the preparation of nano particles of silver with the help of purified leaf extract from Lannea coromandelica and evaluation of the same using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The nanoparticles exhibited surface plasmon resonance at 420nm in UV spectroscopy. Futhermore, nanoparticles have been evaluated for their antibacterial activity on Putida vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. The results proved the eco friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles have a good antibacterial and can be used effectively in therapies targeting infections and infectious wounds.

Bacteriological, Toxicological and Mutagenic Evaluations of the Formulated Ointment of Knobweed (Hyptis capitata Jacq.) Leaf Extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

10.17158/339 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judee N. Nogodula ◽  
Rose Ann S. Mancenido ◽  
Ivana Lee M. Miranda ◽  
Darlene S. Quiñon
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Crude Leaf Extract ◽  
Observation Results

<p>The emergence of multiple drug resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global problem. Fortunately, many plants found from Mindanaon lumads have potential curative property for different ailments. Hence, the ethnopharmacologic practice of the knobweed (Hyptis capitata) was scientifically assessed for antibacterial activity, toxicity, mutagenicity and pharmacological screenings of crude leaf extract in formulation of ointment as treatment of MRSA infections. Acute Dermal Toxicity employed female albino rabbits for 14 days. Antibacterial screenings used Kirby Bauer, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and potency tests. Ames test used Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Pharmacological assay was limited to physical characteristics of ointment and sensitivity (patch) test using albino rabbits (24 to 72 hours of observation). Results revealed that leaf extract was not toxic and had promising antibacterial action with 19.22 mm (±0.82) zone of inhibition on MRSA ATCC 43300 and 17.41 mm ±0.77 on clinical isolate. It had similar potency with Vancomycin at 6.54ug. MIC established the reduction of cell viability at 0.0263g/mL without revertant colonies grown; hence, it was not mutagenic. Efficacy of ointment with a hydrophilic base exhibited 16.11 mm (±1.73) zone of inhibition on MRSA ATCC and 16.12 mm (± 2.08) for clinical isolate. Neither erythema nor edema was observed.</p>

scholarly journals Host-Targeted Therapeutics against Multidrug Resistant Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Bravo-Santano ◽  
Volker Behrends ◽  
Michal Letek
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Intracellular Killing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Promising Strategy

Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades and replicates within many types of human cells. S. aureus has shown to rapidly overcome traditional antibiotherapy by developing multidrug resistance. Furthermore, intracellular S. aureus is protected from the last-resort antibiotics—vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid—as they are unable to achieve plasma concentrations sufficient for intracellular killing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-infective therapies against S. aureus infections. Here, we review the current state of the field and highlight the exploitation of host-directed approaches as a promising strategy going forward.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated from Acne Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Ashfia Fatima Khan ◽  
Humayera Kabir Hana ◽  
Jakaria Sheak ◽  
Kohinur Begum
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Gram Staining

In this study, twenty five samples were collected from acne, ranging from 20 to 25 years old patients. The specimens were cultured on trypticase soy agar (TSA) plate. 25 suspected single colonies were isolated using mannitol salt agar. Isolates were identified by short biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, oxidase and Gram staining test. Five Staphylococcus aureus and eleven Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were identified. Antibiotic sensitivity of all strains was tested according to the Kirby-Bauer method using commercially available gentamicin, erythromycin, azithromycin, oxacillin, clindamycin and rifampicin discs. 100% of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and rifampicin. On the other hand, 93.75% isolates were sensitive to oxacillin, erythromycin and azithromycin and 81.25% isolates were sensitive to clindamicin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rifampicin and gentamicin was determined by test tube serial dilution method and it was found to be 4 ?g/ml for both. Our results showed that both rifampicin and gentamicin are effective antibacterial agents for acne.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 121-125, 2015

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Karmakar ◽  
Parimal Dua ◽  
Chandradipa Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gelatin Hydrolysis

Staphylococcus aureusis opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100Staphylococcus aureusisolates were obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The presumptiveStaphylococcus aureusclinical isolates were identified phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were found to be positive asStaphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51% isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities, respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolatedStaphylococcus aureusstrains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and 54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to detection ofmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbourmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes, respectively. The current investigation is highly important and informative for the high level multidrug resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin.

scholarly journals Plasmid Profile Analysis of Multi-drug Resistant Proteus spp isolated from Patients with Wound Infection in Northeastern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Isyaka M. Tom ◽  
E. B. Agbo ◽  
Umar A. Faruk ◽  
Muhammad M. Ibrahim ◽  
Askira M. Umoru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Wound Infection ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Hospitalised Patients

Aims: We analysed the prevalence of plasmid mediated multidrug resistance among Proteus spp isolated from wound infection patients attending healthcare centers in Maiduguri. Methodology: 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and investigated via microscopy, cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Suspected Proteus spp isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolates confirmed to be multidrug resistant (MDR) were subjected to gel electrophoresis for the determination of plasmid profile. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Proteus mirabilis was the most significant specie isolated (32.14%). Isolates were most sensitive/least resistant to Ciprofloxacin (85.71%/14.29%) and most resistant/least sensitive to Augmentin (10.71%/89.29%). 64.28% of isolates observed were MDR strains and were quite significant among patients between the ages of 21-30years (21.43%). MDR Proteus mirabilis was most the significant and highly prevalent among patients suffering from wound sepsis and burns (10.71% respectively). The association between MDR Proteus spp and wound types was statistically not significant (X2 =7.342, p>0.01). Plasmid profile analysis revealed that 72.22% of the MDR isolates harbour plasmids with a DNA fragment size of 100 bp and a molecular weight of 31ng/10µl. An average of 7.22% of MDR isolates were cured of their plasmids while an average of 56.67% of MDR isolates resisted curing. Conclusion: Here, we report a high prevalence of multidrug resistance and a high rate of plasmid carrying strains of Proteus spp in wounds of hospitalised patients. We suggest that there is a role played by plasmid in the mediation of multidrug resistance among the MDR Proteus spp isolated, where the majority of the MDR isolates observed carry plasmids.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract of Citrus maxima against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Arup Kumar Samanta ◽  
P. Roychoudhury ◽  
Honeysmita Das ◽  
Kalyan Sarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Mic Value

Background: Mitigation process to curb the ever increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance through development of new class of antimicrobials is slow and costly affairs. Research on alternative to conventional antimicrobials using plant based products as good source of numerous phytochemicals have potential to cope up the antimicrobial resistance. The present study was formulated on detection of in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of methanol leaf extract of Citrus maxima against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Leaves of Citrus maxima plants were collected from the campus of College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram and processed for preparation of methanol crude extract. The plant extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Twenty well characterized biofilm producing and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from milk of mastitic cows from Mizoram were received from the cultural repository of the department. The plant extracts were subjected to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against all the bacterial isolates including S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by in vitro agar well diffusion method and 96 well microtiter plate methods, respectively. The MIC value of the plant extracts were determined by microdilution method. Result: In the methanol leaf extract of C. maxima alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannin and phenol and flavonoids were detected by qualitative analysis. Saponin, protein, free amino acids, steroids and carbohydrates were not detected. The free radical scavenging potential of the extract was found to be 10.66±1.84% to 36.10±1.98%, which was comparatively lower than ascorbic acid (83.39±0.13% to 89.76±0.24%). A total of 8 (40.0%), 5 (25.0%) and 7 (35.0%) strains were recorded as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producer. Maximum antibacterial activity against standard culture was observed with the zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 200 mg/mL concentration and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. Maximum antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates were recorded with 11.8±1.13 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. The clinical isolates exhibited highest (85.94±1.00%) biofilm inhibition at 6.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report on antibiofilm and antioxidative activities of C. maxima leaf extracts against any bacteria.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CALCIUM ALGINATE BEADS MODIFIED WITH ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ADHATODA VASICA LEAF EXTRACT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Thomas ◽  
Latha M S ◽  
Kurien Thomas K
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Adhatoda Vasica ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ft Ir

 Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of calcium alginate (Ca-ALG) loaded with ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica (A. vasica) leaves against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli).Methods: Ca-ALG beads containing ethanolic extract of A. vasica leaves were developed by ionic gelation technique. The prepared Ca-ALG beads were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial effect of A. vasica leaf extract loaded Ca-ALG beads was examined against S. aureus and E. coli. Results: FT-IR studies revealed the cross-linking of ALG and calcium ions. The spherical morphology of the beads was designated by SEM. The prepared beads were found to display distinctive growth inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli.Conclusion: The antibacterial activity analysis indicated that the prepared beads have good activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The present study proposes a strategy to enhance antibacterial properties of ALG which are widely used in biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality Assessment of Foods collected from Different Hospitals within Dhaka City

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazle Alam Rabbi ◽  
Fazle Rabbi ◽  
TA Runun ◽  
Khadiza Zaman ◽  
M Majibur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Microbiological Criteria

Various types of cooked food samples were collected from six different hospitals within the city of Dhaka and they were analyzed for the presence (if any) of total aerobic count (TAC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSA) in order to determine the levels of contamination and to relate these findings to the hygiene practice of the food handlers. According to Gulf standard for microbiological criteria for foodstuff, all of the food samples exceeded the acceptable total aerobic count limit of 5 x 105 cfu/g while 4 out of 6 samples exceeded coliform count limit of 1x102 cfu/g. The total coliform counts were found to be the highest in the fish (1.6 x 107 cfu/g) and egg (2.2 x 106 cfu/g) curry samples of hospital 1 and hospital 4, respectively and were the lowest in the fish curry (2 x 103 cfu/g) of hospital 4. Staphylococcus aureus was found in all of the food samples with the highest occurrence (too numerous to count) in Dal and Rice samples from hospitals 3 and 6, respectively. On Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar, no black centered colony but many colorless colonies were found which primarily indicated the absence of Salmonella spp. in those samples. In order to identify pathogenic microorganisms from food samples, a series of conventional biochemical tests were performed with 23 randomly selected isolates from MacConkey, XLD, MSA agar plates. The isolates were presumptively identified as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. etc. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed with eleven selected isolates using six commonly prescribed antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin and azithromycin). The results showed that six isolates were resistant to vancomycin, two isolates were multidrug resistant and one isolate was intermediately resistant to azithromycin. All the isolates were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. Based on the data, it can be suggested that adequate hygiene practices are required after cooking the foods and before serving them as they reconsider.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v1i1.9100  Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.1(1), July 2011, p.31-36  

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