scholarly journals Sirtuin Modulators in Cellular and Animal Models of Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Young Hong ◽  
Hening Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Substrate Proteins

Sirtuins use NAD+ to remove various acyl groups from protein lysine residues. Through working on different substrate proteins, they display many biological functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, genome stability, metabolism, and cell migration. There are seven sirtuins in humans, SIRT1-7, each with unique enzymatic activities, regulatory mechanisms, subcellular localizations, and substrate scopes. They have been indicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, interests in development of sirtuin modulators have increased in the past decade. In this brief review, we specifically summarize genetic and pharmacological modulations of sirtuins in cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. We further anticipate this review will be helpful for scrutinizing the significance of sirtuins in the studied diseases.

scholarly journals DNA–protein crosslink proteases in genome stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Ruggiano ◽  
Kristijan Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protein Crosslinks ◽  
Bulky Dna Lesions

AbstractProteins covalently attached to DNA, also known as DNA–protein crosslinks (DPCs), are common and bulky DNA lesions that interfere with DNA replication, repair, transcription and recombination. Research in the past several years indicates that cells possess dedicated enzymes, known as DPC proteases, which digest the protein component of a DPC. Interestingly, DPC proteases also play a role in proteolysis beside DPC repair, such as in degrading excess histones during DNA replication or controlling DNA replication checkpoints. Here, we discuss the importance of DPC proteases in DNA replication, genome stability and their direct link to human diseases and cancer therapy.

scholarly journals LncTarD: a manually-curated database of experimentally-supported functional lncRNA–target regulations in human diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Zhao ◽  
Jian Shi ◽  
Yunpeng Zhang ◽  
Aimin Xie ◽  
Lei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Functional Dynamics ◽  
Disease Associations ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Pan Cancer

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with human diseases. Although lncRNA–disease associations have received significant attention, no online repository is available to collect lncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms, key downstream targets, and important biological functions driven by disease-related lncRNAs in human diseases. We thus developed LncTarD (http://biocc.hrbmu.edu.cn/LncTarD/ or http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/LncTarD), a manually-curated database that provides a comprehensive resource of key lncRNA–target regulations, lncRNA-influenced functions, and lncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in human diseases. LncTarD offers (i) 2822 key lncRNA–target regulations involving 475 lncRNAs and 1039 targets associated with 177 human diseases; (ii) 1613 experimentally-supported functional regulations and 1209 expression associations in human diseases; (iii) important biological functions driven by disease-related lncRNAs in human diseases; (iv) lncRNA–target regulations responsible for drug resistance or sensitivity in human diseases and (v) lncRNA microarray, lncRNA sequence data and transcriptome data of an 11 373 pan-cancer patient cohort from TCGA to help characterize the functional dynamics of these lncRNA–target regulations. LncTarD also provides a user-friendly interface to conveniently browse, search, and download data. LncTarD will be a useful resource platform for the further understanding of functions and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA deregulation in human disease, which will help to identify novel and sensitive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Function and Clinical Application of HDAC5 in Cancer Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yang ◽  
Chaoju Gong ◽  
Qinjian Ke ◽  
Zejun Fang ◽  
Xiaowen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Proliferation And Invasion

Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) is a class II HDAC. Aberrant expression of HDAC5 has been observed in multiple cancer types, and its functions in cell proliferation and invasion, the immune response, and maintenance of stemness have been widely studied. HDAC5 is considered as a reliable therapeutic target for anticancer drugs. In light of recent findings regarding the role of epigenetic reprogramming in tumorigenesis, in this review, we provide an overview of the expression, biological functions, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical significance of HDAC5 in cancer.

tiRNAs & tRFs Biogenesis and Regulation of Diseases: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5849-5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Feng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Reverse Transcriptases ◽  
Dna Damage Responses ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Viral Reverse Transcriptases

tiRNAs & tRFs are a class of small molecular noncoding tRNA derived from precise processing of mature or precursor tRNAs. Most tiRNAs & tRFs described originate from nucleus-encoded tRNAs, and only a few tiRNAs and tRFs have been reported. They have been suggested to play important roles in inhibiting protein synthesis, regulating gene expression, priming viral reverse transcriptases, and the modulation of DNA damage responses. However, the regulatory mechanisms and potential function of tiRNAs & tRFs remain poorly understood. This review aims to describe tiRNAs & tRFs, including their structure, biological functions and subcellular localization. The regulatory roles of tiRNAs & tRFs in translation, neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, viral infections, and carcinogenesis are also discussed in detail. Finally, the potential applications of these noncoding tRNAs as biomarkers and gene regulators in different diseases is also highlighted.

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

scholarly journals Protein lysine crotonylation: past, present, perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoyue Jiang ◽  
Chunxia Li ◽  
Meng Lu ◽  
Kefeng Lu ◽  
Huihui Li
Keyword(s):  
Cross Talk ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Histone Proteins ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disease ◽  
Enzymatic Mechanisms ◽  
Substrate Proteins ◽  
Tools And Methods

AbstractLysine crotonylation has been discovered in histone and non-histone proteins and found to be involved in diverse diseases and biological processes, such as neuropsychiatric disease, carcinogenesis, spermatogenesis, tissue injury, and inflammation. The unique carbon–carbon π-bond structure indicates that lysine crotonylation may use distinct regulatory mechanisms from the widely studied other types of lysine acylation. In this review, we discussed the regulation of lysine crotonylation by enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms, the recognition of substrate proteins, the physiological functions of lysine crotonylation and its cross-talk with other types of modification. The tools and methods for prediction and detection of lysine crotonylation were also described.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Explaining Relationship of Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Syed Ameer Hamza ◽  
Saba Asif ◽  
Zohaib Khurshid ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Zafar ◽  
Syed Akhtar Hussain Bokhari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Mirna Regulation

Cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart diseases or stroke are among the leading cause of deaths globally, and evidence suggests that these diseases are modulated by a multifactorial and complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Genetic predisposition and chronic exposure to modifiable risk factors have been explored to be involved in the pathophysiology of CVD. Environmental factors contribute to an individual’s propensity to develop major cardiovascular risk factors through epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones via miRNA regulation of protein translation that are types of epigenetic mechanisms and participate in disease development. Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common oral diseases in humans that is characterized by low-grade inflammation and has been shown to increase the risk of CVDs. Risk factors involved in PD and CVD are determined both genetically and behaviorally. Periodontal diseases such as chronic inflammation promote DNA methylation. Epigenetic modifications involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis play an essential role in plaque development and vulnerability. Epigenetics has opened a new world to understand and manage human diseases, including CVDs and periodontal diseases. Genetic medicine has started a new era of epigenetics to overcome human diseases with various new methodology. Epigenetic profiling may aid in better diagnosis and stratification of patients showing potential predisposed states for disease. A better understanding of the exact regulatory mechanisms of epigenetic pathways driving inflammation is slowly emerging and will aid in developing novel tools for the treatment of disease.

scholarly journals Information Disorder and Self-Regulation in Europe: A Broader Non-Economistic Conception of Self-Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information Manipulation

Over the past decade, the problems arising from social communication have yet again become burning issues on social and political agendas. Information disorder, hate speeches, information manipulation, social networking sites, etc., have obliged the most important European institutions to reflect on how to meet the collective challenges that social communication currently poses in the new millennium. These European Institutions have made a clear commitment to self-regulation. The article reviews some recent European initiatives to deal with information disorder that has given a fundamental role to self-regulation. To then carry out a theoretical review of the normative notion of self-regulation that distinguishes it from the neo-liberal economicist conception. To this end, (1) a distinction is drawn between the (purportedly) self-regulating market and (2) a broader conception of self-regulation inherent not to media companies or corporations, but to the social subsystem of social communication, is proposed. This involves increasing the number of self-regulatory mechanisms that may contribute to improve social communication, and reinforcing the commitment of those who should exercise such self-regulation, including not only media companies but also the professionals working at them and the public at large.

The impact of Traditional Chinese Medicine on mitophagy in disease models

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Yu ◽  
Ting-Ting Shi ◽  
Yan-Qin Li ◽  
Jian-Kang Mu ◽  
Ya-Qin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

: Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial quality and cell homeostasis through the degradation of damaged, aged, and dysfunctional mitochondria and misfolded proteins. Many human diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, are related to disorders of mitochondrial phagocytosis. Exploring the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy is of great significance for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the related diseases. Herein, we summarize the major mechanisms of mitophagy, the relationship of mitophagy with human diseases, and the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in mitophagy. These discussions enhance our knowledge of mitophagy and its potential therapeutic targets using TCM.

scholarly journals Biocatalysis by Transglutaminases: A Review of Biotechnological Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Savoca ◽  
Elisa Tonoli ◽  
Adeola Atobatele ◽  
Elisabetta Verderio
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Catalytic Triad ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Isopeptide Bonds

The biocatalytic activity of transglutaminases (TGs) leads to the synthesis of new covalent isopeptide bonds (crosslinks) between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues, but also the transamidation of primary amines to glutamine residues, which ultimately can result into protein polymerisation. Operating with a cysteine/histidine/aspartic acid (Cys/His/Asp) catalytic triad, TGs induce the post-translational modification of proteins at both physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., accumulation of matrices in tissue fibrosis). Because of the disparate biotechnological applications, this large family of protein-remodelling enzymes have stimulated an escalation of interest. In the past 50 years, both mammalian and microbial TGs polymerising activity has been exploited in the food industry for the improvement of aliments’ quality, texture, and nutritive value, other than to enhance the food appearance and increased marketability. At the same time, the ability of TGs to crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, like collagen, as well as synthetic biopolymers, has led to multiple applications in biomedicine, such as the production of biocompatible scaffolds and hydrogels for tissue engineering and drug delivery, or DNA-protein bio-conjugation and antibody functionalisation. Here, we summarise the most recent advances in the field, focusing on the utilisation of TGs-mediated protein multimerisation in biotechnological and bioengineering applications.

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