Production of New Isoflavone Diglucosides from Glycosylation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein by Deinococcus geothermalis Amylosucrase

8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) is a non-natural isoflavone polyphenol isolated from fermented soybean foods. 8-OHDe exhibits a wide range of pharmaceutical activities. However, both the poor solubility and instability of 8-OHDe limit its applications. To resolve the limitations of 8-OHDe, Deinococcus geothermalis amylosucrase (DgAS) has previously been used to glycosylate 8-OHDe to produce soluble and stable 8-OHDe-7-O-α-glucopyranoside (8-OHDe-7-G) in a 0.5 h reaction time. In this study, we aimed to use DgAS and an extended reaction time to produce 8-OHDe diglucosides. At least three 8-OHDe derivatives were produced after a 24 h reaction time, and two major products were successfully purified and identified as new compounds: 8-OHDe-7-O-[α-glucopyranosyl-(1®6)-α-glucopyranoside] (8-OHDe-7-G2) and 8-OHDe-7,4′-O-α-diglucopyranoside (8-OHDe-7-G-4′-G). 8-OHDe-7-G-4′-G showed a 4619-fold greater aqueous solubility than 8-OHDe. In addition, over 92% of the 8-OHDe diglucosides were stable after 96 h, while only 10% of the 8-OHDe could be detected after being subjected to the same conditions. The two stable 8-OHDe diglucoside derivatives have the potential for pharmacological usage in the future.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Vitexin Glucosides

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26206274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (20) ◽

pp. 6274

Author(s):

Jiumn-Yih Wu ◽

Tzi-Yuan Wang ◽

Hsiou-Yu Ding ◽

Yun-Rong Zhang ◽

Shu-Yuan Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Aqueous Solubility ◽

High Potential ◽

Glycoside Hydrolases ◽

First Report ◽

Poor Solubility ◽

The Poor ◽

Wide Range ◽

New Compounds

Vitexin is a C-glucoside flavone that exhibits a wide range of pharmaceutical activities. However, the poor solubility of vitexin limits its applications. To resolve this limitation, two glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and four glycosyltransferases (GTs) were assayed for glycosylation activity toward vitexin. The results showed that BtGT_16345 from the Bacillus thuringiensis GA A07 strain possessed the highest glycosylation activity, catalyzing the conversion of vitexin into new compounds, vitexin-4′-O-β-glucoside (1) and vitexin-5-O-β-glucoside (2), which showed greater aqueous solubility than vitexin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vitexin glycosylation. Based on the multiple bioactivities of vitexin, the two highly soluble vitexin derivatives might have high potential for pharmacological usage in the future.

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Application of Amino Acids in the Structural Modification of Natural Products: A Review

Frontiers in Chemistry ◽

10.3389/fchem.2021.650569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Xu ◽

Hao Deng ◽

Xiaoting Li ◽

Zhe-Shan Quan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Natural Products ◽

Drug Discovery ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Structural Modification ◽

Poor Solubility ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Future ◽

Low Activity

Natural products and their derivatives are important sources for drug discovery; however, they usually have poor solubility and low activity and require structural modification. Amino acids are highly soluble in water and have a wide range of activities. The introduction of amino acids into natural products is expected to improve the performance of these products and minimize their adverse effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the application of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products and provides a theoretical basis for the structural modification of natural products in the future. The articles were divided into six types based on the backbone structures of the natural products, and the related applications of amino acids in the structural modification of natural products were discussed in detail.

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A Study for VM Placement Schemes in Cloud

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering ◽

10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.52 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 208

Author(s):

Ramandeep Kaur ◽

Navpreet Kaur

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Task Scheduling ◽

Specific Time ◽

Due Date ◽

Vm Placement ◽

Time Task ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Web

The cloud computing can be essentially expressed as aconveyance of computing condition where distinctive assets are conveyed as a support of the client or different occupants over the web. The task scheduling basically concentrates on improving the productive use of assets and henceforth decrease in task fruition time. Task scheduling is utilized to allot certain tasks to specific assets at a specific time occurrence. A wide range of systems has been exhibited to take care of the issues of scheduling of various tasks. Task scheduling enhances the productive use of asset and yields less reaction time with the goal that the execution of submitted tasks happens inside a conceivable least time. This paper talks about the investigation of need, length and due date based task scheduling calculations utilized as a part of cloud computing.

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Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

Slavic Almanac ◽

10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.2.01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 301-323

Author(s):

Natalya I. Kikilo ◽

Keyword(s):

Detailed Analysis ◽

Present Article ◽

Literary Language ◽

Natural Context ◽

Wide Range ◽

Verb Forms ◽

Text Types ◽

The Future ◽

The Subject ◽

Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

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Conclusion

10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew S. Seligmann

Keyword(s):

Corporal Punishment ◽

Social Reform ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Religious Practice ◽

Royal Navy ◽

The Poor ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Everyday ◽

Push Forward ◽

The Common

As this book has shown the common conception that ‘Churchill’s “radical phase” was cast to the winds’ when he was put in charge of the Navy in October 1911, although well established in the literature, is not, in fact, accurate.1 The radical President of the Board of Trade, eager to improve the lives of the poor, became the radical Home Secretary, no less enthusiastic for social reform, who then became the radical First Lord of the Admiralty, imbued with both a desire and, perhaps more importantly, a will to intervene in order to better conditions for those who served in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, he embarked upon a major programme of improvement across a wide range of different areas all of which affected the everyday life of sailors. Alcohol intake, sexual behaviour, religious practice, corporal punishment, as well as pay and equality of progression, all came under the spotlight while Churchill was First Lord. Of course, not all of the new measures were successful and not all were progressive in the modern understanding of the term, but all of them represented significant attempts to push forward a radical agenda for change....

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Syphilis

10.1093/oso/9780198819660.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

New Disease ◽

Medical Texts ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

New Name ◽

The Poor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Tit For Tat

By exploring the wide range of names given to the ‘new’ sexually transmitted disease—the Great Pox—this chapter dispels notions held for two centuries or more. Instead, no tit-for-tat-naming war among nations accused of carrying the disease ensued. The ‘French disease’ alone became standard in medical texts, but not among commoners and not after the late sixteenth century for physicians. The chapter challenges a second truism of the historiography: that naming meant blaming. Although the disease was named after the French, no laws or pogroms ensued against them or any other ‘other’. However, physicians increasingly identified humans as the essential carriers of this new disease and became concerned with tracking human contacts. By the end of the sixteenth century, medical texts had renamed it the territorially neutral lues venerea. Coincidently, with the rise of this new name, blame placed on women, the poor, and victims of the disease increased.

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Frequency Division Multiplexing of Terahertz Waves Realized by Diffractive Optical Elements

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6246

Author(s):

Paweł Komorowski ◽

Patrycja Czerwińska ◽

Mateusz Kaluza ◽

Mateusz Surma ◽

Przemysław Zagrajek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽

Diffractive Optical Elements ◽

Frequency Division ◽

Terahertz Waves ◽

Optical Elements ◽

Telecommunication Systems ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Future ◽

Wireless Telecommunication ◽

Finite Distance

Recently, one of the most commonly discussed applications of terahertz radiation is wireless telecommunication. It is believed that the future 6G systems will utilize this frequency range. Although the exact technology of future telecommunication systems is not yet known, it is certain that methods for increasing their bandwidth should be investigated in advance. In this paper, we present the diffractive optical elements for the frequency division multiplexing of terahertz waves. The structures have been designed as a combination of a binary phase grating and a converging diffractive lens. The grating allows for differentiating the frequencies, while the lens assures separation and focusing at the finite distance. Designed structures have been manufactured from polyamide PA12 using the SLS 3D printer and verified experimentally. Simulations and experimental results are shown for different focal lengths. Moreover, parallel data transmission is shown for two channels of different carrier frequencies propagating in the same optical path. The designed structure allowed for detecting both signals independently without observable crosstalk. The proposed diffractive elements can work in a wide range of terahertz and sub-terahertz frequencies, depending on the design assumptions. Therefore, they can be considered as an appealing solution, regardless of the band finally used by the future telecommunication systems.

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The molecular footprints of COVID-19

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2020-0255 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 241-248

Author(s):

Engin Yilmaz ◽

Yakut Akyön ◽

Muhittin Serdar

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Changing Environment ◽

The Third ◽

The Past ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

Host Virus Interactions ◽

Virus Interactions

AbstractCOVID-19 is the third spread of animal coronavirus over the past two decades, resulting in a major epidemic in humans after SARS and MERS. COVID-19 is responsible of the biggest biological earthquake in the world. In the global fight against COVID-19 some serious mistakes have been done like, the countries’ misguided attempts to protect their economies, lack of international co-operation. These mistakes that the people had done in previous deadly outbreaks. The result has been a greater economic devastation and the collapse of national and international trust for all. In this constantly changing environment, if we have a better understanding of the host-virus interactions than we can be more prepared to the future deadly outbreaks. When encountered with a disease which the causative is unknown, the reaction time and the precautions that should be taken matters a great deal. In this review we aimed to reveal the molecular footprints of COVID-19 scientifically and to get an understanding of the pandemia. This review might be a highlight to the possible outbreaks.

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Digital Authoritarianism and the Future of Human Rights

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818320000624 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Tiberiu Dragu ◽

Yonatan Lupu

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

New Technologies ◽

Theoretic Model ◽

Human Rights Abuses ◽

Human Rights Regime ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Future ◽

Technological Developments ◽

Game Theoretic ◽

Strategic Context

Abstract How will advances in digital technology affect the future of human rights and authoritarian rule? Media figures, public intellectuals, and scholars have debated this relationship for decades, with some arguing that new technologies facilitate mobilization against the state and others countering that the same technologies allow authoritarians to strengthen their grip on power. We address this issue by analyzing the first game-theoretic model that accounts for the dual effects of technology within the strategic context of preventive repression. Our game-theoretical analysis suggests that technological developments may not be detrimental to authoritarian control and may, in fact, strengthen authoritarian control by facilitating a wide range of human rights abuses. We show that technological innovation leads to greater levels of abuses to prevent opposition groups from mobilizing and increases the likelihood that authoritarians will succeed in preventing such mobilization. These results have broad implications for the human rights regime, democratization efforts, and the interpretation of recent declines in violent human rights abuses.

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Impact of Bacillus in fermented soybean foods on human health

Annals of Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s13213-021-01641-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Trishala Gopikrishna ◽

Harini Keerthana Suresh Kumar ◽

Kumar Perumal ◽

Elavarashi Elangovan

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Health Risks ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Potential Health ◽

Fermented Soybean ◽

Food Pathogens ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Fermented Soybean Foods

Abstract Purpose Fermented soybean foods (FSF) is popularly consumed in the South-East Asian countries. Bacillus species, a predominant microorganism present in these foods, have demonstrated beneficial and deleterious impacts on human health. These microorganisms produce bioactive compounds during fermentation that have beneficial impacts in improving human health. However, the health risks associated with FSF, food pathogens, biogenic amines (BAs) production, and late-onset anaphylaxis, remain a concern. The purpose of this review is to present an in-depth analysis of positive and negative impacts as a result of consumption of FSF along with the measures to alleviate health risks for human consumption. Methods This review was composed by scrutinizing contemporary literature of peer-reviewed publications related to Bacillus and FSF. Based on the results from academic journals, this review paper was categorized into FSF, role of Bacillus species in these foods, process of fermentation, beneficial, and adverse influence of these foods along with methods to improve food safety. Special emphasis was given to the potential benefits of bioactive compounds released during fermentation of soybean by Bacillus species. Results The nutritional and functional properties of FSF are well-appreciated, due to the release of peptides and mucilage, which have shown health benefits: in managing cardiac disease, gastric disease, cancer, allergies, hepatic disease, obesity, immune disorders, and especially microbial infections due to the presence of probiotic property, which is a potential alternative to antibiotics. Efficient interventions were established to mitigate pitfalls like the techniques to reduce BAs and food pathogens and by using a defined starter culture to improve the safety and quality of these foods. Conclusion Despite some of the detrimental effects produced by these foods, potential health benefits have been observed. Therefore, soybean foods fermented by Bacillus can be a promising food by integrating effective measures for maintaining safety and quality for human consumption. Further, in vivo analysis on the activity and dietary interventions of bioactive compounds among animal models and human volunteers are yet to be achieved which is essential to commercialize them for safe consumption by humans, especially immunocompromised patients.

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