Synergistic Effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum ASBT-2 with Oxyresveratrol Isolated from Coconut Shell Waste

Value-added phytochemicals from food by-products and waste materials have gained much interest and among them, dietary polyphenolic compounds with potential biological properties extend a promising sustainable approach. Oxyresveratrol (Oxy), a stilbenoid polyphenol, possesses great therapeutic potential, though its pharmacokinetic issues need attention. A good source of oxyresveratrol was found in underutilized coconut shells and the synbiotic applications of the compound in combination with a potential probiotic isolate Limosilactobacillus fermentum ASBT-2 was investigated. The compound showed lower inhibitory effects on the strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 µg/mL. Oxyresveratrol at sub-MIC concentrations (500 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL) enhanced the probiotic properties without exerting any inhibitory effects on the strain. The combination at sub- MIC concentration of the compound inhibited Salmonella enterica and in silico approaches were employed to elucidate the possible mode of action of oxy on the pathogen. Thus, the combination could target pathogens in the gut without exerting negative impacts on growth of beneficial strains. This approach could be a novel perspective to address the poor pharmacokinetic properties of the compound.

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Optimization of the Enzymatic Synthesis of Pentyl Oleate with Lipase Immobilized onto Novel Structured Support

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation5020048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Valeria Cavallaro ◽

Gabriela Tonetto ◽

María Luján Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Value Added ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Operation Conditions ◽

Ping Pong ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

By Products

The term biorefinery is related to the sustainable production of value-added bioproducts and bioenergy from biomass. Esters from fatty acids are important compounds synthesized from by-products of the oleochemical industry. In agreement with the biorefinery concept, it is important to search for catalysts that reduce the consumption of energy and water, using moderate operation conditions and low reaction times. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the enzymatic synthesis of pentyl oleate using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) immobilized on a polyethylene-aluminum structured support. A factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of several parameters on the ester yield. To obtain a model with a good fit, an approach to reaction mechanism and enzyme kinetics was taken into consideration. Experimental findings were correlated and explained using equations of a ping-pong bi-bi kinetic model and considering the inhibitory effects of both substrates. The developed model was consistent with the experimental data predicting an increase in pentyl oleate production with increasing temperature and a decrease with higher oleic acid amounts and alcohol to acid molar ratios. This model could be useful in a future industrial application of CALB/LLDPE/Al to minimize the costs in oleochemical biorefineries.

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Microbial Transglutaminase as a Tool to Improve the Features of Hydrocolloid-Based Bioplastics

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21103656 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3656 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Valeria L. Giosafatto ◽

Antonio Fusco ◽

Asmaa Al-Asmar ◽

Loredana Mariniello

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Microbial Transglutaminase ◽

Plant Origin ◽

Technological Characteristics ◽

Microbial Enzyme ◽

The Matrix ◽

Isopeptide Bonds ◽

By Products

Several proteins from animal and plant origin act as microbial transglutaminase substrate, a crosslinking enzyme capable of introducing isopeptide bonds into proteins between the aminoacids glutamines and lysines. This feature has been widely exploited to modify the biological properties of many proteins, such as emulsifying, gelling, viscosity, and foaming. Besides, microbial transglutaminase has been used to prepare bioplastics that, because made of renewable molecules, are able to replace the high polluting plastics of petrochemical origin. In fact, most of the time, it has been shown that the microbial enzyme strengthens the matrix of protein-based bioplastics, thus, influencing the technological characteristics of the derived materials. In this review, an overview of the ability of many proteins to behave as good substrates of the enzyme and their ability to give rise to bioplastics with improved properties is presented. Different applications of this enzyme confirm its important role as an additive to recover high value-added protein containing by-products with a double aim (i) to produce environmentally friendly materials and (ii) to find alternative uses of wastes as renewable, cheap, and non-polluting sources. Both principles are in line with the bio-economy paradigm.

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Extraction of High Value Triterpenic Acids from Eucalyptus globulus Biomass Using Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 210 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nuno H. C. S. Silva ◽

Eduarda S. Morais ◽

Carmen S. R. Freire ◽

Mara G. Freire ◽

Armando J. D. Silvestre

Keyword(s):

Ursolic Acid ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Eutectic Mixture ◽

Value Added ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Outer Bark ◽

Triterpenic Acids ◽

By Products

Triterpenic acids (TTAs), known for their promising biological properties, can be found in different biomass sources and related by-products, such as Eucalyptus globulus bark, and have been extracted using organic volatile solvents such as dichloromethane. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been identified as promising alternatives for the extraction of value-added compounds from biomass. In the present work, several hydrophobic DES were tested for the extraction of TTAs from E. globulus bark. Initial solubility studies revealed that DES based on menthol and thymol as the most promising solvents for these compounds given the highest solubilities obtained for ursolic acid (UA) at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 90 °C. Accordingly, an eutectic mixture of menthol:thymol (1:2) was confirmed as the best candidate for the TTAs extraction from E. globulus outer bark, leading to extraction yields (weight of TTA per weight of biomass) at room temperature of 1.8 wt% for ursolic acid, 0.84 wt% for oleanolic acid and 0.30 wt% for betulinic acid. These values are significantly higher than those obtained with conventional organic solvents under similar conditions. The results obtained using these DES are promising for the recovery of TTAs for nutraceutical and pharmacological applications, while reinforcing the potential of DES as promising solvents to be applied in biorefinery processes.

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Therapeutic Potential of Citronella Essential Oil: A Review

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163815666180718095041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 330-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ruchi Sharma ◽

Rekha Rao ◽

Sunil Kumar ◽

Sheefali Mahant ◽

Sarita Khatkar

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Toxic Encephalopathy ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Insect Repellents ◽

Citronella Oil ◽

Medicinal Value

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, chikunguniya, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis are the major cause of remarkable morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Since ancient times, aromatic plants are used for their medicinal value. Essential oils derived from these plants may be used as effective alternatives/adjuvants in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary and agriculture applications. These oils have also gained popularity and interest for prevention and treatment of various disorders. However, several reports on adverse effects including skin eruption, contact artricaria or toxic encephalopathy in children are available for synthetic repellent in the literature. Thus, natural insect repellents like essential oils have been explored recently as an alternative. One such essential oil studied widely, is citronella oil, extracted mainly from Cymbopogon nardus. This essential oil has exhibited good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components including citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as major constituents contributing to various activities (antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal and wound healing), besides mosquito repellent action. Citronella essential oil is registered in US EPA (Environmental protection agency) as insect repellent due to its high efficacy, low toxicity and customer satisfaction. However, poor stability in the presence of air and high temperature limits its practical applications. Since specific knowledge on properties and chemical composition of oil is fundamental for its effective application, the present review compiles and discusses biological properties of citronella oil. It also sheds light on various formulations and applications of this essential oil.

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Mechanism of inhibition of succinate oxidase by products of oxidation of o-dihydroxycoumarins

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19800641 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 641-652

Author(s):

Petr Zbořil

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Oxidase Activity ◽

Enzyme Preparation ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Long Period ◽

Mechanism Of Inhibition ◽

Intermediary Product ◽

Succinate Oxidase ◽

By Products

Semiquinone is an intermediary product of the oxidation of daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin) and esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) by diphenol oxidase; its concentration rapidly decreases. When the oxidation is effected by ferricytochrome c, the concentration of the semiquinone remains practically constant for a long period. Similarly, the ability of the products of daphnetin oxidation by diphenol oxidase to inhibit succinate oxidase activity in mitochondrial fragments rapidly decreases with time; the decrease is considerably slower in the case of cytochrome c. The inhibitory activity of the product decreases with time also during esculetin oxidation by ferricyanide. This indicates that the inhibitory effects must be ascribed predominantly to the semiquinone, the quinone is less efficient. The inhibition of succinate oxidase or succinate dehydrogenase was strongly decreased when the enzyme preparation of Keilin and Hartree was incubated with esculetin and ferricyanide in the presence of KCN or under anaerobic conditions. This demonstrates that the reaction of the inhibitor with the enzyme either involves subsequent oxidations or that the inhibitor preferentially reacts with the oxidized form of the sensitive component of the respiratory chain. The second alternative is very little probable since there is no correlation between the degree of inhibition and the binding of the inhibitor to mitochondrial fragments.

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Valorization of food industry waste and by-products using 3D printing: A study on the development of value-added functional cookies

Future Foods ◽

10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100036 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100036

Author(s):

Bhagya Jagadiswaran ◽

Vishvaa Alagarasan ◽

Priyadharshini Palanivelu ◽

Radhika Theagarajan ◽

J.A. Moses ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Food Industry ◽

Value Added ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Food Industry Waste ◽

By Products

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Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure–Activity Relationships

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14050428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 428

Author(s):

Douglas Kemboi Magozwi ◽

Mmabatho Dinala ◽

Nthabiseng Mokwana ◽

Xavier Siwe-Noundou ◽

Rui W. M. Krause ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Structure Activity Relationship ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Skeletal Structure ◽

Activity Relationship ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Review Reports

Plants of the genus Euphorbia are widely distributed across temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Asia and Africa with established Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records. The present review reports the isolation, occurrence, phytochemistry, biological properties, therapeutic potential and structure–activity relationship of Euphorbia flavonoids for the period covering 2000–2020, while identifying potential areas for future studies aimed at development of new therapeutic agents from these plants. The findings suggest that the extracts and isolated flavonoids possess anticancer, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis and antioxidant properties and have different mechanisms of action against cancer cells. Of the investigated species, over 80 different types of flavonoids have been isolated to date. Most of the isolated flavonoids were flavonols and comprised simple O-substitution patterns, C-methylation and prenylation. Others had a glycoside, glycosidic linkages and a carbohydrate attached at either C-3 or C-7, and were designated as d-glucose, l-rhamnose or glucorhamnose. The structure–activity relationship studies showed that methylation of the hydroxyl groups on C-3 or C-7 reduces the activities while glycosylation loses the activity and that the parent skeletal structure is essential in retaining the activity. These constituents can therefore offer potential alternative scaffolds towards development of new Euphorbia-based therapeutic agents.

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Biodistribution and Pharmacokinectics of Liposomes and Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sepsis

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13030427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 427

Author(s):

Amin Mirzaaghasi ◽

Yunho Han ◽

So-Hee Ahn ◽

Chulhee Choi ◽

Ji-Ho Park

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Hek293t Cell ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Context Analysis ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Diseased State ◽

Sepsis And Septic Shock

Exosomes have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles because their biological properties can be utilized for selective delivery of therapeutic cargoes to disease sites. In this context, analysis of the in vivo behaviors of exosomes in a diseased state is required to maximize their therapeutic potential as drug delivery vehicles. In this study, we investigated biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of HEK293T cell-derived exosomes and PEGylated liposomes, their synthetic counterparts, into healthy and sepsis mice. We found that biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosomes were significantly affected by pathophysiological conditions of sepsis compared to those of liposomes. In the sepsis mice, a substantial number of exosomes were found in the lung after intravenous injection, and their prolonged blood residence was observed due to the liver dysfunction. However, liposomes did not show such sepsis-specific effects significantly. These results demonstrate that exosome-based therapeutics can be developed to manage sepsis and septic shock by virtue of their sepsis-specific in vivo behaviors.

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Bioactive potential of natural biomaterials: identification, retention and assessment of biological properties

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-021-00512-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kieran Joyce ◽

Georgina Targa Fabra ◽

Yagmur Bozkurt ◽

Abhay Pandit

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Biological Assessment ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Drug Delivery Device ◽

Biomedical Device ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bioactive Potential

AbstractBiomaterials have had an increasingly important role in recent decades, in biomedical device design and the development of tissue engineering solutions for cell delivery, drug delivery, device integration, tissue replacement, and more. There is an increasing trend in tissue engineering to use natural substrates, such as macromolecules native to plants and animals to improve the biocompatibility and biodegradability of delivered materials. At the same time, these materials have favourable mechanical properties and often considered to be biologically inert. More importantly, these macromolecules possess innate functions and properties due to their unique chemical composition and structure, which increase their bioactivity and therapeutic potential in a wide range of applications. While much focus has been on integrating these materials into these devices via a spectrum of cross-linking mechanisms, little attention is drawn to residual bioactivity that is often hampered during isolation, purification, and production processes. Herein, we discuss methods of initial material characterisation to determine innate bioactivity, means of material processing including cross-linking, decellularisation, and purification techniques and finally, a biological assessment of retained bioactivity of a final product. This review aims to address considerations for biomaterials design from natural polymers, through the optimisation and preservation of bioactive components that maximise the inherent bioactive potency of the substrate to promote tissue regeneration.

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Anthocyanins Recovered from Agri-Food By-Products Using Innovative Processes: Trends, Challenges, and Perspectives for Their Application in Food Systems

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092632 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2632

Author(s):

Henrique Silvano Arruda ◽

Eric Keven Silva ◽

Nayara Macêdo Peixoto Araujo ◽

Gustavo Araujo Pereira ◽

Glaucia Maria Pastore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Systems ◽

Food Industry ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Current Review ◽

Natural Colorants ◽

Conventional Extraction ◽

The Stability ◽

By Products

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring phytochemicals that have attracted growing interest from consumers and the food industry due to their multiple biological properties and technological applications. Nevertheless, conventional extraction techniques based on thermal technologies can compromise both the recovery and stability of anthocyanins, reducing their global yield and/or limiting their application in food systems. The current review provides an overview of the main innovative processes (e.g., pulsed electric field, microwave, and ultrasound) used to recover anthocyanins from agri-food waste/by-products and the mechanisms involved in anthocyanin extraction and their impacts on the stability of these compounds. Moreover, trends and perspectives of anthocyanins’ applications in food systems, such as antioxidants, natural colorants, preservatives, and active and smart packaging components, are addressed. Challenges behind anthocyanin implementation in food systems are displayed and potential solutions to overcome these drawbacks are proposed.

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