Evaluation of Polish Wild Mushrooms as Beta-Glucan Sources

Mushroom beta-glucans show immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant features. Numerous papers have been published in the last years on fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, demonstrating their various biological activities. However substantial data about beta-glucan contents in many mushroom species, especially wild mushrooms, are still missing. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to evaluate β-glucans in 18 species of wild mushrooms and three species of commercial mushrooms for comparison purposes. The contents of β-glucans were determined by the Megazyme method and with the Congo red method, which differ in analytical procedure. Among wild mushrooms, the highest mean β-glucan content assessed with the Megazyme method was found in Tricholoma portentosum (34.97 g/100 g DM), whereas with the Congo red method in Lactarius deliciosus (17.11 g/100 g DM) and Suillus grevillei (16.97 g/100 g DM). The β-glucans in wild mushrooms assessed with the Megazyme method were comparable to commercial mushrooms, whereas β-glucans assessed with the Congo red method were generally higher in wild mushrooms, especially in Russula vinosa, L. deliciosus and S. grevillei. This study indicates wild mushrooms as interesting material for β-glucan extraction for food industry and medicinal purposes.

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MOLECULAR BASED IDENTIFICATION OF BOLETUS EDULAIS FOUND IN JHARKHAND

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/13246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (08) ◽

pp. 180-184

Author(s):

Kiroom Rashmi Topno ◽

◽

Anjani Kumar Srivastava ◽

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Microscopic Study ◽

Food Industry ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Wild Mushroom ◽

Wild Mushrooms ◽

Paddy Straw ◽

Button Mushroom ◽

Mushroom Species ◽

Straw Mushroom

Food industry is dynamic and in search of innovation and nutrition content. Nutrition and food supplements demand can be fulfilled by mushroom.Agaricus(Button mushroom), Pleurotus (Oyster mushroom)and Volvariella(Paddy straw mushroom)are only popularly species cultivated and commercialized. There are many other wild mushrooms which can be commercialized with ethnomedicinal and rich nutrition content. In Jharkhand many wild mushroom species are found but they identified with many synonyms.(Srivastava and Soreng 2014) Identification is done on the basis of morphological structures and microscopic study of spores.(Pegler 1981, Wu2014) This study is to identify the wild mushroom locally called as Jamun khukhari through molecular characterization and report molecular data to NCBI GeneBank.

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Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1333

Author(s):

Hidde P. van Steenwijk ◽

Aalt Bast ◽

Alie de Boer

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Good Health ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Health Claims ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Current Status ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Beta Glucans ◽

And Function

The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition.

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Rose Flowers—A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer?

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11010127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Milka Mileva ◽

Yana Ilieva ◽

Gabriele Jovtchev ◽

Svetla Gateva ◽

Maya Margaritova Zaharieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Rosa Damascena ◽

Oil Sand ◽

Rosa Gallica ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Phytochemical Profile

Plants from the Rosacea family are rich in natural molecules with beneficial biological properties, and they are widely appreciated and used in the food industry, perfumery, and cosmetics. In this review, we are considering Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., and Rosa gallica L. as raw materials important for producing commercial products, analyzing and comparing the main biological activities of their essential oils, hydrolates, and extracts. A literature search was performed to find materials describing (i) botanical characteristics; (ii) the phytochemical profile; and (iii) biological properties of the essential oil sand extracts of these so called “old roses” that are cultivated in Bulgaria, Turkey, India, and the Middle East. The information used is from databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Roses have beneficial healing properties due to their richness of beneficial components, the secondary metabolites as flavonoids (e.g., flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins), fragrant components (essential oils, e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes), and hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Rose essential oils and extracts with their therapeutic properties—as respiratory antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants, and antioxidants—are able to act as symptomatic prophylactics and drugs, and in this way alleviate dramatic sufferings during severe diseases.

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Graphene oxide hydrogel improved sensitivity in one-dimensional photonic crystals for detection of beta-glucan

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra12155h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (94) ◽

pp. 77211-77216 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jiaoyu Ren ◽

Hongyun Xuan ◽

Cihui Liu ◽

Chong Yao ◽

Yanxi Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Photonic Crystals ◽

Congo Red ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

New Approach ◽

One Dimensional

This study establishes a new approach to quantify beta-glucan in oats by combining the dye Congo red with 1DPhCs with a PANI defect.

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Insights on the Functional Role of Beta-Glucans in Fungal Immunity Using Receptor-Deficient Mouse Models

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094778 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4778

Author(s):

Mark Joseph Maranan Desamero ◽

Soo-Hyun Chung ◽

Shigeru Kakuta

Keyword(s):

Mouse Models ◽

Deficient Mouse ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Downstream Signaling ◽

Beta Glucans ◽

Fungal Immunity ◽

Anti Fungal ◽

Susceptibility And Resistance ◽

Deficient Mice

Understanding the host anti-fungal immunity induced by beta-glucan has been one of the most challenging conundrums in the field of biomedical research. During the last couple of decades, insights on the role of beta-glucan in fungal disease progression, susceptibility, and resistance have been greatly augmented through the utility of various beta-glucan cognate receptor-deficient mouse models. Analysis of dectin-1 knockout mice has clarified the downstream signaling pathways and adaptive effector responses triggered by beta-glucan in anti-fungal immunity. On the other hand, assessment of CR3-deficient mice has elucidated the compelling action of beta-glucans in neutrophil-mediated fungal clearance, and the investigation of EphA2-deficient mice has highlighted its novel involvement in host sensing and defense to oral mucosal fungal infection. Based on these accounts, this review focuses on the recent discoveries made by these gene-targeted mice in beta-glucan research with particular emphasis on the multifaceted aspects of fungal immunity.

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Betalains in Edible Fruits of Three Cactaceae Taxa—Epiphyllum, Hylocereus, and Opuntia—Their LC-MS/MS and FTIR Identification and Biological Activities Evaluation

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10122669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2669

Author(s):

Michaela Barkociová ◽

Jaroslav Tóth ◽

Katarzyna Sutor ◽

Natalia Drobnicka ◽

Slawomir Wybraniec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Food Industry ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Activity Assay ◽

Natural Pigment ◽

E Coli ◽

Ft Ir

Epiphyllum, Hylocereus, and Opuntia plants belong to the Cactaceae family. They are mostly known as ornamental plants but also for their edible fruits, which can potentially be sources of betalains, such as betanin, a natural pigment used in the food industry, e.g., under the European label code E 162. The aim of this work was the identification of betalains (using LC-MS/MS), evaluation of total betalain content (spectrophotometrically), analysis of functional groups (using FT-IR), evaluation of antioxidant activity (using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, DCFH-DA, and reducing power methods) and evaluation of antimicrobial activity (S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans) in fruits of Epiphyllum, Hylocereus, and Opuntia taxa. A total of 20 betalains were identified in the studied Cactaceae fruits. The Epiphyllum pink hybrid had the highest values of total betalains amongst all samples. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the Epiphyllum pink hybrid, in Opuntia zacuapanensis and O. humifusa fruits. The antimicrobial activity assay showed that cacti fruits were not able to effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, or C. albicans. Our results prove that these fruits are good sources of natural pigments—betalains. They do not contain toxic compounds in significant amounts and they exhibit antioxidant activity.

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The Influence of Genotype and Environment on Arabinoxylan and Beta-glucan Contents in Grain of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201462030553 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 553-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pavel Macháň ◽

Jaroslava Ehrenbergerová ◽

Radim Cerkal ◽

Karolína Benešová ◽

Kateřina Vaculová

Keyword(s):

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Spring Variety ◽

Beta Glucans ◽

Growing Environment

Arabinoxylan and beta-glucan contents are limiting factors for a wider use of barley production. Arabinoxylan and beta-glucan contents were assessed in grain samples in sets of seven malting hulled varieties, three hull-less lines and one hull-less spring variety grown in the localities of Branišovice, Žabčice, and Kroměříž in 2009 to 2011. Further, the effect of growing technologies on the level of these non-starch polysaccharides was studied. Variability of arabinoxylan contents was affected most significantly by a genotype and growing technology whereas variability of beta-glucan contents was mostly affected by a genotype and growing environment (interaction of year with locality). The highest values of arabinoxylans and beta-glucans were determined in the grain samples of hull-less lines (KM 1057: 6.16% of arabinoxylans and KM 2084: 6.41% of beta-glucans) and on the contrary, the lowest values of arabinoxylans were found in the grain of hull-less variety AF Lucius (3.85%) and lowest amounts of beta-glucans were found in malting variety Radegast (3.92%). The samples of the growing technology without fungicide treatment had on average more arabinoxylans and beta-glucans than the fungicide non-treated ones.

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Impact of yeast sediment beta-glucans on the quality indices of yoghurt

Food systems ◽

10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-1-12-18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

A. I. Chirsanova ◽

A. V. Boistean ◽

N. Chiseliță ◽

R. Siminiuc

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Control Sample ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Food Category ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Beta Glucans ◽

Low Glycemic Index

The objective of the study was to investigate the potential application of beta-glucans obtained from yeast sediment resulting from the manufacture of local Viorica wine (2018 harvest). To determine the amount of beta-glucans in the yeast sediment, two were used: the calculation method and the laboratory method, obtaining similar quantities, 29.92 ± 0.47 and 28.17 ± 0.32 respectively. The beta -glucans obtained were incorporated in various concentrations (0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3%; 0.4% and 0.5%) in the yogurt obtained from skimmed milk. The effect of beta-glucan addition on the physicochemical properties of freshly prepared yogurts was investigated. The addition of beta-glucans positively influenced the formation of the gel relay resulting in a decrease in the fermentation time of yogurt. The final pH point of 4.5 was reached one hour earlier (in 4 hours) compared to the control sample (in 5 hours). The results showed that there are no significant changes in physicochemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, viscosity and syneresis). The results obtained report that beta-glucans can be used as a thickening agent for low-fat yogurts by shortening the fermentation period and not essentially changing the sensory characteristics. Experimental results showed that the glycemic index of yogurt samples with the addition of beta-glucans have similar values in the range of 28-30. Respectively, the yogurts under study are attributed to food category with low glycemic index.

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The Use of Essential Oils in Active Food Packaging: A Review of Recent Studies

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1799-1804.2640 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 1799

Author(s):

Muhammad Zeeshan Akram ◽

Sema Yaman Fırıncıoğlu ◽

Hassan Jalal ◽

Sibel Canoğulları Doğan

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Food Industry ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Food Additives ◽

Biodegradable Films ◽

Processed Food ◽

Active Food Packaging

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

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Chemical Components and Biological Activities of the Genus Phyllanthus: A Review of the Recent Literature

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23102567 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2567 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Muhammad Nisar ◽

Junwei He ◽

Arsalan Ahmed ◽

Youxin Yang ◽

Mingxi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Underdeveloped Countries ◽

The Family ◽

Males And Females ◽

Loss Of Appetite ◽

The Tropics

Medicinal plants have served humans since prehistoric times to treat various ailments. Both developed and underdeveloped countries rely on traditional systems of medication using natural sources from plants. Phyllanthus is one of the largest genus in the family Phyllanthaceae, comprising over 700 well known species cosmopolitan in distribution mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Phyllanthus species are being in constant used in traditional medications to cure an array of human diseases (constipation, inhalation related, arthritis, loss of appetite, injuries, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, running nose, common cold, malaria, blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes mellitus, dysentery, indigestion, fever, gout, gonorrheal diseases of males and females, skin itching, jaundice, hepatic disorders, leucorrhea, vaginitis, menstrual irregularities, obesity, stomach pains, and tumors), confectionaries, food industry, and in some pesticides. Phyllanthus species are rich in diversity of phytochemicals e.g., tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, glycosidic compounds, saponins, and flavones etc. More in depth studies are a direly needed to identify more compounds with specific cellular functions to treat various ailments.

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