scholarly journals Cannabidiol in Neurological and Neoplastic Diseases: Latest Developments on the Molecular Mechanism of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4294
Author(s):  
Marcin Ożarowski ◽  
Tomasz M. Karpiński ◽  
Aleksandra Zielińska ◽  
Eliana B. Souto ◽  
Karolina Wielgus
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Molecular Mechanism Of Action

As the major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD) is regarded as one of the most promising therapeutic agents due to its proven effectiveness in clinical trials for many human diseases. Due to the urgent need for more efficient pharmacological treatments for several chronic diseases, in this review, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of CBD for Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and neurological cancers. Due to its wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties), CBD is considered a multimodal drug for the treatment of a range of neurodegenerative disorders, and various cancer types, including neoplasms of the neural system. The different mechanisms of action of CBD are here disclosed, together with recent progress in the use of this cannabis-derived constituent as a new therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Nature-Inspired Unnatural Cannabinoids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2914
Author(s):  
Kevin J. H. Lim ◽  
Yan Ping Lim ◽  
Yossa D. Hartono ◽  
Maybelle K. Go ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Orphan Receptors ◽  
Complex Chemical ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Wide Range

Natural products make up a large proportion of medicine available today. Cannabinoids from the plant Cannabis sativa is one unique class of meroterpenoids that have shown a wide range of bioactivities and recently seen significant developments in their status as therapeutic agents for various indications. Their complex chemical structures make it difficult to chemically synthesize them in efficient yields. Synthetic biology has presented a solution to this through metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Through genetic manipulation, rare phytocannabinoids that are produced in low yields in the plant can now be synthesized in larger quantities for therapeutic and commercial use. Additionally, an exciting avenue of exploring new chemical spaces is made available as novel derivatized compounds can be produced and investigated for their bioactivities. In this review, we summarized the biosynthetic pathways of phytocannabinoids and synthetic biology efforts in producing them in heterologous hosts. Detailed mechanistic insights are discussed in each part of the pathway in order to explore strategies for creating novel cannabinoids. Lastly, we discussed studies conducted on biological targets such as CB1, CB2 and orphan receptors along with their affinities to these cannabinoid ligands with a view to inform upstream diversification efforts.

scholarly journals ETHNOBOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NEPENTHES SPECIES: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Babaji Sanusi ◽  
Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar ◽  
Maryati Mohamed ◽  
Siti Fatimah Sabran ◽  
Muhammad Murtala Mainasara
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Gastrointestinal Discomfort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Ethnobotanical Uses

The genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine for a long time in India and Southeast Asia countries. They are used in the treatment of leprosy, cholera, night blindness, gastrointestinal discomfort, dysentery, stomachache, and bed-wetting among others. This review highlights the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of both crude extracts and pure bioactive compounds of Nepenthes spp. The phytochemical compounds isolated from Nepenthes species include flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids among other phytochemicals. A wide range of pharmacological activities was exhibited by the crude extracts and pure bioactive components such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activities. This review revealed that many active compounds are present in Nepenthes spp. However, many pharmacological screenings such as anticancer, antiviral, wound healing, antihelminthic, antidiarrheal properties, among others have not been carried out yet. Therefore, more biological investigations and phytochemical screenings are required to fully explore the genus Nepenthes which may lead to development of new therapeutic agents.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of Substituted Pyrazole-Based Kinase Inhibitors in One Decade (2011–2020): Current Status and Future Prospects

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Mohammed I. El-Gamal ◽  
Seyed-Omar Zaraei ◽  
Moustafa M. Madkour ◽  
Hanan S. Anbar
Keyword(s):  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pyrazole Derivatives ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Almost All

Pyrazole has been recognized as a pharmacologically important privileged scaffold whose derivatives produce almost all types of pharmacological activities and have attracted much attention in the last decades. Of the various pyrazole derivatives reported as potential therapeutic agents, this article focuses on pyrazole-based kinase inhibitors. Pyrazole-possessing kinase inhibitors play a crucial role in various disease areas, especially in many cancer types such as lymphoma, breast cancer, melanoma, cervical cancer, and others in addition to inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. In this article, we reviewed the structural and biological characteristics of the pyrazole derivatives recently reported as kinase inhibitors and classified them according to their target kinases in a chronological order. We reviewed the reports including pyrazole derivatives as kinase inhibitors published during the past decade (2011–2020).

scholarly journals Advances in Studies on the Pharmacological Activities of Fucoxanthin

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Han Xiao ◽  
Jiarui Zhao ◽  
Chang Fang ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
Maochen Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Organ Fibrosis ◽  
Active Can

Fucoxanthin is a natural carotenoid derived mostly from many species of marine brown algae. It is characterized by small molecular weight, is chemically active, can be easily oxidized, and has diverse biological activities, thus protecting cell components from ROS. Fucoxanthin inhibits the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, promotes weight loss, acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, interacts with the intestinal flora to protect intestinal health, prevents organ fibrosis, and exerts a multitude of other beneficial effects. Thus, fucoxanthin has a wide range of applications and broad prospects. This review focuses primarily on the latest progress in research on its pharmacological activity and underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids: An Update

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica A. Jesus ◽  
João Henrique G. Lago ◽  
Márcia D. Laurenti ◽  
Eduardo S. Yamamoto ◽  
Luiz Felipe D. Passero
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Use

Triterpenoids are the most representative group of phytochemicals, as they comprise more than 20,000 recognized molecules. These compounds are biosynthesized in plants via squalene cyclization, a C30hydrocarbon that is considered to be the precursor of all steroids. Due to their low hydrophilicity, triterpenes were considered to be inactive for a long period of time; however, evidence regarding their wide range of pharmacological activities is emerging, and elegant studies have highlighted these activities. Several triterpenic skeletons have been described, including some that have presented with pentacyclic features, such as oleanolic and ursolic acids. These compounds have displayed incontestable biological activity, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal effects, which were not included in a single review until now. Thus, the present review investigates the potential use of these triterpenes against human pathogens, including their mechanisms of action, viain vivostudies, and the future perspectives about the use of compounds for human or even animal health are also discussed.

Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of the genus Nymphaea L.: A review.

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniface Pone Kamdem ◽  
Eutrophe Le Doux Kamto ◽  
Aboubakar ◽  
Dieudonné Emmanuel Pegnyemb ◽  
Ferreira Elizabeth Igne
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Background: Plants from the genus Nymphaea L. have been used for decades to treat various diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea, uterine cancer, gonorrhea, inflammation conditions, among others. The present study aims to critically analyze comprehensive literature on ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Nymphaea L. Methods: The available information on Nymphaea L. was obtained from textbooks, theses, as well as published articles through libraries, and electronic databases. Results: More than 150 compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, miscellaneous compounds, etc. were identified from Nymphaea L. extracts and pure molecules from Nymphaea L. exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cytotoxic, among others. Conclusion: Referring to in vitro and in vivo studies, Nymphaea sp. are very promising medicinal plants, however, more in vivo experiments, cytotoxicity tests, and detailed mechanisms of action of their extracts, and compounds are recommended to confirm their ethnomedicinal claims into scientific rationale-based information.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stromal cells: what have we learned so far about their therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Amadeo ◽  
Katherine Trivino Cepeda ◽  
James Littlewood ◽  
Bettina Wilm ◽  
Arthur Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been found to be safe and effective in a wide range of animal models of human disease. MSCs have been tested in thousands of clinical trials, but results show that while these cells appear to be safe, they tend to lack efficacy. This has raised questions about whether animal models are useful for predicting efficacy in patients. However, a problem with animal studies is that there is a lack of standardisation in the models and MSC therapy regimes used; there appears to be publication bias towards studies reporting positive outcomes; and the reproducibility of results from animal experiments tends not to be confirmed prior to clinical translation. A further problem is that while some progress has been made towards investigating the mechanisms of action (MoA) of MSCs, we still fail to understand how they work. To make progress, it is important to ensure that prior to clinical translation, the beneficial effects of MSCs in animal studies are real and can be repeated by independent research groups. We also need to understand the MoA of MSCs to assess whether their effects are likely to be beneficial across different species. In this review, we give an overview of the current clinical picture of MSC therapies and discuss what we have learned from animal studies. We also give a comprehensive update of what we know about the MoA of MSCs, particularly in relation to their role in immunomodulation.

scholarly journals Recent Updates on the Synthesis of Bioactive Quinoxaline-Containing Sulfonamides

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5702
Author(s):  
Ali Irfan ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Fozia Batool ◽  
Haseeba Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sulfonamide Group

Quinoxaline is a privileged pharmacophore that has broad-spectrum applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacology and pharmaceutics. Similarly, the sulfonamide moiety is of considerable interest in medicinal chemistry, as it exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, the therapeutic potential and biomedical applications of quinoxalines have been enhanced by incorporation of the sulfonamide group into their chemical framework. The present review surveyed the literature on the preparation, biological activities and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of quinoxaline sulfonamide derivatives due to their broad range of biomedical activities, such as diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, neuropharmacological, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anticancer action. The current biological diagnostic findings in this literature review suggest that quinoxaline-linked sulfonamide hybrids are capable of being established as lead compounds; modifications on quinoxaline sulfonamide derivatives may give rise to advanced therapeutic agents against a wide variety of diseases.

scholarly journals Sinensetin: An Insight on Its Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action and Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Han Jie ◽  
Ibrahim Jantan ◽  
Syaratul Dalina Yusoff ◽  
Juriyati Jalil ◽  
Khairana Husain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Wide Range

Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid found in Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus and several citrus fruits, has been found to possess strong anticancer activities and a variety of other pharmacological benefits and promising potency in intended activities with minimal toxicity. This review aims to compile an up-to-date reports of published scientific information on sinensetin pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. The present findings about the compound are critically analyzed and its prospect as a lead molecule for drug discovery is highlighted. The databases employed for data collection are mainly through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. In-vitro and in-vivo studies showed that sinensetin possessed strong anticancer activities and a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-dementia and vasorelaxant activities. The studies provided some insights on its several mechanisms of action in cancer and other disease states. However, more detail mechanistic studies are needed to understand its pharmacological effects. More in vivo studies in various animal models including toxicity, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioavailability studies are required to assess its efficacy and safety before submission to clinical studies. In this review, an insight on sinensetin pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action serves as a useful resource for a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of sinensetin as a potential lead candidate for drug discovery.

Antipyretic Activity of the Root Extracts of Xylocarpus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumar Y ◽  
Pranitha D ◽  
Phaneendra D ◽  
Madhava Reddy Ch
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Various types of conditions exist in the body that causes fever and pain. Drugs that are used to treat fever are called antipyretics, and those are usually prescribed to treat elevated body temperature. But those drugs result in many other side effects like ulcers, perforations, bleedings and obstructions, which make their use questionable and limiting. Medicinal plants are used in the treatment of diseases from the starting of the human race and the process; they had been subjected to rigorous investigations and tests to establish a scientific proof and validation of the various pharmacological activities and their respective mechanisms of action in treating the herbs. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of the plant, Xylocarpus mekongesis was investigated for its antipyretic activity in yeast method and 3doses out of which 00mg/kg body weight showed a better activity compared to the standard drug and other extracts too. The mechanism of action was similar to the paracetamol action that is inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document