Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Use and Burnout: Optimism as a Mediator in Spanish Nurses

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between burnout, the use of drugs (anxiolytics and antidepressants) and optimism in nurses. At the end of 2018, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with a sample of actively employed nurses recruited by snowball sampling. The sample consisted of 1432 nurses in Andalusia (Spain), aged 22–58, who were working at the time of data collection, 83.2% of whom were women. Data were collected anonymously in an ad hoc questionnaire about sociodemographic information and use of anxiolytics and/or antidepressives: the Brief Burnout Questionnaire—Revised for Nurses (CBB-R) and the Life Orientation Test—Revised (LOT-R). Descriptive, mediation and moderation analyses were performed, with significant results having a p-value less than 0.05. The results on burnout showed significant relationships with use of the drugs. In particular, personal impact, job dissatisfaction and motivational abandonment were positively related to use of certain of the anxiolytics and antidepressants presented, while the correlation with the social climate was negative. Furthermore, optimism correlated negatively with drug use. Knowing that optimism can alleviate the repercussions of the use of drugs opens up new lines of research and the possibility of developing programs aimed at promoting a positive disposition in the face of complicated events.

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Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Ghana

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20220124 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 175-187

Author(s):

Sumani Abdul-Manan ◽

Alhassan Iddrisu Abdullai ◽

Buhari Gunu Yussif

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

P Value ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccine Acceptance ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Social Media Platforms

Background: A proven strategy for saving lives from vaccine-preventable diseases is the timely vaccination of the people. In Ghana, there is considerable hesitation about the Covid-19 vaccines due to anxieties and uncertainties about their safety. With varying perceptions and believes being developed about Covid-19 vaccines, there is a likely negative effect on vaccine acceptance or otherwise. This study aims to ascertain the levels of acceptance of potential Covid-19 vaccine among Ghanaian adults, to identify predictors of vaccine acceptance or hesitance. Methodology: A web based cross-sectional survey conducted among Ghanaians above 18 years, conducted between the month of February and March, 2021. Data were collected by administering online google forms (Questionnaire). The questionnaire was shared through social media platforms. A snowball sampling technique was used where researchers shared google forms to close friends and family. Analyses were conducted at p-value <0.05 using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and logistic regression. Results: A total of 350 responses were achieved by end of data collection. Out of these, only 348 were considered for analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Majority of the respondents (65.2%) were male, a third (30%) of them live in rural areas and about 57.5% were married. Factors such as age, educational level, prior vaccine acceptance history, personal vulnerability and self-feeling of health were significantly associated with covid-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: The results depict low acceptance rate for potential covid-19 vaccine among Ghanaians. Government and MoH should engage the media on its role in combating misinformation with regards the Covid-19 vaccine. Key words: coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), vaccine, hesitance, acceptance.

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Attitudes of Teenage Mothers towards Pregnancy and Childbirth

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17041411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 1411

Author(s):

Agnieszka Bałanda-Bałdyga ◽

Anna Bogusława Pilewska-Kozak ◽

Celina Łepecka-Klusek ◽

Grażyna Stadnicka ◽

Beata Dobrowolska

Keyword(s):

Dispositional Optimism ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Teenage Mothers ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Orientation Test ◽

Life Orientation ◽

Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽

Early Motherhood ◽

Age Attitudes ◽

Orientation Test

The problem of early motherhood is still a serious medical and social problem in many countries around the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the attitudes of teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted with the use of an original questionnaire containing a test to measure attitudes on a five-point Likert scale and a Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) to assess dispositional optimism. The study involved 308 teenage mothers between 13 and 19 years of age. Attitudes of teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth were more often positive (90.6%) than negative (9.4%). Sociodemographic features determining the attitudes of teenage mothers towards both their pregnancy and childbirth included their age, marital status, current occupation, and main source of income. The type of attitude adopted by teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth was significantly related to the level of their dispositional optimism.

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Association between Optimism, Psychosocial Well Being and Oral Health: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.200 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 200-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G Thiruvenkadam ◽

Sharath Asokan ◽

J Baby John ◽

PR Geetha Priya

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Psychosocial Outcomes ◽

Well Being ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Orientation Test ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the association of optimism and psychosocial well being of school going children on their oral health status. Study design: The study included 12- to 15-year-old school going children (N = 2014) from Tamilnadu, India. Optimism was measured using the revised version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). A questionnaire was sent to the parents regarding their child's psychosocial behavior which included shyness, feeling inferiority, unhappiness and friendliness. Clinical examination for each child was done to assess the DMFT score and OHI-S score. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test, Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test with the aid of SPSS software (version 17). Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Boys with high optimism had significantly lesser DMFT score than the boys with low optimism (p=0.001). Girls with high optimism had significantly higher DMFT score (p=0.001). In psychosocial outcomes, inferiority (p=0.002) and friendliness (p=0.001) showed significant association with DMFT score. Among the boys, children who felt less inferior (p=0.001), less unhappy (p=0.029) and more friendly (p=0.001) had lesser DMFT score. Conclusion: Among the psychosocial outcomes assessed, inferiority and friendliness had significant association with oral health of the children and hence, can be used as a proxy measures oral health.

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PREDICTORS OF UPTAKE OF A POTENTIAL COVID-19 VACCINE AMONG NIGERIAN ADULTS

10.1101/2020.12.28.20248965 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Oluwatemitope Olomofe ◽

Victor Kehinde Soyemi ◽

Bolaji Felicia Udomah ◽

Adeyinka Olabisi Owolabi ◽

Emmanuel Eziashi Ajumuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Capital City ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

P Value ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vaccination History ◽

The Face ◽

Level Of Significance

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic is not abating and there is no approved treatment yet. The development of vaccines is hoped to help in addressing this disease outbreak. However, in the face of anti-vaccines uprise, it is important to understand the factors that may influence the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines as this will influence how successful the fight against COVID-19 will be in the long term.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 776 adult Nigerians (age ≥18 years) was conducted in the 36 States of Nigeria and the Capital City with online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 5 sections: socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, respondent’s knowledge of COVID-19, respondents risk perception of COVID-19, vaccination history of respondents, and willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Descriptive analysis of variables was done and multivariate analysis using logistic regression was carried out to determine the predictors of uptake of a potential COVID-19 vaccine. The level of significance was predetermined at a p-value < 0.05. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 21.ResultsMost of the respondents were male (58.1%). Most participants were willing to take a potential COVID-19 vaccine (58.2%), while 19.2% would not take it with 22.6% indecisive. 53.5% would prefer a single dose COVID-19 vaccine. For vaccine uptake, being male (p= 0.002) and the perception that “vaccines are good” (p< 0.001) were the positive predictor of uptake of a potential COVID-19 vaccine.ConclusionMost Nigerians were willing to take a potential COVID-19 vaccine with the male gender and perception that “vaccines are good” being positive predictors. There is a need for public enlightenment aim at encouraging those that are indecisive or averse to receiving COVID-19 vaccines.

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The role of job and personal resources in alleviating dentists’ emotional dissonance in dental clinics of Hyderabad: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202996 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 2672

Author(s):

S. Vishnu Priya ◽

M. Shakeel Anjum ◽

G. Hariprasad ◽

T. Sravya ◽

T. Sai Pravalika ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Emotional Dissonance ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Orientation Test ◽

Life Orientation ◽

Dental Clinics ◽

State Of Mind ◽

Orientation Test ◽

Item Scale

Background: ‘Emotional dissonance’ (the discrepancy between the felt and expressed emotions) could occur in dentistry due to the challenge of pacifying patients irrespective of the dentist’s state of mind and could influence their performance. The presence of certain factors could minimize this though. Our aim was to examine the role of ‘optimism’ and ‘relation with colleagues’ in buffering the effect of emotional dissonance on the performance of dentists.Methods: Emotional dissonance’ was evaluated among 390 dentists of Hyderabad using Zapf scale; ‘optimism’ using 3-items adapted from ‘The Life Orientation Test (LOT)’, ‘relation with colleagues’ assessed with a self-constructed 4-item scale and the ‘performance of a dentist’ using 6 items picked from Goodman scale. Regression analysis was done using SPSS 24, to predict the influence of ‘optimism’ and ‘relation with colleagues’ on the ‘performance’ of dentists in dissonance.Results: Emotional dissonance was found to be negatively related to dentists’ performance. ‘Optimism’ (p=0.018) and ‘relation with colleagues’ (p=0.039) significantly predicted their performance when under dissonance, but in the negative direction.Conclusions: The results necessitate the need to identify various resources to handle dissonance owing to its intensity found in the present study.

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Psychological Correlates of Civilian Preparedness for Conflicts

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2016.163 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 451-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Moran Bodas ◽

Maya Siman-Tov ◽

Shulamith Kreitler ◽

Kobi Peleg

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

Threat Perception ◽

Future Research ◽

Behavioral Models ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Psychological Constructs ◽

Life Orientation Test ◽

Life Orientation ◽

Ego Defenses ◽

Low Levels

ABSTRACTObjectivesPreparedness for emergencies and disasters is imperative for public resilience. Previous studies have revealed low levels of civilian preparedness for conflicts. Classic behavioral models prove inapt in describing preparedness patterns in victimized populations chronically exposed to this threat. In an effort to expand this perspective, we hypothesized that other psychological constructs are correlated with preparedness.MethodsA cross-sectional, Internet-based study was performed in Israel in early 2016. A sociodemographically diverse sample included 385 participants, Jews and Arabs. The tools included a preparedness index, sense of preparedness questionnaire, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Life Orientation Test, Behavioral Inhibition & Activation System scales, and ego defenses.ResultsThe results suggested that optimistic and rational individuals reported significantly higher levels of preparedness, whereas those who scored highly on the trait anxiety scale and those with a tendency to use denial coping mechanisms reported significantly lower levels of preparedness.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that additional constructs, other than classic threat perception components, might play a key role in governing preparedness behavior. In particular, psychological manipulation of dispositional optimism or optimistic thinking might be effective in motivating preparedness behavior. Future research should explore such innovative ways to promoting preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:451–459)

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Hubungan Stress Dan Kebersihan Wajah Terhadap Kejadian Akne Vulgaris Pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Malahayati

Malahayati Nursing Journal ◽

10.33024/manuju.v3i1.3398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Resati Nando Panonsih ◽

Ratna Purwaningrum ◽

Arief Efendi ◽

Wafiq Desarta

Keyword(s):

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Medical Faculty ◽

P Value ◽

Test Results ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Face ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Akne Vulgaris

ABSTRACT: RELATIONSHIP OF STRESS AND FACE CLEANLINESS TO THE EVENT OF VULGARIS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS MALAHAYATI Background: Acne vulgaris is a disorder of the sebaceous follicles specifically associated with hair follicles and sebaceous glands are the most common found on the face, chest, and back. Acne vulgaris associated with facial cleanliness and psychological stress. Objective: This research is aiming to know reletionship of stress and hygiene face of acne vulgaris in malahayati university medical faculty student.Methods: This study using cross sectional method. Subjects consisted of 324 respondents using questionnaires and physical examination.Result: Statistical test results are obtained p-value=0,000 which means p<α (Ho rejected and Ha accepted) so it can be concluded that there is a stress relationship to the onse of acne vulgaris. An OR score of 26,414, cause stress with respondents had a 26,414 times greater chance of akne vulgaris than those who did not experience stress. Statistical test results are obtained p-value=0.000 with an OR value of 3,452.Conclusion: There is a relationship of stress and facial hygiene to the incidence of akne vulgaris in students of the university's medical faculty instead. Keywords :Acne vulgaris, stress, facial cleanline INTISARI: HUBUNGAN STRESS DAN KEBERSIHAN WAJAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN AKNE VULGARIS PADA MAHASISWA KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MALAHAYATI Latar belakang :Akne vulgaris adalah suatu kelainan dari folikel sebasea berupa komedo khusus yang berkaitan dengan folikel rambut dan kelenjar sebasea yang tersering dijumpai pada wajah, dada, dan punggung. Akne vulgaris berhubungan dengan kebersihan wajah dan stres psikologis.Selain stres, kebersihan wajah juga merupakan salah satu faktor timbulnya akne vulgaris.Tujuan :Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan stres dan kebersihan wajah terhadap kerjadian akne vulgaris pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas malahayatiMetode :Penelitian ini menggunakan metode crossectional. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 324 responden dengan menggunakan kusioner dan pemeriksaan fisik pada responden.Hasil : Hasil uji statistik diperoleh p-value=0,000 yang berarti p<α (Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima) maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan stress terhadap terjadinya acne vulgaris.Dengan nilai OR 26,414 berarti responden stress memiliki peluang 26,414 kali lebih besar untuk terjadinya akne vulgaris dibandingkan responden yang tidak mengalami stress.Hasil uji statistik diperoleh p-value=0,000 dengan nilai OR 3,452.Kesimpulan :Adahubungan stres dan kebersihan wajah terhadap kejadian aknevulgaris pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas malahayati Kata kunci: akne vulgaris, stres, kebersihan wajah

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FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KESIAPSIAGAAN REMAJA PADA KEJADIAN BENCANA DI SMP N 1 SELO KABUPATEN BOYOLALI

Jurnal Kebidanan ◽

10.35872/jurkeb.v11i02.406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Triani Yuliastanti ◽

Novita Nurhidayati

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Junior High School ◽

Disaster Preparedness ◽

Junior High ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Face ◽

Class Viii

ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Bencana merupakan sebuah peristiwa fisik, fenomena atau aktivitas manusia yang memiliki potensi merusak yang menyebabkan kehilangan nyawa atau cedera, kerusakan harta benda, struktur. Tinggal di negara rawan bencana membuat masyarakat harus selalu siaga dalam menghadapi bencana. SMP Negeri 1 Selo adalah salah satu SMP yang terkena dampak erupsi Merapi tahun 2010. SMP ini berada di Kecamatan Selo, jarak sekolah ini sekitar 10km dari puncak Merapi. Saat erupsi Merapi tahun 2010 sekitar 600 siswa dan guru mengungsi karena adanya gempa, hujan abu vulkanik dan lahar panas yang turun dari puncak. Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesiapsiagaan remaja pada kejadian bencana di SMP N 1 Selo Kabupaten Boyolali. Metode Penelitian : Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei yang sifatnya deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII dan IX yang berjumlah 311 murid di SMP Negeri 1 Selo. Sampel menggunakan rumus sampel dengan jumlah 76 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Proportionate Stratified Random Sampel. Instrumen penelitian adalah kuesioner. Pengolahan data menggunakan analisa data chi Square. Hasil Penelitian : Responden dalam penelitian ini sebagian besar berumur 15 tahun yaitu 33 responden (43,7%), mayoritas memiliki jenis kelamin perempuan dan sebagian besar responden kelas IX. Kesiapsiagaan dalam menghadapi bencana mayoritas responden siap dalam menghadapi bencana yaitu 57 responden (75,0%). Ada hubunganantara umur dengan kesiapsiagaan dalam menghadapi bencana dengan p value =0,000 (?=0,05). Ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan kesiapsiagaan dalam menghadapi bencana dengan p value =0,015 (?=0,05). Ada hubung anantara kelas dengan kesiapsiagaan dalam menghadapi bencana dengan p value =0,001 (?=0,05). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan umur, jenis kelamin dan kelas dengan kesiapsiagaan dalam menghadapi bencana.Kata kunci : Umur, Jenis kelamin, Kelas, Kesiapsiagaan menghadapi bencanaFACTORS RELATING TO PREPAREDNESS TEENAGERS IN A DISASTER IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 SELO BOYOLALI DISTRICTABSTRACTBackground: A disaster is a physical event, phenomenon or human activity that has the potential to damage it causing loss of life or injury, damage to property, structures. Living in a disaster-prone country means that people must always be prepared in the face of disasters. SMP Negeri 1 Selo is one of the junior high schools affected by the Merapi eruption in 2010. This junior high school is located in Selo District, the distance of this school is about 10 km from the peak of Merapi. During the eruption of Merapi in 2010, around 600 students and teachers were displaced due to the earthquake, rain of volcanic ash and hot lava that fell from the summit. Research Objectives: To determine the factors related to the preparedness of adolescents in the event of a disaster in SMP N 1 Selo, Boyolali Regency. Methods: This research design is a survey research which is descriptive analytic with cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were students of class VIII and IX, amounting to 311 students at SMP Negeri 1 Selo. The sample used a sample formula with a total of 76 respondents. The sampling technique in this study was the Proportionate Stratified Random Sample. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data processing using chi Square data analysis. Results: Most of the respondents in this study were 15 years old, namely 33 respondents (43.7%), the majority were female and most of the respondents were class IX. Preparedness in facing disasters, the majority of respondents were ready to face disasters, namely 57 respondents (75.0%). There is a relationship between age and disaster preparedness with p value = 0.000 (? = 0.05). There is a relationship between gender and disaster preparedness with p value = 0.015 (? = 0.05). There is a relationship between classes and preparedness in facing disasters with p value = 0.001 (? = 0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between age, sex and class with disaster preparedness.Keywords: Age, gender, class, disaster preparedness

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THE OCCURRENCE OF OBESITY AMONG STUDENT AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LAMPUNG-INDONESIA

Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science ◽

10.33024/minh.v1i1.849 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 17-25

Author(s):

Linawati Novikasari ◽

Analia Kunang ◽

Vierto Irennius Girsang

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Elementary School ◽

Food Intake ◽

Fast Food ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

P Value ◽

Public Health Services ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Knowing That ◽

Activity Factor

Background: Fast food is one that causes the risk of obesity and cause health problems. Nowadays, the occurrence of obesity in children tends to increase, and many other factors that can make obesity in children.Purpose: Knowing that factors associated with occurrence of obesity among student in Elementary School (Sekolah Dasar Negeri 2) Labuhan Bandar Lampung 2018Methods: This research was quantitative with cross sectional approach. Population in this research is all student at Elementary School (Sekolah Dasar Negeri 2) Labuhan Dalam Bandar Lampung with the sample of 63 respondents (simple random sampling).Results: Finding, genetic factor were 33 (52,4%) respondents with p-value 0,001, food intake factor 35 (55,6%) respondent with p-value 0,010 and physical activity factor 32 (50,8%) respondent with p-value 0,007.Conclusion: There is a relationship between genetic factors, food intake factor and physical activity factor with the occurrence of obesity among student in Elementary School (Sekolah Dasar Negeri 2) Labuhan Bandar Lampung 2018. Suggestion, this research could be used as base data, also need to do another research with number of respondent and different method. School management to report to public health services (Puskesmas) to provide nutritionist to give health education to student about obesity.

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Perceived stress and generalized anxiety in the Indian population due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.26371.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

Naina Wakode ◽

Santosh Wakode ◽

John Santoshi

Keyword(s):

Perceived Stress ◽

Indian Population ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Level Of Education ◽

The Future

Background: Research on the psychosocial toll of the COVID-19 pandemic is being conducted in various countries. This study aimed to examine stress levels and causal stressors for perceived stress and generalized anxiety in the Indian population related to the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 300 adults were invited to participate in the online study via snowball and virtual snowball sampling. They were requested to complete electronic survey forms for assessing perceived stress and anxiety, and questions related to psychosocial stressors. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical variables. Unpaired t-test was applied to compare responses based on gender, level of education, employment, and place of residence. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: In total, 257 out of the 300 invited, responded and completed the survey. Men accounted for 58% (n=149) of the respondents. Overall, 84% (n=217) of participants had moderate to severe levels of perceived stress and 88% (n=228) had moderate to severe levels of anxiety. Women, as well as those not employed, reported significantly higher perceived stress and anxiety, urban residents reported higher perceived stress, while level of education had no difference in terms of perceived stress as well as anxiety. Fear of contracting COVID-19 was the highest stressor followed by difficulties in executing a routine exercise schedule and worry about the future. Conclusion: The psychosocial impact of the nationwide lockdown on the Indian population has been high. Vulnerable groups for increased stress and anxiety include women, younger ages, and the unemployed. The stressors recognized include fear of contracting COVID-19, inability to execute a routine exercise schedule and worry about the future.

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