scholarly journals Maintaining Digestive Health in Diabetes: The Role of the Gut Microbiome and the Challenge of Functional Foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Eugenia Bezirtzoglou ◽  
Elisavet Stavropoulou ◽  
Konstantina Kantartzi ◽  
Christina Tsigalou ◽  
Chrysa Voidarou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
Genetic Impact ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Over the last decades, the incidence of diabetes has increased in developed countries and beyond the genetic impact, environmental factors, which can trigger the activation of the gut immune system, seem to affect the induction of the disease process. Since the composition of the gut microbiome might disturb the normal interaction with the immune system and contribute to altered immune responses, the restoration of normal microbiota composition constitutes a new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Thus, the interaction of gut microbiome and diabetes, focusing on mechanisms connecting gut microbiota with the occurrence of the disorder, is discussed in the present review. Finally, the challenge of functional food diet on maintaining intestinal health and microbial flora diversity and functionality, as a potential tool for the onset inhibition and management of the disease, is highlighted by reporting key animal studies and clinical trials. Early onset of the disease in the oral cavity is an important factor for the incorporation of a functional food diet in daily routine.

scholarly journals Functional Food for the Stimulation of the Immune System Against Malaria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bamgbose ◽  
Anupkumar R. Anvikar ◽  
Pilar Alberdi ◽  
Isa O. Abdullahi ◽  
Helen I. Inabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Adopting seasonal regimen (Ritucharya) to modulate the seasonal variation in gut microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepthi. R ◽  
Vandana Rani M ◽  
Delvin T. Robin ◽  
Anusree Dileep
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Application Prospects

AbstractThe science of Ayurveda with its strong and unique fundamentals holds its domain forever amidst all scientific and medical advancements. The concept of Shadkriyakala (the different phases of disease formation) holds relevance in preventive medicine and public health management as it provides ample chance to halt the disease process at each stage by timely intervention. In this review, we would like to bring to the limelight the relevance of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) in primary prevention by modulating the gut microbiota. The modern gut microbiome researches now help us to better explore the Ayurveda theories of Agni (digestive fire) and Ama (metabolic toxins) preached centuries back. Ayurveda firmly proclaims that no disease ever arises without the derangement of Agni (digestive fire). The whole preventive and treatment methodology in Ayurveda focuses upon the modulation and management of “Agni” (digestive fire). When the functioning of Agni is deranged, Ama (metabolic toxin) is produced and it vitiates the doshas which spread throughout the body and manifest as varied diseases. A biomedical perspective of our reviews suggests that dysbiosis of microbial flora can cause a leaky gut by which the toxins of deranged digestive metabolism enter the bloodstream. Consequently, an inflammatory response occurs within the body which expresses out as diseases opportunistically. We meticulously reviewed the influence of extrinsic factors namely diet and climate on human gut microbiota, and our analysis emphasises the application prospects of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), in regulating the dynamic host-microbe interaction.

The role of probiotics and postbiotics in modulating the gut microbiome-immune system axis in the pediatric age

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura CARUCCI ◽  
Serena COPPOLA ◽  
Anna LUZZETTI ◽  
Veronica GIGLIO ◽  
Jon VANDERHOOF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
System Axis

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome: The Third Musketeer in the Cancer-Immune System Cross-Talk

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Prateek Sharma ◽  
Tejeshwar Jain ◽  
Vrishketan Sethi ◽  
Srikanth Iyer ◽  
Vikas Dudeja
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Immunological and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Helminth Infections and Type 2 Diabetes Comorbidity Studies in Humans and Experimental Animals—A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8079
Author(s):  
Ekuyikeno Silas ◽  
Siyanda Ndlovu ◽  
Selaelo Ivy Tshilwane ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Helminth Infections

Animal and human studies have demonstrated that helminth infections are associated with a decreased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lack of exposure to helminth infections has been postulated to be one mechanism to explain the markedly increased prevalence of T2DM in developed countries. However, there is still paucity of information regarding the immunological interactions between helminth infections and T2DM. The study aimed at reviewing peer-reviewed articles on host immune and pathophysiological outcomes from human and laboratory animal studies of helminth infections and T2DM comorbidity. A literature search was carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCOhost databases using the following keywords; immune responses OR immune modulation of helminth infections OR parasites infections AND Type 2 diabetes comorbidity in humans AND experimental/laboratory animals. Results showed that helminth infections provided some degree of protection from the pathology associated with T2DM by modulating the surrounding cytokine and chemokine milieu in humans and animals. Whilst there is some evidence regarding the protective effects of helminth infections to T2DM in cases of comorbidity, there is paucity of research in both laboratory animals and humans, with reference to the immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms which occur during comorbidity, and these constitute gaps for future research.

scholarly journals Influence of immunological nutrition on treatment of patients with oncological profile

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
M. O. Katrichenko ◽  
I. I. Lisnyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Immunological Reactions

In the reviewed article, we consider epidemiological and laboratory data that confirm the protective effects of biologically active nutrients in our diet for various diseases. Along with various factors such as alcohol, smoking, nutrition plays a vital role in influencing the patient’s immune response by transforming cells or by preventing, or acceleration of malignancy. Many data suggest that immunoactive nutrients control inflammatory and precancerous reactions in immune cells. Immunoprophylaxis is usually associated with modulation of the immune response when inflamed, thereby improving clinical outcomes. Different nutrients, including glutamine, arginine, vitamins, minerals and long-chain fatty acids, are important components of immunological nutrition. Clinical studies associated with these substances show different results with minimal effect. However, some studies have shown that these nutrients may have immunomodulatory effects that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. Pre-clinical studies claim that most of these nutrients have a positive effect in the complex treatment of cancer patients. In this article, we will consider the effect of the above nutrients on the immune system in patients of oncologic profile. Recent evidences suggest that immunological nutrition plays an important role in the development of cancer and its progression. Data from animal studies have clearly shown that the use of immunomodulatory nutrients isolated from food, by launching a cascade of immunological reactions, can detect and eliminate the tumor. Although the technology has evolved to such an extent that we can study each individual cytokine or function of the immune cell, it is difficult to demonstrate the powerful role of the immune system in preventing or treating cancer due to the complexity of the tumor cell or heterogeneity in different patients' populations. However, the study sheds light on interactions in immune responses and cancer development, prevention and therapeutic strategies that involve modulation through biologically active agents.

scholarly journals Gender Differences and Immunotherapy Outcome in Advanced Lung Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11942
Author(s):  
Tiziana Vavalà ◽  
Annamaria Catino ◽  
Pamela Pizzutilo ◽  
Vito Longo ◽  
Domenico Galetta
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Biological Aspects

In developed countries, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both sexes. Although cigarette smoking represents the principal risk factor for lung cancer in females, the higher proportion of this neoplasm among non-smoking women as compared with non-smoking men implies distinctive biological aspects between the two sexes. Gender differences depend not only on genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors but also on the immune system, and all these aspects are closely interconnected. In the last few years, it has been confirmed that the immune system plays a fundamental role in cancer evolution and response to oncological treatments, specifically immunotherapy, with documented distinctions between men and women. Consequently, in order to correctly assess cancer responses and disease control, considering only age and reproductive status, the results of studies conducted in female patients would probably not categorically apply to male patients and vice versa. The aim of this article is to review recent data about gender disparities in both healthy subjects’ immune system and lung cancer patients; furthermore, studies concerning gender differences in response to lung cancer immunotherapy are examined.

scholarly journals Maximizing Nutrient Availability for the Breastfed Infant Through Colonization with B. Infantis EVC001 (FS04-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Shafizadeh ◽  
Steve Frese ◽  
Giorgio Casaburi
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Breastfed Infant ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Abstract Objectives Human breastmilk contains complete nutrient composition required for the developing infant, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). These complex carbohydrates are indigestible by the infant alone, and require digestion by gut microbes, namely Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). However, decades of C-section delivery, formula feeding and increasing exposure to antibiotics have contributed the loss of this critical infant-associated gut bacterium in developed countries. Therefore, restoring B. infantis to the infant gut was hypothesized to improve the nutritional utilization of human breastmilk in healthy term infants. Methods In an open trial, healthy, exclusively breastfed term infants were fed 1.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily from day 7–27 postnatal (n = 34; EVC001-fed), or breastmilk alone (n = 32; control group). Fecal samples, milk samples, and weekly self-reported data were collected and analyzed for infant gut microbiome composition and function, human milk oligosaccharide composition, and fecal metabolites. 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing provided characterization of microbial communities from birth through 60 days postnatal. Results Infants fed B. infantis EVC001 were uniformly colonized with this organism at 1011 CFU/g feces, while infants in the control group had a median total Bifidobacterium level below 10^5 CFU/g feces, despite exclusive breastfeeding. Mass spectrometry of fecal samples from B. infantis EVC001-fed infants showed that the resulting microbial community produced higher concentrations of lactate and acetate and lower excretion of HMO, while control infants showed significantly lower ability to capture and utilize these carbohydrates from human milk. Importantly, HMO content of breastmilk was not significantly different between groups and no difference was found in the gut microbiome of infants based on secretor status of mothers (presence or absence of 2’FL in breastmilk). Further, these changes were associated with reductions in taxa that have been associated with negative health outcomes including colic, asthma, eczema and allergy. Conclusions Overall, colonization with B. infantis is observed to be an effective way to restore maximal function of the infant gut microbiome to improve nutrient availability in the breastfed infant. Funding Sources This study was funded by Evolve BioSystems, Inc.

scholarly journals Nanopolyphenols: a review of their encapsulation and anti-diabetic effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa F. Rambaran
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Development ◽  
Curcumin Nanoparticles ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

AbstractPolyphenols are believed to possess numerous health benefits and can be grouped as phenolic acids, flavonoids or non-flavonoids. Research involving the synthesis of nanopolyphenols has attracted interest in the areas of functional food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development. This is in an effort to overcome current challenges which limit the application of polyphenols such as their rapid elimination, low water-solubility, instability at low pH, and their particle size. In the synthesis of nanopolyphenols, the type of nanocarrier used, the nanoencapsulation technique employed and the type of polymers that constitute the drug delivery system are crucial. For this review, all mentioned factors which can influence the therapeutic efficacy of nanopolyphenols were assessed. Their efficacy as anti-diabetic agents was also evaluated in 33 publications. Among these were phenolic acid (1), flavonoids (13), non-flavonoids (17) and polyphenol-rich extracts (2). The most researched polyphenols were quercetin and curcumin. Nanoparticles were the main nanocarrier and the size of the nanopolyphenols ranged from 15 to 333 nm with encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacities of 56–97.7% and 4.2–53.2%, respectively. The quantity of nanomaterial administered orally ranged from 1 to 300 mg/kg/day with study durations of 1–70 days. Most studies compared the effect of the nanopolyphenol to its free-form and, in all but three cases, significantly greater effects of the former were reported. Assessment of the polyphenol to understand its properties and the subsequent synthesis of its nanoencapsulated form using suitable nanocarriers, polymers and encapsulation techniques can result in effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes.

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