Petri Net Recommender System to Model Metabolic Pathway of Polyhydroxyalkanoates

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakshi Gupta ◽  
Gajendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Sunita Kumawat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Petri Nets ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Wide Range

Due to the complexity of the metabolic pathways, their modeling has been a great challenge for the researchers. Various mathematical models have been developed and are continuing to be developed to model and study metabolic pathways. In this article, the authors have described Petri nets (PNs) as a recommender system to model one of the metabolic pathways of Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Recommender systems have become an integral part of today's world. Their applications lie in the fields of e-commerce, bioinformatics and many more. Petri nets are one of the promising mathematical tools which can be treated as a recommender system to model and analyze the complex metabolic pathways of various organisms because of the representation of these pathways as graphs. The PN toolbox validates the obtained Petri net model. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, commonly known as PHAs, are biodegradable microbial polyesters and have properties quite similar to commonly used non-biodegradable plastics. Due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and eco-friendly nature, they are of biological significance and are used in various applications in wide range of sectors like medical sector, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and many more. The obtained PN model of Polyhydroxyalkanoates has been validated using PN toolbox.

scholarly journals Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications: Fucoidan and Chitosan as Key Players in the Drug Delivery Match Field

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Barbosa ◽  
Ana Joyce Coutinho ◽  
Sofia A. Costa Lima ◽  
Salette Reis
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Per Se

The use of marine-origin polysaccharides has increased in recent research because they are abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable. These features motivate their application in nanotechnology as drug delivery systems; in tissue engineering, cancer therapy, or wound dressing; in biosensors; and even water treatment. Given the physicochemical and bioactive properties of fucoidan and chitosan, a wide range of nanostructures has been developed with these polysaccharides per se and in combination. This review provides an outline of these marine polysaccharides, including their sources, chemical structure, biological properties, and nanomedicine applications; their combination as nanoparticles with descriptions of the most commonly used production methods; and their physicochemical and biological properties applied to the design of nanoparticles to deliver several classes of compounds. A final section gives a brief overview of some biomedical applications of fucoidan and chitosan for tissue engineering and wound healing.

scholarly journals Nanocellulose in Biotechnology and Medicine: Focus on Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Bacakova ◽  
Julia Pajorova ◽  
Marketa Bacakova ◽  
Anne Skogberg ◽  
Pasi Kallio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Skin Tissue Engineering ◽  
Wide Range

Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e. features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, e.g. in bacterial cellulose; nanofibers, e.g. in electrospun matrices; nanowhiskers and nanocrystals. These structures can be further assembled into bigger 2D and 3D nano-, micro- and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (Gluonacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (Cladophora) and animals (Tunicata). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology and biomedical applications, e.g. for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and dura mater, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.

scholarly journals Sputtering of Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Kadavil ◽  
Moustafa Zagho ◽  
Ahmed Elzatahry ◽  
Talal Altahtamouni
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Electrospun Fibers ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Wide Range

Electrospinning has gained wide attention recently in biomedical applications. Electrospun biocompatible scaffolds are well-known for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering applications. In this review, the synthesis of polymer-based fiber composites using an electrospinning technique is discussed. Formerly, metal particles were then deposited on the surface of electrospun fibers using sputtering technology. Key nanometals for biomedical applications including silver and copper nanoparticles are discussed throughout this review. The formulated scaffolds were found to be suitable candidates for biomedical uses such as antibacterial coatings, surface modification for improving biocompatibility, and tissue engineering. This review briefly mentions the characteristics of the nanostructures while focusing on how nanostructures hold potential for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Synthetic biodegradable elastomers for drug delivery and tissue engineering

2010 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Bettinger
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Processing Property ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Engineered Substrates

Synthetic biodegradable elastomers are an emerging class of materials with many potential clinical applications including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biodegradable elastomers offer advantages of structure diversity, tunable properties, and a wide range of processing capabilities. This review highlights some recent developments in various aspects of biodegradable materials synthesis, characterization, and processing with a specific focus on structure-processing–property relationships. Biodegradation mechanisms and issues regarding tissue biocompatibility of these materials are discussed. Applications of synthetic biodegradable elastomers, including use as a materials platform for controlled release systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and engineered substrates for in vitro cell–biomaterials interactions will also be presented.

scholarly journals Marine Seaweed Polysaccharides-Based Engineered Cues for the Modern Biomedical Sector

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal ◽  
Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
Engineering Systems ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Medical Sector

Seaweed-derived polysaccharides with unique structural and functional entities have gained special research attention in the current medical sector. Seaweed polysaccharides have been or being used to engineer novel cues with biomedical values to tackle in practice the limitations of counterparts which have become ineffective for 21st-century settings. The inherited features of seaweed polysaccharides, such as those of a biologically tunable, biocompatible, biodegradable, renewable, and non-toxic nature, urge researchers to use them to design therapeutically effective, efficient, controlled delivery, patient-compliant, and age-compliant drug delivery platforms. Based on their significant retention capabilities, tunable active units, swelling, and colloidal features, seaweed polysaccharides have appeared as highly useful materials for modulating drug-delivery and tissue-engineering systems. This paper presents a standard methodological approach to review the literature using inclusion-exclusion criteria, which is mostly ignored in the reported literature. Following that, numerous marine-based seaweed polysaccharides are discussed with suitable examples. For the applied perspectives, part of the review is focused on the biomedical values, i.e., targeted drug delivery, wound-curative potential, anticancer potentialities, tissue-engineering aspects, and ultraviolet (UV) protectant potential of seaweed polysaccharides based engineered cues. Finally, current challenges, gaps, and future perspectives have been included in this review.

scholarly journals Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Bacakova ◽  
Julia Pajorova ◽  
Marketa Bacakova ◽  
Anne Skogberg ◽  
Pasi Kallio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Skin Tissue Engineering ◽  
Wide Range

Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e., features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, found in bacterial cellulose; nanofibers, present particularly in electrospun matrices; and nanowhiskers, nanocrystals, nanorods, and nanoballs. These structures can be further assembled into bigger two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nano-, micro-, and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles, and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (Gluconacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (Cladophora), and animals (Tunicata). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology, and biomedical applications, namely for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and dura mater, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural Products

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Ángela Aguilar-de-Leyva ◽  
Vicente Linares ◽  
Marta Casas ◽  
Isidoro Caraballo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Printed

In the last few years, the employment of 3D printing technologies in the manufacture of drug delivery systems has increased, due to the advantages that they offer for personalized medicine. Thus, the possibility of producing sophisticated and tailor-made structures loaded with drugs intended for tissue engineering and optimizing the drug dose is particularly interesting in the case of pediatric and geriatric population. Natural products provide a wide range of advantages for their application as pharmaceutical excipients, as well as in scaffolds purposed for tissue engineering prepared by 3D printing technologies. The ability of biopolymers to form hydrogels is exploited in pressure assisted microsyringe and inkjet techniques, resulting in suitable porous matrices for the printing of living cells, as well as thermolabile drugs. In this review, we analyze the 3D printing technologies employed for the preparation of drug delivery systems based on natural products. Moreover, the 3D printed drug delivery systems containing natural products are described, highlighting the advantages offered by these types of excipients.

Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas V. Gaikwad ◽  
Abasaheb B. Patil ◽  
Madhuri V. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Heart Muscle Cells

Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth.  Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.

Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Xu ◽  
Shujun Dong ◽  
Yuping Han ◽  
Shuqiang Li ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

Exploring siRNA Umpired Nanogels: A Tale of Barrier Combating Carrier

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (27) ◽  
pp. 3234-3250
Author(s):  
Sushil K. Kashaw ◽  
Prashant Sahu ◽  
Vaibhav Rajoriya ◽  
Pradeep Jana ◽  
Varsha Kashaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Rapid Release ◽  
Wide Range

Potential short interfering RNAs (siRNA) modulating gene expression have emerged as a novel therapeutic arsenal against a wide range of maladies and disorders containing cancer, viral infections, bacterial ailments and metabolic snags at the molecular level. Nanogel, in the current medicinal era, displayed a comprehensive range of significant drug delivery prospects. Biodegradation, swelling and de-swelling tendency, pHsensitive drug release and thermo-sensitivity are some of the renowned associated benefits of nanogel drug delivery system. Global researches have also showed that nanogel system significantly targets and delivers the biomolecules including DNAs, siRNA, protein, peptides and other biologically active molecules. Biomolecules delivery via nanogel system explored a wide range of pharmaceutical, biomedical engineering and agro-medicinal application. The siRNAs and DNAs delivery plays a vivacious role by addressing the hitches allied with chronic and contemporary therapeutic like generic possession and low constancy. They also incite release kinetics approach from slow-release while mingling to rapid release at the targets will be beneficial as interference RNAs delivery carriers. Therefore, in this research, we focused on the latest improvements in the delivery of siRNA loaded nanogels by enhancing the absorption, stability, sensitivity and combating the hindrances in cellular trafficking and release process.

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