Magnitude and causes of visual impairment amongst school children in the Bono Region of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Opoku-Yamoah ◽  
Nishanee Rampersad ◽  
Nonkululeko T. Gcabashe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
School Children ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Allergic Conjunctivitis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Visual Health ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Information on the visual health of school children can assist in developing strategies to reduce preventable causes of visual impairment (VI) and maintain good vision.Aim: This study aimed to determine the magnitude and causes of VI amongst basic school children aged 6–16 years in the Bono Region of Ghana.Setting: The study site included five basic schools in 12 administrative districts of the Bono Region of Ghana.Methods: A multistage random sampling technique was used to enrol 645 participants from five selected public schools.Results: Overall, 1.4% of the sample had some form of VI that was worse than mild or no VI, and ocular conditions were present amongst 45.1% of the participants. Uncorrected refractive error (URE) was found amongst 9.8% of the study participants (n = 63) and was an important cause of VI. Other ocular conditions detected in the sample included allergic conjunctivitis (n = 174), cataract (n = 2) and keratoconus (n = 2). Overall, 632 (98.0%) participants recorded a visual acuity (VA) of 20/20 – 20/60, 11 (1.7%) participants had a VA of 20/60 – 20/200, 1 (0.15%) participant had a VA of 20/200 – 10/200 and 1 (0.15%) participant had a VA of 10/200.Conclusion: The presence of ocular conditions was high amongst the study participants (45.1%). However, the prevalence of VI was found to be low (1.4%) with URE being the most common cause. This study supports the need to intensify awareness of ocular conditions and/or VI in basic schools through regular vision health screening and education.

scholarly journals Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among school children in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Abdul Rauf Awan ◽  
Junaid Jamshed ◽  
Muhammad Mushtaq Khan ◽  
Zahid Latif
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
School Children ◽  
School Health ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Vision loss<strong> </strong>in childhood has serious implications in all stages of child’s growth and development. It poses social, educational and occupational challenges, with affected children being at greater risk of developing behavioral, psychological and emotional problems, lower self-esteem and poorer social integration. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and identify the causes of visual impairment and blindness in school children of UC Gojra, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan so that prevention strategies could be implemented.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a<strong> </strong>school-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among public and private schools. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting study participants aged 5-20 years from 24 schools in Muzaffarabad. The vision of school children was examined for visual acuity using standard Snellen chart. Those participants who had visual acuity of &lt;6/18 in either eye underwent a more detailed ophthalmic examination to diagnose the causes of VI. An exploration of demographic variables was conducted using Chi-square test.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of participants was 10±2.83.<strong> </strong>The prevalence of visual impairment was 19.6% and 2.3% for severe visual impairment. The age group most affected by VI was 11-15 years (74.2%). There were increased chances of developing VI with advancing age of the participants. Males contributed 88.7% of the cases of VI while females contributed only 11.3%. The class category 5-6 had higher percentage of VI cases (32.7%). Public schools contributed 52.8% of the cases of VI while for private schools the corresponding percentage was 47.2%. The leading cause of VI was refractive error (89.3%) followed by amblyopia (5.0%). Other causes of VI included cataract (1.2%), corneal disease (1.8%), strabismus (1.8%) and nystagmus (0.6%).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There is a need to implement school health policy on visual screening prior to admissions in schools and annual eye screening program for early detection and prompt treatment of eye problems among school children in Muzaffarabad.</p>

scholarly journals PERILAKU BULLYING SISWA USIA 10-12 TAHUN

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Abdul Wakhid ◽  
Nila Sari Andriani ◽  
Mona Saparwati
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
School Children ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Bullying Behavior ◽  
Survey Approach

Bullying merupakan penyalahgunaan kekuatan yang menyebabkan ketidakbahagiaan pada anak sehingga anak tidak dapat mencapai potensinya secara penuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku bullying siswa usia 10-12 Tahun di Ungaran. Desain penelitian ini deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan survei. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa usia 10-12 tahun di Ungaran, yaitu sebanyak 117 siswa dengan sampel adalah 91 siswa menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Alat pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan siswa usia 10-12 tahun sebagian besar tidak mengalami perilaku bullying (68,1%). Sebaiknya anak sekolah usia 10-12 tahun meningkatkan rasa saling menghormati dan menghargai sehingga proses belajar dapat berjalan dengan baik. Kata Kunci: Perilaku Bullying, Siswa, Usia 10-12 Tahun THE BULLYING BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL INTERACTION CAPABILITIES OF STUDENTS AGED 10-12 YEAR SOLD ABSTRACTBullying is an abuse of power that leads to unhappiness in children so that children can not reach their full potential. The purpose of this study was to describe bullying behaviorand social interaction capabilities of students aged 10-12 year sold in Ungaran. The study design was descriptive analytic with survey approach. This study population was the student saged 10-12 year sold in Ungaran, as many as 117 people where the samples were 91 students using proportionate random sampling technique. Data collecting tool used questionnaires. Analysis of the data used the frequency distribution.The results showed that students aged 10-12 years were mostly in the category of not bullying (68.1%). We recommend that school children aged 10-12 should improve mutual respect and appreciating so that the learning process can run well. Keywords           : Bullying Behavior, Students Aged  10-12 Years Old. 

scholarly journals Visual impairment and associated factors among primary school children in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 533-542
Author(s):  
Gashaw Garedew Woldeamanuel ◽  
Mohammed Derese Biru ◽  
Teshome Gensa Geta ◽  
Birhan Abera Areru
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Visual impairment is one of the major public health problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. Objective: To determine the prevalence of visual impairment and its associated factors among school children in Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in eight primary schools of Gurage Zone. A total of 1064 pupils, of whom589 boys and 475 girls were selected using multistage sampling technique. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were collected using structured questionnaires and visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors of visual impairment. Results: The prevalence of visual impairment was 5.2%. Factors significantly associated with visual impairment were age group of 13-18 years (AOR = 9.44, 95% CI = 3.83 – 23.25), school grade level of 5- 8 (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.23 – 7.17), rural residents (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.22 – 5.54), family’s monthly income of less than 2000 Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.08 – 7.61) and visually impaired parents (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.06 – 4.39). Conclusion: This study found that the prevalence of visual impairment was 5.2%. Keywords: Visual impairment; primary school children; Gurage Zone; Southern Ethiopia. 

scholarly journals Prevalence of Refractive Error and Strabismus in Primary School Children of Tehsil Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Faheem Ullah ◽  
Naheed Mahsood ◽  
Waqas Mohyuddin ◽  
Saadullah Afridi ◽  
Zia Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Public Health

OBJECTIVES: Refractive errors and strabismus continue to remain a significant public health problem. Among school children it has an impact on child development. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive error and strabismus among primary school children. METHODOLOGY: It was a cross-sectional study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the school children. Data was collected in November-December 2013. Visual impairment was defined as, presenting VA of < 6/12. A total of 2288 children (1746 boys and 542 girls) were screened from 26 randomly selected schools. Stratified sampling technique was used. Data were collected on pre-designed questionnaires and entered and analyzed by SPSS software version 16. RESULTS: The mean age of children was 8.10 + 2.3 years. About 4% children were found visually impaired. The prevalence of refractive error was found to be 5.4%, of which 88.6% was uncorrected refractive error. The prevalence of refractive error was found higher in girls than boys, 6.8% and 5.0% respectively. Among types of refractive error, myopia prevalence was 2.3%, hypermetropia prevalence was 2.0% and astigmatism prevalence was 1.1%. The prevalence of strabismus was 1.3%. Refractive error was found as a main cause of visual impairment in school children. Prevalence of strabismus among this study population is relatively low as compared to the global prevalence of 2% to 5%. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that more study to determine the extent of the problem and possible factors for development of refractive error and strabismus types are needed to mitigate these conditions.

scholarly journals Visual impairment among commercial intercity vehicle drivers in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Shehu Ibrahim ◽  
Rabiu Ibrahim Jalo ◽  
Fatimah Isma’il Tsiga-Ahmed ◽  
Hadiza Musa Abdullahi ◽  
Auwal Umar Gajida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Good vision is an essential component of safe driving and it is one of the most important requirements for commercial drivers. Little is known about the visual acuity of commercial drivers and the perceived effect on driving in our setting. The study assessed the prevalence and pattern of visual impairment among commercial intercity vehicle drivers in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 172 commercial intercity vehicle drivers in four major motor parks in Dutse. All respondent were tested for distance visual acuity using Snellen’s tumbling E chart and categorised as normal (VA≥6/12) or vision impaired (VA<6/12). Drivers with impaired vision were further assessed to determine those due to uncorrected refractive error. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. The mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 41.7 (±11.1) years. Prevalence of visual impairment was found to be 11.0% (n=19). Of those with visual impairment, majority (n=16; 84.2%) had impairment relating to uncorrected refractive errors, while the rest (n=3; 15.8%) had impairment originating from background pathology (diabetes, cataract and glaucoma). A third (32%) of the respondents had been involved in Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) in the past. However, there was no statistically significant association between visual impairment and involvement in RTA (χ²= 0.002, p= 0.90). Visual impairment mainly in the form of uncorrected refractive error was prevalent among commercial drivers in Dutse. Government and trade unions should introduce programs to ensure provision of appropriate eye care for all commercial drivers in the state.

scholarly journals Prevalence of urinary iodine concentration among school children: in Dessie City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birtukan Shiferaw Ayalew ◽  
Seid Legesse Hassen ◽  
Tefera Alemu Marefiyaw ◽  
Mohammed Seid Yesuf ◽  
Daniel Dagne Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Urinary iodine is recommended by the world health organization as the main indicator to assess iodine status in a population. Despite this recommendation little is known about urinary iodine concentration in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of urinary iodine concentration among school-aged children. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the level of urinary iodine from April to June 2019 and a systematic random sampling technique was applied to select study participants. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire and the laboratory method by Sandell–Kolthoff reaction method was used. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Result A total of 634 study participants were enrolled in the study with a median age of 12 years (±SD = 2.0). The majority of the children were females (55.4%) and more than half of respondents report the use of iodized salt always. Median urinary iodine concentration was 158.5 μg/L (±SD = 104.1) with minimum and maximum values of 5.1 μg/L and 528.8 μg/L, respectively. The overall iodine deficiency in this study was 18.6% and severe deficiency constituted 7.4%. Conclusions The iodine deficiency of the school children aged 6 to 14 in the present study was 18.6% indicating high prevalence. A high proportion of iodine deficiency was observed among females and it increases as age increases. This indicates the need for an additional strategy to control iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Manajemen Pengasuhan Anak dalam Pencegahan Kecanduan Smartphone di Kabupaten Jember

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Dwi Indah Lestari ◽  
Shrimarti Rukmini Devy ◽  
Hanik Endang N
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
School Children ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

The increase in childhood mobile devices has increased dramatically in various countries over the past few decade. The involvement of parents in educating children is very important, so that the ability to provide appropriate parenting is needed in reducing children to use smartphones in their daily live. Factors related to childcare management in smartphone addiction in Jember district. This study used a cross sectional design. The sample in this study was 300 parents who have school-school children in Jember Regency. The sampling technique in this study was random sampling. The results of the analysis have a communication relationship (p=0.016), goals in parenting (p=0.025), discipline in conducting care (p=0.029), listen mindfully (p=0.031), self-acceptance and non-judgmental (p=0.011), by managing childcare in preventing smartphone addiction. Recommendations from this study for parents increase parental care regarding smartphone use so that the expected parenting will be able to provide limits on the use of smartphone to school children. Keywords: smartphone; parents; parenting ABSTRAK Peningkatan perangkat seluler masa anak-anak telah meningkat secara drastis di berbagai negara selama beberapa dekade ini Keterlibatan orangtua dalam mendidik anak sangat penting, sehingga kemampuan dalam memberikan pola asuh yang sesuai sangat dibutuhkan dalam mengurangi anak dalam penggunaan smartphone dalam kehidupan sehari hari. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan manajemen pengasuhan anak dalam pencegahan kecanduan smartphone di Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini 300 orang tua yang memiliki anak usia sekolah di Kabupaten Jember. Teknik sampling pada penelitian ini random sampling. Hasil analisis ada hubungan komunikasi (p-0,016), tujuan dalam pengasuhan (p-0,025), disiplin dalam melakukan pengasuhan (p-0,029), mendengarkan dengan penuh kesadaran (p-0,031), penerimaan diri dan tidak menghakimi (p-0,011) dengan menajemen pengasuhan anak dalam mpencegahan kecanduan smartphone. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini bagi orang tua meningkatkan pengasuhan orang tua terkait penggunaan smartphone sehingga pola asuh yang di harapkan akan mampu memberikan batasan pada penggunaan smrtphone pada anak usia sekolah. Kata kunci: smartphone; orang tua; pengasuhan

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KETIDAKPATUHAN MINUM OBAT SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN FILARIASIS DI KOTA PEKALONGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Harfaina Harfaina ◽  
Suharyo Hadisaputro ◽  
Djoko Trihadi Lukmono ◽  
Mateus Sakundarno
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Filariasis adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh cacing Wuchereria Bancrofti, Brugia Malayi, dan Brugia Timori yang menyebabkan cairan limfe tidak dapat tersalurkan dengan baik sehingga menyebabkan pembengkakan pada tungkai dan lengan. Meskipun tidak ada penyebab kematian tetapi menyebabakan cacat permanen dan stigma sosial. Eliminasi Filariasis dilakukan dengan Program Pengobatan Massal ke seluruh penduduk di daerah endemis setahun sekali selama 5 tahun. Keberhasilan program ini memerlukan kepatuhan minum obat pencegahan filariasis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketidakpatuhan minum obat sebagai upaya pencegahan filariasis. Penelitian ini Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penduduk berusia 15-65 tahun di dua kelurahan endemis yaitu kelurahan kuripan kertoharjo dan kelurahan jenggot selama mei-juli 2018. Sampel dalam penelitian ini 80 kasus dan 80 kontrol dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Variabel yang terbukti berpengaruh yaitu persepsi kerentanan negatif (OR=4,093) 95%CI=1,356-12,350 dan self efficacy negatif (OR=30,298) 95%CI=8,986-102,156. Persepsi kerentanan negatif dan self efficacy negatif merupakan faktor perilaku yang mempengaruhi ketidakpatuhan minum obat pencegahan filariasis. Diharapkan ada penelitian lanjutan tentang ketidakpatuhan minum obat pencegahan filariasis bukan berwujud persepsi tetapi dengan pengukuran faktor lingkungan sosial secara objektif dengan melakukan intervensi berupa perubahan perilaku.   Kata kunci : Filariasis, Ketidakpatuhan, Minum Obat, Mix Method   FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DRINKING DRUG PREVENTION NON COMPLIANCE OF FILARIASIS IN PEKALONGAN CITY   ABSTRACT Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by worms Wuchereria Bancrofti, Brugia Malayi, and Brugia Timori, adult worm lives and damage reulting in blockage of lymph channels, causing swelling of the legs and arms. Although no cause of death but causes permanent disability and social stigma. Filariasis elimination done with the Mass Treatment Program to the entire population in endemic areas a year for 5 year. Succesfully this program required a medication adherence. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence drug disobedience as an effort to prevent filariasis. This study uses a mix method. The population in this study were residents aged 15-65 years in two endemic villages, namely kuripan kertoharjo and jenggot villages during May-July 2018. Samples in this study were 80 cases and 80 controls with cluster random sampling technique. Variables that proved influential were perceptions of negative vulnerability (OR = 4,093) 95% CI = 1,356-12,350 and negative self efficacy (OR = 30,298) 95% CI = 8,986-102,156. Negative vulnerability perceptions and negative self efficacy are behavioral factors that influence non-compliance with filariasis prevention drugs. It is expected that further research on non-compliance with taking drugs to prevent filariasis is not a form of perception but objective measurement of social environmental factors by intervening in the form of behavior change.   Keywords: Filariasis, Noncompliance, Medication, Mix Method

Persepsi Dan Partisipasi Pengunjung Terhadap Permasalahan Sampah Laut (Marine Debris) Di Pantai Temberan Kabupaten Bangka Dan Pantai Pasir Padi Pangkalpinang

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Siska Oktavia ◽  
Wahyu Adi ◽  
Aditya Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to analyze the value of the density of marine debris, perceptions and participation in Temberan beach and Pasir Padi beach, as well as determine the relationship of perception and participation to the density of marine debris. This research is a type of research that is descriptive with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative). The study was conducted at Temberan beach in Bangka Regency and Pasir Pasir Beach Pangkal Pinang in October 2019. The sampling technique used was random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection technique was carried out using observation technique namely sampling and questionnaire. The validity test uses the Pearson Product Moment formula and the reliability test uses the Cronbach’s Alpha formula. The results showed that the density of debris in the Temberan beach was more dominant at 10.92 pieces/meter2, while at Temberan beach 3 pieces/meter2. The results of perception and participation are different, with the Temberan beach occupying more complex waste problems. The relationship of perception and participation in the density of marine debris have a relationship that affects each other.

The Performance of Primary School Teachers In the Unit of Education Technical Implementation, Banyumanik, Semarang

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muhamad Afandi ◽  
Sari Yustiana
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Lesson Plans ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Assessment Of Learning ◽  
Overall Performance

The purpose of this study is mainly to describe the performance of primary school teachersin the unit of education technical implementation in Banyumanik, Semarang. This researchwas conducted in January- August 2017. The sample of this research is 162 primaryschool teachers selected by random sampling technique in order to get the same opportunityas sample. The instruments used in this study were the assessment sheets, the RatingSheet consisted of 64 items of question, and 3 indicators of Primary School TeacherPerformance. The results show that each of Implementation of lesson plans is categorizedvery well (90, 9%), the execution of the learning is 83.4%, assessment of learning is good(82.8%). The Overall performance of primary school teachers is categorized good( 85 , 7 % ). In other words, the primary school teachers of the unit of education technicalimplementation in Banyumanik Semarang can arrange the lesson plans, carry out learningand teaching process and assess the learning process in elementary school.

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