Prevalensi Bakteriuria Asimtomatik pada Ibu Hamil di Daerah Pesisir

MEDULA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juminten Saimin ◽  
Ashaeryanto Ashaeryanto ◽  
Asmarani Asmarani
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTBackground: Pregnant women more often experience urinary tract infections, especially asymptomatic bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women increases the risk of preterm labor, low birth weight, and pyelonephritis.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in coastal areas.Method:This study design was analytic observational with cross sectional method. The research was carried out in the coastal area of Kendari city. The population was pregnant women who performed antenatal care in the working area of Puskesmas Mata, Puskesmas Nambo and Puskesmas Abeli in May-October 2016. Sampling was simple random sampling. Data analysis used Chi square test with significance level <0.05.Result:In this study 268 urine samples were obtained from respondents who performed antenatal care in the coastal area of Kendari City. The highest respondents aged 26-30 years old (42.1%), high school education (49.6%), third trimester (55, 6%) and the entrepreneurial husband (41.8%). Examination of bacteriuria showed positive test with nitrite and leukocytes (24.6%) and positive nitrite and/or leukocytes (30.9%). The highest prevalence of bacteriuria occurs in the third trimester (36.9%). Chi-square test showed a significant difference in the prevalence of bacteriuria according to gestational age (p <0.00).Conclusion: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in coastal areas was 30.9%. The highest prevalence occurs in third trimester of pregnancy.Key words :asymptomatic bacteriuria, gestational age, pregnant women

DUKUNGAN SUAMI, PENGETAHUAN, DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL TERHADAP KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL CARE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Yulia Safitri ◽  
Desi Handayani Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge Variable ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Regression Tests

ABSTRACT Background: Generally, pregnancy develops normally until delivery, but some pregnancies can be risky in certain circumstances so that antenatal care is necessary. Some pregnant women did not perform ANC (K1 and K4) allegedly because of lack of support from their husbands, lack of knowledge and negative attitudes about ANC.Objective: To determine the effect of husband's support, knowledge, and attitudes of pregnant women on Antenatal Care Visits.Method: This study is an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach. It was conducted in Tandem Hulu I Village, Hamparan Perak Subdistrict, with the research time being February 2020. The population of this study were all third trimester pregnant women in Tandem Hulu I Village, namely 38 people and all of them were taken as the sample. The data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate with chi-square test, and multivariate using multiple logistic regression tests at the 95% confidence level ( = 0.05).Results: The study showed that the majority of ANC visits by pregnant women were not according to standards (52.6%), which were according to standards (47.4%). ANC visit of pregnant women in Hamparan Perak Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency was influenced by husband's support (p = 0.033), and knowledge (p = 0.004), while attitudes had no effect (p = 0.156). Knowledge variable was the most dominant variable affecting ANC visits. Pregnant women with good knowledge had a 13.7 times higher chance of making ANC visits according to standards than pregnant women with less knowledge. The probability of pregnant women visiting ANC according to standards was 90.99% if the husband's support was good and the mother's knowledge was good.Conclusion: Husband's support and knowledge of pregnant women affect ANC visit in Tandem Hulu I Village, Hamparan Perak District.Suggestion Gathering pregnant women and husbands or families to be given information about the importance of ANC visits and reminding pregnant women and husbands to always read the MCH Handbook so that they know the importance of ANC visits Keywords: Husband's Support, Knowledge, Attitude, ANC Visit ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Umumnya kehamilan berkembang dengan normal sampai persalinan, tetapi beberapa kehamilan dapat berisiko pada keadaan tertentu sehingga perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan (antenatal care). Sebagian ibu hamil tidak melakukan ANC (K1 dan K4) diduga karena kurang dukungan suami, kurang pengetahuan dan sikap yang negatif tentang ANC.Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh dukungan suami, pengetahuan, dan sikap ibu hamil terhadap Kunjungan Antenatal Care.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Tandem Hulu I Kecamatan Hamparan Perak, dengan waktu penelitian Februari 2020. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil trimester III di Desa Tandem Hulu I yaitu 38 orang dan seluruhnya dijadikan sampel (total populasi). Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat dengan uji chi-square, dan multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik berganda pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (=0,05).Hasil : Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas kunjungan ANC ibu hamil tidak sesuai standar (52,6%), yang sesuai standar (47,4%). Kunjungan ANC ibu hamil di Kecamatan Hamparan Perak Kabupaten Deli Serdang dipengaruhi oleh dukungan suami (p = 0,033), dan pengetahuan (p = 0,004), sedangkan sikap tidak berpengaruh (p = 0,156).  Variabel pengetahuan merupakan variabel paling dominan memengaruhi kunjungan ANC. Ibu hamil berpengetahuan baik berpeluang 13,7 kali lebih tinggi melakukan kunjungan ANC sesuai standar dibandingkan ibu hamil yang berpengetahuan kurang. Probabilitas ibu hamil melakukan kunjungan ANC sesuai standar sebesar 90,99% bila dukungan suami baik dan pengetahuan ibu baik.Kesimpulan: Dukungan Suami dan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil berpengaruh terhadap Kunjungan ANC di Desa Tandem Hulu I Kecamatan Hamparan Perak.Saran: Mengumpulkan ibu hamil dan suami atau keluarga untuk diberikan penyuluhan tentang pentingnya Kunjungan ANC dan mengingatkan ibu hamil dan suami untuk selalu membaca Buku KIA sehingga mengetahui pentingnya Kunjungan ANC Kata Kunci:           Dukungan Suami, Pengetahuan, Sikap, Kunjungan ANC

scholarly journals Comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and Nifedipine in Prevention of Preterm Labor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Nahid Shahbazian ◽  
Najmieh Saadati ◽  
Mina Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Care Costs

Introduction: Fetal and neonatal complications are more common in premature than full term pregnancy. Treatment of preterm labor and postpone delivery increases neonatal survival and better quality of life and reduces health care costs for premature infants. This study aimed to compare the effects of Nifedipine and Magnesium sulfate in arresting preterm labor and to adverse the effects of these drugs. Materials and Methods: This randomized and clinical trial study was performed on 100 pregnant women who were hospitalized for preterm labor pain. The participants were pregnant women with the gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks and with a single pregnancy and symptoms of preterm were studied. They were randomly divided into two equal groups. After not suppressing the pain by fluid therapy, in the first group Magnesium sulfate infused injection (N=50) was performed, while in the second group, oral Nifedipine were given. The research uses SPSS software (version 20) statistical software issue 20 to analyze the result of tests with descriptive statistical methods including independent T test and chi square test. Results: Mean maternal age, gestational age, parity converted Magnesium sulfate and Nifedipine group had no significant difference in statistical analysis. Delivery was delayed more than 48 hours in 48% (24 person) of cases in the Magnesium sulfate group and in 72% (36 person) in Nifedipine group (p=0.03). A statistically significant difference in response to treatment was more in group of Nifedipine. Conclusion: The results showed that Nifedipine is more effective than Magnesium sulfate in postponing delivery (more than 48 hours), producing minimal side effect, having adequate price and applying an easy use method. Therefore, Nifedipine, as a tocolytic, can be a good substitute for Magnesium sulfate in preterm labor treatment.

Pengaruh Peran Suami Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Dalam Menghadapi Proses Persalinan Di Puskesmas Harapan Raya Pekanbaru

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Isnaniar Isnaniar ◽  
Wiwik Norlita ◽  
Salmi Gusrita
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bivariate Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

Labor is the final process of pregnancy that the mother and family have gone through during three trimester periods. When the labor process begins, the mother's role is to give birth to her baby, while the role of the health worker is to monitor childbirth to detect complications early and with the family to provide assistance and support for maternity mothers. The purpose of this study was to provide an effect on the role of the husband on the level of anxiety of pregnant women in dealing with the delivery process at the Harapan raya puskesmas. The research design used in this study was a quantitative descriptive method, at the Harapan Raya Puskesmas Pekanbaru. The population in this study amounted to 40 pregnant women in Harapan Raya Puskesmas Pekanbaru with a sample size of 33 respondents using the Accidental Sampling method. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and data analysis used were univariate and bivariate. Data collection was obtained using a questionnaire, then analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed a significant influence between the role of the husband with the anxiety level of pregnant women in dealing with the delivery process with a value of p = 0.001. The conclusion is the influence of the role of the husband on the level of anxiety of pregnant women in dealing with the percentage of labor in the Harapan Raya Health Center Pekanbaru there is an influence between the role of your husband and the level of anxiety of pregnant women.hopefully the third trimester pregnant women can pay moor attention to their condition both phisically phisiologically and ask the husband to always provide suppore and particapate in taking care of the pragnancy as walk as in preparing the pragnancy.

scholarly journals Hubungan Pemeriksaan Kehamilan K4 dengan Kejadian Kehamilan Resiko Tinggi pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Rosmeri Bukit
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Care Service ◽  
High Risk Pregnancy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Chi Square Test

<p><em>A high-risk pregnancy is a pathological pregnancy that can affect the general state of the mother and baby. Early detection can be done on antenatal care service is by increasing coverage of antenatal care especially pregnancy examination ≥ 4 times or K4. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of pregnancy examination K4 with high risk of third trimester pregnancy at Harapan Raya Pekanbaru Health Center in 2014. The research quantitative type with analytical method, using cross sectional approach. Population of all pregnant women in the third trimester who conducted pregnancy checkup at the Puskesmas Harapan Raya total of 50 people. The sample size was 50 people with Total Sampling and statistical test using Chi square test. The results showed that obtained P value 0.001 where P value ≤ 0.005 Ho in rejection means there is a significant relationship. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the examination of pregnancy K4 with the incidence of high risk pregnancy trimester III.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Kehamilan resiko tinggi merupakan kehamilan patologi yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan umum ibu dan bayi. Cara deteksi dini dapat dilakukan pada pelayanan antenatal care yaitu dengan peningkatan cakupan pelayanan antenatal khususnya pemeriksaan kehamilan ≥4 kali atau K4. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pemeriksaan kehamilan K4 dengan resiko tinggi kehamilan trimester III di Puskesmas Harapan  Raya Pekanbaru tahun 2014. </em><em>Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode analitik, menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi seluruh ibu hamil trimester III yang  melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan di Puskesmas Harapan Raya  jumlah 50 orang. Jumlah sampel  50 orang   dengan Total Sampling dan uji statistik menggunakan  uji Chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh P value 0,001 dimana P value ≤ 0,005 Ho di tolak artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu ada hubungan antara pemeriksaan kehamilan K4 dengan  kejadian kehamilan resiko tinggi trimester III.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

scholarly journals Chemotherapy for breast cancer during pregnancy induces vascular alterations and impaired development of placental villi: a preliminary histopathological study.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Del Gobbo ◽  
Giovanna Scarfone ◽  
Fedro Alessandro Peccatori ◽  
Antonella Villa ◽  
Wally Ossola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Placental Villi ◽  
Fetal Malformations

Abstract Breast cancer is diagnosed in approximately 1/3000 pregnant women. Chemotherapy may be administered after the first trimester, with improved maternal outcome and relatively few pregnancy and offspring complications. Nonetheless, no information about the effects of different chemotherapy regimens on placenta architecture and vasculature are available. Methods To evaluate histological alterations in placentas of women affected by breast cancer and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy, we retrospectively analyzed 23 placentas of patients affected by breast cancer and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy and 23 control placentas of women without breast cancer and with physiological pregnancies of the same gestational age. Results All the patients had breast ductal infiltrating carcinoma, 19 of 23 cases had a G3 cancer. All patients were treated with 2-6 cycles of chemotherapy starting after 16 weeks of gestation, with different protocols. No hypertensive complications and no pre-eclampsia episodes were observed; birth weight was consistent with gestational age in all babies in both group with no uneventful outcomes and no perinatal mortality or fetal malformations. Twenty out of 23 cases (86%) showed hypoxia-induced villous alterations, including increased syncytial knotting (Tenney-Parker changes), perivillar fibrin deposits, distal villous hypoplasia or accelerated maturation and focal villous chorangiosis. These alterations were found in 19 out of 23 controls (83%), with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions These results shows that chemotherapy in the second and third trimester of pregnancy may lead to non-specific alterations in placental vasculature and morphology.

scholarly journals The Effect of Antenatal Care During Covid -19 on Complications of Pregnant

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Ni Gusti Made Ayu Agung Budhi ◽  
Maryanah Maryanah
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Child Health

Quality Antenatal Care (ANC) services can prevent complications during pregnancy, but during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a policy for mothers to postpone ANC visits. The purpose of the study was to find out how the influence of ANC services during the Covid-19 pandemic on the incidence of complications in pregnant women. The research method used is an analytical survey with a Cross-Sectional approach. The number of samples is 110 pregnant women respondents. The statistical test used is the Chi-Square test. The results showed that the age of pregnant women was 92.1% of healthy reproductive age, high school education level was 90.4%, some pregnancies experienced by mothers 2 were 66.7%, work as housewives were 67%. The biggest complication that occurs in pregnant women is anemia (40%). The provision of quality ANC services with 10T has a positive influence on the incidence of complications in pregnancy during the pandemic (p-value <0.05), as well as understanding of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book (p-value <0.05) and the anxiety felt by the mother (p-value <0.05) influences the occurrence of complications. The conclusions obtained were the effect of providing quality ANC services with 10 T, understanding of the MCH handbook on the incidence of complications during the covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals STUDY DETERMINAN ANTENATAL CARE (ANC) PADA IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS MEDAN JOHOR TAHUN 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Tetty Junita Purba ◽  
Gf Gustina Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) andmaternal mortality rate in Indonesiais still quite high. Most mother shave unregular prenatal care according to the schedule prescribed whichbya health worker it couse no impairing during pregnancy, feeling healthyof theirpregnancy. The pregnant mother have no pragnancy visiting becouse the pregnant mother have no problem on their prenancy,delivery and post-partum, it coused that mother of antenatal care have unknow condition of pregnancy. This studyaims to determine the determinant factor checking the Antenatal Careof pregnant women in the health centerof Medan Johor in 2019.This research is a quantitative survey with cross sectionals tudy. The population of this study were all pregnant womenin Puskesmas Medan Johor, amounting to 2115 people and thea sample is 95 people. The method of data analysis uses univariate, bivariate analysis with chi square test. Results ofthe study showed higher statistically educationis 69 people (72,6%), knowledgeis 71 people (74,7%) and husband supportis 65 people (68,4%) associated with the examination ofthe Antenatal Carein pregnant women in health centers Medan Year 2019.

Hubungan Frekuensi Antenatal Care Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III Di Rsud Nganjuk Tahun 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Sumy Dwi Antono
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Antenatal Care is supervison before delivery especially knowing growth and development of fetus in uterus. The purpose of this study is to conceive the relationship between the frequency of ANC (Antenatal Care) with the incidence of anemia in the mother trimester III RSUD Nganjuk 2017. Method: in this study this research in an analytic  survey using case control design or caase control is related to how risk factors are studied using retrospective approach.in this study the population is pregnant women TM Nganjuk from January to june 2017. Populationin this study based on data from RSUD Nganjuk is 254 pregnant women TM III the sample of this  study is TM III pregnant women in the month January to june 2017 large sample are in use is  154 from the data collection in the analysis with chi square test. Results: After doing calculation hence found count bigger than table (3,84) hence ho rejected, so it can be concluded that there is relation between frequency of Antenatal Care with Genesis Anemia in pregnant mother Trimester III. Conclusion: Based on result of analysis,it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the frequency  of antenatal Care with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Maternal Serum Levels of Alpha Tumour Necrotic Factor, Interleukin 10, Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 4 in Malaria Infected Pregnant Women Based on Their Gestational Age in Southeast, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi ◽  
Esimai, Bessie Nonyelum ◽  
Ekelozie, Ifeoma Stella ◽  
Asogwa Eucharia Ijego ◽  
Amaeze Augustine Amaeze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tumour Necrotic Factor

Malaria has been reported as a condition caused by infestation with Plasmodium parasite species, is a major public health problem globally especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study was carried out in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia in Abia State, Nigeria. A study was done to determine the maternal serumlevels of alpha tumour necrotic factor, interleukin 10, interleukin 6and interleukin 4 in malaria infected pregnant women based on their gestational age in Southeast, Nigeria. A total of 150 subjects between the ages of 18-45 years were recruited for the study comprising of fifty (50) subjects each of the 3 trimesters. Commercial ELISA Kit by MELSIN Medical Co Limited was used to measure all the cytokines. The results of Table 1 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.346), IL-10 (p=0.059), IL-6 (p=0.811) and IL-4 (p=0.257) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and second trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.642), IL-10 (p=0.678), IL-6 (p=0.551) and IL-4 (p=0.280) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The results of Table 2 showed no significant difference of TNF-α (p=0.062), IL-10 (p=0.016), IL-6 (p=0.352) and IL-4 (p=0.914) of malaria infected pregnant women at first trimester and third trimester respectively. The study showed no changes in the cytokines studied among the malaria infected pregnant women based on gestational ages except when IL-10 was compared between the subjects on second trimester and third trimester. This study shows that malaria infection does not changes these cytokines in pregnant women based on gestational ages except the il-10 when compared at second trimester and third trimester but changes when compared at other trimesters.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Exposure Tobacco Smoke in Pregnant Women with Perinatal Death in Jember Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Reny Ekawati ◽  
Supangat Supangat ◽  
Hairrudin Hairrudin
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Perinatal death is an indicator of the success implementing a country's health services. Perinatal death rate in Indonesia in 2012 was 26/1000 live births. In 2017 there were 225 cases of infant mortality from 34,669 births in Jember Regency. Perinatal death is influenced by maternal, infant, health services and the living environment. The environmental conditions of the residence can be affected by cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women with perinatal death in Jember Regency and to find out the main source of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women in Jember Regency. Type of research is analytic observation with case control study design. The sampling technique is consecutive sampling. The study sample was mothers who had a dead baby in the perinatal period (perinatal death) who resided in the Jember regency on the birth of January-December 2017. The sample size was 30 for each group. Collected data was carried out by univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test and fisher exact test if the chi-square test requirements were not met. Results of univariate analysis in this study showed that 89.47% of the main sources of exposure tobacco smoke originated from home and 73.68% from husbands. Results of the chi-square test between exposure tobacco smoke with perinatal death p value 0.579 (p> 0.05). Confounding variables that had no significant difference between the case and control groups were parity (p = 0.116, p> 0.05), education (p = 0.083, p> 0.05), birth distance (p = 0.26, p> 0.05), and birth attendants (p = 0.492, p> 0.05). Based on the results of these studies it can be concluded that exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women is not associated with perinatal death and the main source of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women comes from home and at most from husbands.   Keywords: exposure tobacco smoke, pregnant women, perinatal death  

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