Production of antipollutan mask based activated carbon from wasted coconut shell

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest levels of air pollution in the world. Air pollution in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta due to the number of private vehicles increased at least 10% every year. This air pollution can have an impact on public health. One effort to do as a protection of people health is to use a mask. Activated carbon can be coated to mask in order to improve the effectiveness in reducing the pollutants. One good material used as material for activated carbon is coconut shell. Selection of coconut shell as the raw material of activated carbon is also based on cellulose content of 26.06%, hemicellulose content 27.07% and a lignin content of 29.40% in the dry state. This research was done in some variation such as activation methods, activated carbon mass, and adhesive material types. Based on pollutants adsorption test, mask with 6 grams of activated carbon, chemically activated, and used TEOS as adhesive is the best variation that able to adsorb as much 76,25% of CO2 Pollutants. Mask made in this research, has saturation time as long as 4 hours under high CO2 concentration.

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Comparative transcriptome analysis of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic fiber tree

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v48i3.47916 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 547-557

Author(s):

Hui-Jin Liu ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Yan-Nian Xu ◽

Xiao-Ping Zhang ◽

Xiao-Hong Li

Keyword(s):

Protein Gene ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Raw Material ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Three Samples ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Significant Expression

The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic tree in Ulmaceae, is the main raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper which is widely used in calligraphy and painting field. The characteristics of P. tatarinowii bark is the main limiting factor for the quality of Xuan Paper specially the content of cellulose and lignin. The molecular basis related to cellulose and lignin synthesis in P. tatarinowii would be helpful to understand and seek higher quality raw materials for Xuan Paper. RNA-seq was utilized to reveal transcriptome differences in P. tatarinowii from three far isolated localities (AL, JX and XA) under different climate environments. A total of 290 million reads were generated for further analysis in three libraries. In total, 2,850, 2,038 and 1,986 DEGs were identified in XA, JX and AL, respectively. Compared with the sample from XA, there were 822 up-regulated and 1706 down-regulated in AL sample. AL sample has 611 up-regulated genes and 647 down-regulated genes in comparison with JX sample. Comparing XA and JX samples, 443 were up-regulated and 1,783 were down-regulated in XA. Three samples had similar GO enrichment patterns. There were 19 and 9 genes identified as CESA and CSL (E-value less than 1.0E-20), respectively. Although no significant expression differences were found in three samples, KOB1, GPI-anchored protein gene and CTL1 were differently expressed, and KOB1 and GPI-anchored protein gene were up-regulated in JX. A number of the unigenes (474) that were involved in ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, were mostly not differently expressed. Only a few genes annotated as PAL, 4CL, C4H and CAD were significantly different in expression. In AL, 3 CAD and 1 PAL were up-regulated, whereas 6 CAD, 3 4CL and 1 HCT were up-regulated in XA, and 1 PAL, 2 4CL, 2 C4H in JX. JX sample had the highest cellulose content and XA sample had the highest lignin content, which being consistent with the hierarchical cluster analysis of differently expressed genes. Differences in the expression of these genes might influence the cellulose and lignin content.

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Structure, Composition, and Thermal Properties of Cellulose Fibers from Pueraria lobata Treated with a Combination of Steam Explosion and Laccase Mediator System

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.11.3.6854-6866 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 6854-6866 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Minghua Li ◽

Guangting Han ◽

Yan Song ◽

Wei Jiang ◽

Yuanming Zhang

Keyword(s):

Steam Explosion ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pueraria Lobata ◽

Mediator System ◽

Laccase Mediator System

Cellulosic fibers from the bast of Pueraria lobata (P. lobata) vine were separated using a “green” and efficient method that combined steam explosion (SE) and a laccase mediator system (LMS). The chemical components, structure, and thermal alterations in the fibers were evaluated. The SE performed at 180 °C for 10 min did not change the chemical composition of P. lobata; however, SE did alter the fiber structure and rendered its surface more accessible to the laccase enzyme. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical methods. The cellulose content of the processed fibers was approximately 68.2%, and the lignin content was 11.8%, which was much lower than the 22.98% lignin content of the raw material. The cellulose fibers exhibited higher cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability compared with the untreated samples. This combined treatment approach may be useful for the isolation of cellulose fibers for composites, textiles, and other industrial applications.

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Coated Rods for Brazing Structures Used in High Safety Conditions

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.224 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1128 ◽

pp. 224-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilia Florina Binchiciu ◽

Traian Fleşer ◽

Ionelia Voiculescu ◽

Aurelia Binchiciu

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Raw Material ◽

Diffusible Hydrogen ◽

Productivity Increase ◽

Residual Elements ◽

Brazed Joints ◽

Selection Of ◽

General Standard ◽

Made In

The paper presents research made in order to assure additional conditions, compared to those in the general standard, to brazing rods, in order to guarantee safety for the environment and for the brazed joints, against corrosion and embrittlement, in high risk conditions. Environmental safety is ensured by limiting the amount, at 0.25% in depositions, of dangerous residual elements at: Cd<0.1%; Hg<0.1%; Pb<0.1%; Cr<0.1%; As<0.1%. The safety of structures against corrosion is provided by the alloying level of deposits and by neutralizing the coat’s activity. The structure safety towards the embrittlement of brazed joints is ensured by limiting the content of embrittling elements, namely: Sb+Fe+Bi at a maximum of 0.3% and the content of diffusible hydrogen at maximum 5 cm3/100g raw material and by limiting the coat humidity at maximum 10%. The experiments were performed to ensure the set out requirements by following the selection of raw materials on the input criteria of prohibited chemicals, reducing the water content from the elements that make up the coat and by diminishing it’s hygroscopicity by neutralizing it. Prescribing additional conditions has an effect on manufacturing costs, which requires productivity increase at brazing, diminishing work temperature, increasing the moistening capacity of products, reducing the smoke level, effects pursued by the research.

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KAJIAN AWAL PEMANFAATAN PULP DARI LIMBAH KEMASAN ASEPTIK UNTUK PEMBUATAN SELULOSA ASETAT

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v3i02.48 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Mahammad Khadafi ◽

Yuniarti P. Kencana

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Glacial Acetic Acid ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Acid Anhydride ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Packaging Waste ◽

Acetyl Content ◽

Aseptic Packaging

The use of aseptic packaging in the world is still increasing from year to year, this causes a new matter like midden. Recycling the aseptic packaging is one of the efforts to utilize this waste. The raw material used for cellulose acetate crystal can be obtained from recycling process of aseptic packaging waste. This can be possible because pulp from aseptic packaging contain 72% needle unbleached virgin pulp. The purpose of this reasearch is to diversify the use of aseptic packaging waste by improving the technology process of acetylation for making cellulose acetate crystal. Aseptic packaging pulp was tested for the parameters such as water content, ash content, holocellulose content, α-cellulose content, lignin content, and hemicellulose content. This tested was used to know the eligibility of pulp for making cellulose acetate. The pulp was soaked with water and glacial acetic acid for swelling and conditioning. The acetylation process was done with adding glacial acetic acid and acetic acid anhydride in certain composition. Based on ASTM D 871-96 testing method, we obtained the optimum condition of acetyl content is 36.85% by adding 2.25 mL water and 35 mL acetic acid anhydride, whereas with the addition of 2.75 mL water and 30 mL acetic acid anhydride 28.28% acetyl content were obtained.Keywords : aseptic packaging pulp, acetate cellulose, acetylation process, acetyl content ABSTRAKPenggunaan kemasan aseptik yang meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, menimbulkan masalah baru berupa limbah. Salah satu upaya pemanfaatan limbah adalah melalui proses daur ulang. Hasil proses daur ulang ini diantaranya dapat dijadikan substitusi bahan baku produk derivat selulosa berupa selulosa asetat, karena limbah kemasan aseptik mengandung pulp virgin serat panjang 72%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk diversifikasi penggunaan dan pemanfaatan limbah kemasan aseptik melalui proses daur ulang dan penguasaan teknologi proses asetilasi untuk produk selulosa asetat. Pulp kemasan aseptik diuji dengan parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar holoselulosa, kadar α selulosa, kadar lignin, dan kadar hemiselulosa untuk mengetahui apakah pulp kemasan aseptik memenuhi persyaratan untuk dibuat selulosa asetat. Perendaman pulp dilakukan dengan air dan asam asetat glasial, kemudian diperas untuk mengkondisikan pulp sebelum proses asetilasi. Proses asetilasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan asam asetat glasial dan asam asetat anhidrida dalam jumlah tertentu. Berdasarkan metode ASTMD 871-96 diperoleh kadar asetil optimal dari kristal selulosa asetat sebesar 36,85% dengan penambahan air 2,25 mL dan asetat anhydrida 35 ml, sedangkan untuk penambahan asam asetat anhidrida 30 mL dan air 2,75 mL diperoleh kadar asetil 28,28%.Kata kunci : pulp kemasan aseptik, selulosa asetat, asetilasi, kadar asetil

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Selection of coal as raw material for activated carbon production in flue gas desulfurization process.

Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan ◽

10.3775/jie.65.204 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 204-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takeo KOMURO ◽

Kenichi Gomi ◽

Norio ARASHI ◽

Yukio HISHINUMA ◽

Osamu KANDA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Raw Material ◽

Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽

Carbon Production ◽

Desulfurization Process ◽

Selection Of

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Brewer’s Spent Grains—Valuable Beer Industry By-Product

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10121669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1669

Author(s):

Mateusz Jackowski ◽

Łukasz Niedźwiecki ◽

Kacper Jagiełło ◽

Oliwia Uchańska ◽

Anna Trusek

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Food Industry ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Raw Material ◽

Beer Industry ◽

Spent Grains ◽

Good Material ◽

By Products ◽

Global Food

The brewing sector is a significant part of the global food industry. Breweries produce large quantities of wastes, including wastewater and brewer’s spent grains. Currently, upcycling of food industry by-products is one of the principles of the circular economy. The aim of this review is to present possible ways to utilize common solid by-product from the brewing sector. Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is a good material for sorption and processing into activated carbon. Another way to utilize spent grains is to use them as a fuel in raw form, after hydrothermal carbonization or as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The mentioned by-products may also be utilized in animal and human nutrition. Moreover, BSG is a waste rich in various substances that may be extracted for further utilization. It is likely that, in upcoming years, brewer’s spent grains will not be considered as a by-product, but as a desirable raw material for various branches of industry.

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Production of antipollutant mask with bamboo based carbon activated using H3PO4 and K2CO3

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20186703041 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 ◽

pp. 03041

Author(s):

Mahmud Sudibandriyo ◽

Shobrun Jamil

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Dip Coating ◽

Raw Material ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pollution Problem ◽

Gas Mask ◽

Safety Limit ◽

High Cellulose

The increase of developing countries’ economic level has led to increase in air pollution problem. This research aims to make activated carbon based gas mask filter that was prepared from bamboo scraps by the combined activation using H3PO4 and K2CO3.Bamboo was selected as raw material because of its abundant availability and high cellulose content (42.4-53.6%).Dip coating was conducted to coat activated carbon on the surface layer of mask by adding TEOS compound.Furthermore, adsorption capacity of activated carbon was tested using compartment by flowing air containing CO and CO2 for one hour. The results of the characterization shows that the iodine number of the activated carbon produced reaches 916.3 mg/g with BET surface area of 465.2 m2/g. SEM-EDX analysis shows that the carbon content is 74.83%wt.Adsorption capacity of activated carbon was tested using compartment by flowing air containing pollutant gas and compressed air for one hour. The results indicate that the maximum number of moles CO2 adsorbed is 4.8 mmol/g with 7 hour saturated time,while adsorption capacity of CO measured in 1 hour test is 0.103 mmol/g. Therefore, activated carbon has met the standards and can be applied for gas mask filter to eliminate CO and CO2 until below safety limit concentration.

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Pretreated of banana pseudo-stem as raw material for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815401035 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 01035 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kusmiyati ◽

Ryzka Pratiwi Sukmaningtyas

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Process Variations ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Fermentation Method ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification

Development of alternative energy is needed to solve the energy problem, including bioethanol. Banana pseudo-stem is a lignocellulose material that can used to produce bioethanol. Banana pseudo-stem has 28.83% cellulose and 19.39% lignin. The amount of lignin will reduce by pretreatment process. Variations of pretreatment methods by autoclaving of banana-pseudo stem in a steam, 0.5N, 1N, 1.5N, 2N NaOH solutions for 90 minutes were employed. Then the preteated samples were further enzymatic hydrolysed for 24, 48, 72 hours. The fermentation method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was applied using cellulase enzyme and yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 120 hours. The variation of the pretreatment process by increasing of NaOH concentration solutions led to decreased the lignin content while increased in cellulose content. The lowest lignin content was 11.44% and the highest cellulose was 51.66%. The highest sugar content was 29.8 g/L (at pretreatment 2N NaOH solution, 72 hours hydrolysis). The highest bioethanol amount (4.32 g/L) was produced from pretreated banana stem using 2N NaOH solution.

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Production of Biofuel (Bio-Ethanol) From Fruitwaste: Banana Peels

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.a3024.109119 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 5897-5901

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Biomass Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Alkaline Conditions ◽

Ph Conditions ◽

Pre Treatment

Bio-ethanol, a type of biofuel, is known as renewable energy source as it is derived from biomass as its raw material. Biomass can be found in abundance and sustainable i.e. sources are available continuously, unlike the currently used conventional fossil fuels where these sources are limited and depleting. In this study, biomass from fruit waste, banana peels, were utilized to produce bio-ethanol via hydrolysis and fermentation process. Banana peels, a lignocellulosic biomass, possesses compositions which favour these processes, where the banana peels are rich in cellulose content and low in lignin content. Mechanical pre-treatment of the banana peels was conducted to further ease the hydrolysis process by reducing the particle size of the biomass. Hydrolysis was carried out for 24 hours at 50ºC at different pH using sulfuric acid H2SO4 acid and sodium hydroxide NaOH as the base, to study the effect of pH on the hydrolysis process and hence the final bio-ethanol production, in terms of concentration. Fermentation of the hydrolysis products were carried out using glucose-yeast broth for 4 days at temperature of 35ºC. Water content in the bio-ethanol product from fermentation process was separated using rotary evaporator, prior to ethanol analysis using Gas Chromatography (GC-MS). Concentration of ethanol was found to be the highest at acidic pH conditions; pH 4 to 6. Lowest ethanol concentration was recorded at higher pH values, indicating alkaline conditions do not favour the hydrolysis process.

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Physico-Chemical Characterization of Agricultural Residues as Precursors for Activated Carbon Preparation

10.20944/preprints201712.0086.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roberto Antonio Canales Flores ◽

Francisco Prieto García ◽

Elena María Otazo Sánchez ◽

Ana María Bolarín Miró ◽

Otilio Arturo Acevedo Sandoval

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Value Added ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Cellulose Decomposition ◽

Pyrolysis Characteristics ◽

Barley Husk

Biomass is a promising alternative and renewable energy source that can be transformed into other value-added products such as activated carbon. In this research, barley husk, corn cob and Agave salmiana leaves were characterized to determine their chemical composition and morphology to evaluate their potentiality as precursors of activated carbons. Based on the main composition results obtained, the biomass samples have suitable chemical and physical characteristics to be considered as good precursors of activated carbons, such as carbon contents greater than 40%, ash content less than 10%, moisture content less than 30%, high volatile contents with values from 75 to 80% and a porous and fibrous morphology. The results indicate that the main compositions in the biomass were cellulose and lignin. The cellulose content was more than lignin (15–26%) for the residues selected. Specifically, a-cellulose contents with values from 52% to 79%, β-cellulose contents of 13–44%, γ-cellulose contents less than 11%, and holocellulose contents of 82–83% were determined. The thermal decomposition for the biomass samples proceeded with five stages attributed to the evaporation of some volatile compounds (70–150 ºC), to the degradation of hemicellulose (180–230 ºC), to the cellulose volatilization (250–350 ºC), to the lignin decomposition (380–550 ºC), and to the degradation of complex polymers and inorganic salts, respectively. The stage corresponding to the cellulose decomposition showed rapid mass decreased in the three residues. This results show that the cellulose and lignin content is another important parameter to evaluate the pyrolysis characteristics of a good precursor of activated carbon.

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