Personality and Other Individual Influences on Offending

2018 ◽  
pp. 354-377
Author(s):  
Darrick Jolliffe ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Decision Making Factors ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Decision

This chapter summarizes the knowledge about the key individual difference factors that have been proposed to underlie criminal potential. It discusses temperament and personality, explores the relation between impulsivity and offending, and investigates low intelligence and offending. The chapter then examines the evidence for low empathy and cognitive (decision-making) factors. In isolation, these (or any other) individual differences cannot fully explain the development of offending, but the strength of the evidence suggests that any complete theory would need to take into account at least some of these factors, as all are potential “risk factors” for later offending. While there are different ways of conceptualizing a risk factor, generally they refer to an extreme category of an explanatory variable.

scholarly journals Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part I: incident and episodic back pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M Beynon ◽  
Jeffrey J Hebert ◽  
Charlotte Lebouef-Yde ◽  
Bruce F Walker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Young People ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Children And Young Adults

Abstract Background The one-month prevalence of back pain in children and adolescents has been reported at 33, 28 and 48% at ages 9, 13 and 15 respectively. There are many suspected risk factors and triggers of back pain in young people. Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to identify potential risk factors and potential triggers for back pain in young people. The purpose of part I was to identify potential risk factors for incident and episodic back pain in young people. Part II included all eligible studies with unclear or mixed types of back pain. Methods Due to the vast number of studies on “risk factors” for back pain, a two-part scoping review of the literature was chosen as the best way to summarise the evidence. We adhered to the PRISMA-ScR guideline for scoping reviews. General potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults (≤ 24 years) were included, incorporating physical, environmental, and/or physiological factors. A search was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane databases from inception to September 2018, limited to the English language. Within part I, and because of their importance, only the results of the studies that investigated risk factors of incident back pain and back pain episodes are presented. Results The search identified 7356 articles, of which 91 articles were eligible for this scoping review. The majority of the eligible articles had an unclear definition of back pain (results presented in scoping review part II). There were 7 inception cohort studies included and 1 cohort study that met the criteria for part I. The most consistent risk factors for incident and episodic back pain are female sex and older age. Conclusion Due to inconsistent ways of reporting on the type of back pain, no definitive risk factor for back pain has been identified. In general, females often report more symptoms, also for other diseases, and older age is not a useful risk factor as it merely indicates that the onset may not be in childhood. Clearly, the time has come to study the causes of back pain from different angles.

scholarly journals Sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil: prevalence and risk factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Diniz Vieira ◽  
Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela ◽  
Thais Ferreira Feitosa ◽  
Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde ◽  
Sérgio Santos Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Relevant Risk Factor ◽  
Pasture Area

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

scholarly journals 2013. Blood Culture Contamination in the Emergency Department: A Risk Factor Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S675-S676
Author(s):  
Justin Klucher ◽  
Mrinmayee Lakkad ◽  
Jacob Painter ◽  
Ryan K Dare
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Sterile Technique ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Abstract Background Blood cultures (BCx) guide treatment for hospitalized patients, yet contaminated BCx lead to clinical uncertainty, impacting care. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends contamination rates should be <3%, yet our Emergency Department (ED) rate is consistently above this benchmark. Reasons for this are unclear, thus it is imperative to investigate potential risk factors for BCx contamination. Methods We performed a retrospective case–control risk factor analysis of patients with BCx collected in our ED between 2014 and 2018. Contaminated BCx were identified by the microbiology laboratory per American Society of Microbiology recommendations. Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics were evaluated in patients with false-positive/contaminated BCx (cases) and patients with negative BCx (controls). Potential risk factors identified in univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. Results 25,668 BCx from 13,782 patients were included in analysis. 20,907 BCx from 11,266 (82%) patients were negative, 2,856 BCx from 1,504 (11%) patients were true positives, and 1,905 BCx from 1,012 (7%) patients were contaminated. Yearly ED contamination rates ranged from 5.0–9.3%. Collector contamination rates varied, though 38 (19%), 75 (35%), and 7 (3%) of 209 collectors had a contamination rate <3%, ≥ 10%, and ≥ 20%, respectively. Significant patient-specific risk factors identified in univariate analysis are listed in the attached table along with adjusted analysis. Conclusion In our analysis, we identified that older age, African American race, higher BMI, COPD, paralysis, and presenting in septic shock independently increases risk of having a contaminated BCx. Difficulty obtaining venipuncture in patients with these risk factors, often requiring multiple collection attempts, likely leads to decreased sterile technique. It is imperative to have a process assuring sterile technique in these high-risk individuals to minimize consequences associated with having a false-positive BCx result in these high-risk patients. Additionally, variable collector contamination rates seen in this study highlight the necessity for frequent technique in-service training. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals The Genetic Background of Endometriosis: Can ESR2 and CYP19A1 Genes Be a Potential Risk Factor for Its Development?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8235
Author(s):  
Beata Smolarz ◽  
Krzysztof Szyłło ◽  
Hanna Romanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial foci, localized beyond their primary site, i.e., the uterine cavity. The etiology of this disease is rather complex. Its development is supported by hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors. During recent years, particular attention has been focused on the genetic mechanisms that may be of particular significance for the increased incidence rates of endometriosis. According to most recent studies, ESR2 and CYP19A1 genes may account for the potential risk factors of infertility associated with endometriosis. The paper presents a thorough review of the latest reports and data concerning the genetic background of the risk for endometriosis development.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Feline Coronavirus Shedding in German Catteries and Associated Risk Factors

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Klein-Richers ◽  
Katrin Hartmann ◽  
Regina Hofmann-Lehmann ◽  
Stefan Unterer ◽  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

The aim of this prospective study was to determine prevalence and potential risk factors of feline coronavirus (FCoV) shedding. Four consecutive fecal samples of 179 cats from 37 German breeding catteries were analyzed for FCoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Prevalence of shedding was calculated using different numbers of fecal samples per cat (1–4) and different sampling intervals (5–28 days). Information on potential risk factors for FCoV shedding was obtained by a questionnaire. Risk factor analysis was performed using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Most cats (137/179, 76.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 69.8–82.2) shed FCoV at least at once. None of the tested 37 catteries was free of FCoV. Prevalence calculated including all four (76.5%, 95% CI 69.8–82.2) or the last three (73.7%, 95% CI 66.8–79.7) samples per cat was significantly higher than the prevalence calculated with only the last sample (61.5%, 95% CI 54.2–68.3; p = 0.0029 and 0.0175, respectively). Young age was significantly associated with FCoV shedding while the other factors were not. For identification of FCoV shedders in multi-cat households, at least three fecal samples per cat should be analyzed. Young age is the most important risk factor for FCoV shedding.

Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Mutlu ◽  
Filiz Aktürk-Acar ◽  
Şebnem Kader ◽  
Yakup Aslan ◽  
Gülay Karagüzel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Metabolic Bone Disease ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Objective The study aimed to analyze the risk factors and clinical features of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) in premature infants compared with infants of similar gestational age and birthweight without MBDP. Study Design This retrospective case–control study was performed by comparing 81 cases of MBDP with 63 controls to identify potential risk factors. Premature infants with a gestational age ≤33 weeks and birthweight <1,500 g were included. Medical records were examined in terms of maternal conditions, potential risk factors, and clinical characteristics. Results Bone fractures and invasive ventilator dependence were the most common clinical features of MBDP. Duration of invasive ventilation and total mechanical ventilation days, necrotizing enterocolitis, corticosteroid use, anticonvulsive drug use, duration of dexamethasone and caffeine use, total parenteral nutrition, and length of hospitalization were significantly higher in neonates with MBDP (p < 0.05). Breastfed neonates and those receiving human milk fortifier had a lower incidence of MBDP than those premature formula or mixed feeding (p < 0.05). Anticonvulsive drug use (odds ratio: 2.935; 95% confidence interval: 1.265–6.810) was identified as a risk factor for MBDP at multiple regression analysis. Conclusion Our results show that anticonvulsive drug use is a significant risk factor for the development of MBDP. If long-term use is not required, anticonvulsive drugs should be stopped as soon as possible. Further studies involving patients with MBDP are required to determine the risk factors and clinical features. Key Points

scholarly journals DRD1 and DRD2 Receptor Polymorphisms: Genetic Neuromodulation of the Dopaminergic System as a Risk Factor for ASD, ADHD and ASD/ADHD Overlap

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Addolorata Mariggiò ◽  
Roberto Palumbi ◽  
Angela Vinella ◽  
Riccardo Laterza ◽  
Maria Giuseppina Petruzzelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

The dopaminergic system (DS) is one of the most important neuromodulator systems involved in complex functions that are compromised in both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conditions that frequently occur in overlap. This evidence suggests that both disorders might have common neurobiological pathways involving the DS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the DRD1 and DRD2 dopamine receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as potential risk factors for ASD, ADHD, and ASD/ADHD overlap. Genetic data were obtained from four groups: 75 ASD patients, 75 ADHD patients, 30 patients with ASD/ADHD overlap, and 75 healthy controls. All participants were between 2 and 17 years old. We compared the genotypic and allelic frequency of 18 SNPs among all of the study groups. Moreover, in the case of statistically significant differences, odds ratios (OR) were obtained to evaluate if the presence of SNPs might be a risk factor of developing a specific clinical phenotype. This study found that DRD1 and DRD2 receptors SNPs might be considered as potential risk factors for ASD and ADHD. However, only DRD2-12 (rs7131465) was significantly associated with a higher risk for the ASD/ADHD overlap. These data support the hypothesis of the genetic neuromodulation of the DS in the neurobiology of these conditions.

scholarly journals Potential Risk Factor for Malaria Infection in Banjarnegara, Indonesia: A Matched Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Sulistyawati Sulistyawati ◽  
Rokhmayanti Rokhmayanti ◽  
Maririn Devi Pradita
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Potential Risk Factor ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

Context: This research is performed in Banjarnegara, an endemic malaria area in Indonesia. Considering the incidence of malaria in Indonesia in the last ten years, it is essential to assess the potential risk factors to maintain the cases and to accelerate malaria elimination. Aims: This study examined the potential risk factors from the human socio-economic aspect and human behavior for malaria cases. Settings and Design: This is a match case-control study conducted in 34 cases and 34 controls in Banjarmangu Subdistrict, Banjarnegara, Indonesia. The subjects for the two groups were based on the routine report of Banjarmangu I public health center from July 2017–March 2018. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select the subject. Statistical Analysis: Logistic regression was used to seek the association among the variables. Results: This research found that installing wire netting, not sleeping under a bed net, and consuming higher transportation costs were significant protective factors for malaria cases. Having lower family income was significant as a potential risk factor for malaria cases (OR=10.68, CI = 1.01-112.59). Conclusions: This study may explain that economic income was the essential aspect of malaria prevention as it contributed to the other health issues, such as health-seeking behavior.

Premature Arterial Disease Associated with Familial Antithrombin III Deficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 013-015 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Johnson ◽  
C R M Prentice ◽  
L A Parapia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Arterial Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is one of the few known abnormalities of the coagulation system known to predispose to venous thromboembolism but its relation to arterial disease is not established. We describe two related patients with this disorder, both of whom suffered arterial thrombotic events, at an early age. Both patients had other potential risk factors, though these would normally be considered unlikely to lead to such catastrophic events at such an age. Thrombosis due to ATIII deficiency is potentially preventable, and this diagnosis should be sought more frequently in patients with arterial thromboembolism, particularly if occurring at a young age. In addition, in patients with known ATIII deficiency, other risk factors for arterial disease should be eliminated, if possible. In particular, these patients should be counselled against smoking.

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