Prevalence of Feline Coronavirus Shedding in German Catteries and Associated Risk Factors

The aim of this prospective study was to determine prevalence and potential risk factors of feline coronavirus (FCoV) shedding. Four consecutive fecal samples of 179 cats from 37 German breeding catteries were analyzed for FCoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Prevalence of shedding was calculated using different numbers of fecal samples per cat (1–4) and different sampling intervals (5–28 days). Information on potential risk factors for FCoV shedding was obtained by a questionnaire. Risk factor analysis was performed using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Most cats (137/179, 76.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 69.8–82.2) shed FCoV at least at once. None of the tested 37 catteries was free of FCoV. Prevalence calculated including all four (76.5%, 95% CI 69.8–82.2) or the last three (73.7%, 95% CI 66.8–79.7) samples per cat was significantly higher than the prevalence calculated with only the last sample (61.5%, 95% CI 54.2–68.3; p = 0.0029 and 0.0175, respectively). Young age was significantly associated with FCoV shedding while the other factors were not. For identification of FCoV shedders in multi-cat households, at least three fecal samples per cat should be analyzed. Young age is the most important risk factor for FCoV shedding.

Download Full-text

Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part I: incident and episodic back pain

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12998-019-0280-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amber M Beynon ◽

Jeffrey J Hebert ◽

Charlotte Lebouef-Yde ◽

Bruce F Walker

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Back Pain ◽

Young People ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Older Age ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Children And Young Adults

Abstract Background The one-month prevalence of back pain in children and adolescents has been reported at 33, 28 and 48% at ages 9, 13 and 15 respectively. There are many suspected risk factors and triggers of back pain in young people. Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to identify potential risk factors and potential triggers for back pain in young people. The purpose of part I was to identify potential risk factors for incident and episodic back pain in young people. Part II included all eligible studies with unclear or mixed types of back pain. Methods Due to the vast number of studies on “risk factors” for back pain, a two-part scoping review of the literature was chosen as the best way to summarise the evidence. We adhered to the PRISMA-ScR guideline for scoping reviews. General potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults (≤ 24 years) were included, incorporating physical, environmental, and/or physiological factors. A search was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane databases from inception to September 2018, limited to the English language. Within part I, and because of their importance, only the results of the studies that investigated risk factors of incident back pain and back pain episodes are presented. Results The search identified 7356 articles, of which 91 articles were eligible for this scoping review. The majority of the eligible articles had an unclear definition of back pain (results presented in scoping review part II). There were 7 inception cohort studies included and 1 cohort study that met the criteria for part I. The most consistent risk factors for incident and episodic back pain are female sex and older age. Conclusion Due to inconsistent ways of reporting on the type of back pain, no definitive risk factor for back pain has been identified. In general, females often report more symptoms, also for other diseases, and older age is not a useful risk factor as it merely indicates that the onset may not be in childhood. Clearly, the time has come to study the causes of back pain from different angles.

Download Full-text

Risk Factors for Salmonella and Hygiene Indicators in the 10 Largest Belgian Pig Slaughterhouses

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-71.7.1320 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 71 (7) ◽

pp. 1320-1329 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

L. DELHALLE ◽

L. DE SADELEER ◽

K. BOLLAERTS ◽

F. FARNIR ◽

C. SAEGERMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Mixed Regression ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Pig Carcasses ◽

Cleaning And Disinfection

A survey was conducted to collect data on Salmonella prevalence, Escherichia coli counts (ECCs), and aerobic bacteria colony counts (ACCs) on pig carcasses after chilling at the 10 largest Belgian pig slaughterhouses during 2000 through 2004. Potential risk factors of contamination associated with production parameters, technical descriptions of the installations, and cleaning and disinfection methods were assessed during investigations in the slaughterhouses. These variables were used first in a univariate analysis and then were extended to a multivariate analysis with a logistic mixed regression model for Salmonella and a linear mixed model for ECCs and ACCs with slaughterhouses as the random effect. The results indicated high variability concerning Salmonella contamination among the 10 slaughterhouses, with prevalence ranging from 2.6 to 34.3% according to the area of origin. The median ECC and median ACC ranged from −0.43 to 1.11 log CFU/cm2 and from 2.37 to 3.65 log CFU/cm2, respectively. The results of the logistic and linear regressions revealed that some working practices such as scalding with steam, second flaming after polishing, and complete cleaning and disinfection of the splitting machine several times a day were beneficial for reducing Salmonella prevalence, ECCs, and ACCs. Changing the carcass hooks just before chilling, using water as the cleaning method, and a higher frequency of disinfection of the lairage seemed to be protective against E. coli in the multivariate mixed linear model. The monitoring of critical points, slaughterhouse equipment, good slaughtering practices, and effective washing and disinfection are the keys to obtaining good microbiological results.

Download Full-text

Sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil: prevalence and risk factors

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612014089 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 488-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vanessa Diniz Vieira ◽

Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela ◽

Thais Ferreira Feitosa ◽

Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde ◽

Sérgio Santos Azevedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Fatal Infection ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Relevant Risk Factor ◽

Pasture Area

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

Download Full-text

2013. Blood Culture Contamination in the Emergency Department: A Risk Factor Analysis

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1693 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S675-S676

Author(s):

Justin Klucher ◽

Mrinmayee Lakkad ◽

Jacob Painter ◽

Ryan K Dare

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Emergency Department ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

High Risk ◽

Potential Risk ◽

False Positive ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Sterile Technique ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Abstract Background Blood cultures (BCx) guide treatment for hospitalized patients, yet contaminated BCx lead to clinical uncertainty, impacting care. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends contamination rates should be <3%, yet our Emergency Department (ED) rate is consistently above this benchmark. Reasons for this are unclear, thus it is imperative to investigate potential risk factors for BCx contamination. Methods We performed a retrospective case–control risk factor analysis of patients with BCx collected in our ED between 2014 and 2018. Contaminated BCx were identified by the microbiology laboratory per American Society of Microbiology recommendations. Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics were evaluated in patients with false-positive/contaminated BCx (cases) and patients with negative BCx (controls). Potential risk factors identified in univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. Results 25,668 BCx from 13,782 patients were included in analysis. 20,907 BCx from 11,266 (82%) patients were negative, 2,856 BCx from 1,504 (11%) patients were true positives, and 1,905 BCx from 1,012 (7%) patients were contaminated. Yearly ED contamination rates ranged from 5.0–9.3%. Collector contamination rates varied, though 38 (19%), 75 (35%), and 7 (3%) of 209 collectors had a contamination rate <3%, ≥ 10%, and ≥ 20%, respectively. Significant patient-specific risk factors identified in univariate analysis are listed in the attached table along with adjusted analysis. Conclusion In our analysis, we identified that older age, African American race, higher BMI, COPD, paralysis, and presenting in septic shock independently increases risk of having a contaminated BCx. Difficulty obtaining venipuncture in patients with these risk factors, often requiring multiple collection attempts, likely leads to decreased sterile technique. It is imperative to have a process assuring sterile technique in these high-risk individuals to minimize consequences associated with having a false-positive BCx result in these high-risk patients. Additionally, variable collector contamination rates seen in this study highlight the necessity for frequent technique in-service training. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and risk factors for feather-damaging behavior in psittacine birds: Analysis of a Japanese nationwide survey

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254610 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254610

Author(s):

Kazumasa Ebisawa ◽

Shunya Nakayama ◽

Chungyu Pai ◽

Rie Kinoshita ◽

Hiroshi Koie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Separation Anxiety ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Control Study

A case control study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of feather-damaging behavior and evaluate the correlation with risk factors among pet psittacine birds in Japan. Although feather-damaging behavior among pet parrots is frequently observed in Japan, its prevalence and potential risk factors have not been investigated. Therefore, we conducted an online questionnaire survey on parrot owners throughout Japan to examine regional differences in feather-damaging behavior and associated risk factors. In total, 2,331 valid responses were obtained. The prevalence of feather-damaging behavior was 11.7%, in general agreement with prior studies. The highest prevalence was among Cockatoos (Cacatua spp., etc.; 30.6%), followed by Lovebirds (Agapornis spp.; 24.5%) and African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; 23.7%). Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) for potential risk factors and adjust the confounding of the variables. The odds of feather-damaging behavior were significantly higher for Conures (Aratinga spp., Pyrrhura spp., Thectocercus acuticaudatus, Cyanoliseus patagonus) (ORadj = 2.55, P = 0.005), Pacific parrotlets (Forpus coelestis) (ORadj = 3.96, P < 0.001), African grey parrots (ORadj = 6.74, P < 0.001), Lovebirds (ORadj = 6.79, P < 0.001) and Cockatoos (ORadj = 9.46, P < 0.001) than Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), and for young adults (ORadj = 1.81, P = 0.038) and adults (ORadj = 3.17, P < 0.001) than young birds, and for signs of separation anxiety (ORadj = 1.81, P < 0.001). Species, bird age and signs of separation anxiety were significantly higher risk factors for feather-damaging behavior than any other potential risk factors. Our findings, which include broad species diversity, are a good source of data for predicting risk factors for feather-damaging behavior and could be useful in preventing declines in welfare.

Download Full-text

Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome: A Single Center Retrospective Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-38079/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chenling Yuan ◽

Xiaolu Li ◽

Hui Hu ◽

Dan Li ◽

Yongmei Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Short Bowel Syndrome ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Ileocecal Valve ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Short Bowel ◽

Long Duration ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a devastating clinical entity that is usually managed with parenteral nutrition (PN). Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a serious complication of long-term PN. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of CRBSI in SBS children. Methods: Nineteen pediatric patients with SBS were retrospectively recruited from Shanghai Children’s Hospital between August 2015 and December 2019. Clinical data, including demographics, aetiology of SBS, site and type of catheters, duration of PN, comorbidities, and microbiological data regarding CRBSI, were collected and reviewed to assess the CRBSI incidence and associated risk factors. Results: A total of 57 catheter insertions for PN were administered in 19 SBS children. CRBSI was identified in 11 cases among 6 patients during a total catheter days of 1907. The rate of CRBSI was 5.8 per 1000 catheter days. The common manifestations of the SBS children with CRBSI were fever (6/11, 54.5%), lethargy (5/11, 45.4%), stagnation of weight (7/11, 63.6%), and increment of enterostomy fluid (7/11, 63.6%). Potential risk factors for CRBSI included an absence of ileocecal valve (p=0.046), and long duration of PN (p=0.019). The most common microorganism isolated from the blood cultures was Klebsiella pneumoniae (6/11, 54.55%). Conclusions: The rate of CRBSI was 5.8 per 1000 catheter days, and klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common isolated pathogen of CRBSI in the studied SBS children. An absence of ileocecal valve and long duration of PN were potential risk factors of CRBSI.

Download Full-text

Personality and Other Individual Influences on Offending

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190201371.013.17 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 354-377

Author(s):

Darrick Jolliffe ◽

David P. Farrington

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Decision Making ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Difference ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Explanatory Variable ◽

Decision Making Factors ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Cognitive Decision

This chapter summarizes the knowledge about the key individual difference factors that have been proposed to underlie criminal potential. It discusses temperament and personality, explores the relation between impulsivity and offending, and investigates low intelligence and offending. The chapter then examines the evidence for low empathy and cognitive (decision-making) factors. In isolation, these (or any other) individual differences cannot fully explain the development of offending, but the strength of the evidence suggests that any complete theory would need to take into account at least some of these factors, as all are potential “risk factors” for later offending. While there are different ways of conceptualizing a risk factor, generally they refer to an extreme category of an explanatory variable.

Download Full-text

The Genetic Background of Endometriosis: Can ESR2 and CYP19A1 Genes Be a Potential Risk Factor for Its Development?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21218235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 8235

Author(s):

Beata Smolarz ◽

Krzysztof Szyłło ◽

Hanna Romanowicz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Uterine Cavity ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Primary Site ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Genetic Mechanisms

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial foci, localized beyond their primary site, i.e., the uterine cavity. The etiology of this disease is rather complex. Its development is supported by hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors. During recent years, particular attention has been focused on the genetic mechanisms that may be of particular significance for the increased incidence rates of endometriosis. According to most recent studies, ESR2 and CYP19A1 genes may account for the potential risk factors of infertility associated with endometriosis. The paper presents a thorough review of the latest reports and data concerning the genetic background of the risk for endometriosis development.

Download Full-text

Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1729559 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mehmet Mutlu ◽

Filiz Aktürk-Acar ◽

Şebnem Kader ◽

Yakup Aslan ◽

Gülay Karagüzel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Drug Use ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Metabolic Bone Disease ◽

Metabolic Bone ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Objective The study aimed to analyze the risk factors and clinical features of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) in premature infants compared with infants of similar gestational age and birthweight without MBDP. Study Design This retrospective case–control study was performed by comparing 81 cases of MBDP with 63 controls to identify potential risk factors. Premature infants with a gestational age ≤33 weeks and birthweight <1,500 g were included. Medical records were examined in terms of maternal conditions, potential risk factors, and clinical characteristics. Results Bone fractures and invasive ventilator dependence were the most common clinical features of MBDP. Duration of invasive ventilation and total mechanical ventilation days, necrotizing enterocolitis, corticosteroid use, anticonvulsive drug use, duration of dexamethasone and caffeine use, total parenteral nutrition, and length of hospitalization were significantly higher in neonates with MBDP (p < 0.05). Breastfed neonates and those receiving human milk fortifier had a lower incidence of MBDP than those premature formula or mixed feeding (p < 0.05). Anticonvulsive drug use (odds ratio: 2.935; 95% confidence interval: 1.265–6.810) was identified as a risk factor for MBDP at multiple regression analysis. Conclusion Our results show that anticonvulsive drug use is a significant risk factor for the development of MBDP. If long-term use is not required, anticonvulsive drugs should be stopped as soon as possible. Further studies involving patients with MBDP are required to determine the risk factors and clinical features. Key Points

Download Full-text

Canine Parvovirus Infection in Dogs: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Egypt

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2020.wvj68 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 571-577

Author(s):

Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed ◽

Elzahara Elbaz ◽

Emad Younis ◽

Mohamed Khodier

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Test Kit ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

The Ideal

Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a global infectious and contagious viral disease of canine, especially in dogs infected by three variants of CPV type. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of parvovirus infection in dogs residing in Egypt. A total of 122 dogs suffering from vomiting and diarrhea were screened by antigen rapid CPV/Canine Coronavirus Ag test kit for the diagnosis of CPV infection from March 2012 to February 2013. Age, breed, season, and vaccination of each dog were recorded to study the prevalence of CPV. The overall prevalence of CPV infection in dogs was reported as 59.7%. Dogs between 0 and 3 months of age indicated the highest prevalence of 68% followed by 4-6 months of age which was 53.3%. The lowest prevalence of CPV was reported in dogs above 6 months of age (20%). The maximum prevalence was noticed in non-descript dogs (48.5%) followed by German shepherds (26.7%), Doberman (23.07%), and Griffon (16.6%). Among different risk factors, young, unvaccinated puppies and exotic breeds were more prone to CPV infection. Regarding the season, the higher prevalence was noticed in summer (77.1%) followed by spring (55.5%), autumn (25%), and winter (16.6%). Thus, CPV is an infectious and highly contagious viral disease of dogs. Age and seasonal variations are risk factors in the prevalence of CPV infection. Identification of the potential risk factors associated with the disease may be helpful to construct the ideal preventive measures.

Download Full-text