Effects of Nanostructure Additives on Supercooling and Freezing of Distilled Water

The phenomenon of supercooling, which prevents freezing of water below the freezing point, is an obstacle to the production of inexpensive ice. In the case of ice heat storage systems using bio-preservation, low-temperature refrigeration of food and ice capsules in the HVAC industry, the supercooled water in capsules that indirectly come into contact with the outside is one of the problems that must be solved to maintain energy costs and the quality of food or organs. To improve this, experimental evaluation of additives that serve as crude nuclear agents is needed. However, research on this area needs to be supported because the types of additives are limited and their physical properties are unstable. In this paper, the effect of distilled water containing an additive of average diameter nanometer size on solution (frozen) supercooled below the freezing point was investigated. The supercooling time and supercooling level of each specimen were analyzed after addition of kaolin, strontium hydroxide, oxidizing mineral and nano-sized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as mineral fine particles in the distilled water. As a result, it has been confirmed that kaolin and SWCNT can be used as nuclear materials to release supercooling of water. In addition, when kaolin, a mineral fine particle, is used as a nuclear material, its size affects the performance of nuclearization. This confirmed the impact of nuclear material particle size and structure on overcooled emissions.

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The Impact of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 as Protection Against Busulfan-Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Adult Rats

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315509666190723131511 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 578-586

Author(s):

Areeg M. Abdelrazek ◽

Shimaa A. Haredy

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Coenzyme Q10 ◽

Protective Role ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Stress Damage ◽

The Impact ◽

Liver Tissues

Background: Busulfan (Bu) is an anticancer drug with a variety of adverse effects for cancer patients. Oxidative stress has been considered as a common pathological mechanism and it has a key role in the initiation and progression of liver injury by Bu. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant impact of L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 and their protective role against oxidative stress damage in liver tissues. Methods and Material: Thirty-six albino rats were divided equally into six groups. G1 (con), received I.P. injection of DMSO plus 1 ml of distilled water daily by oral gavages; G2 (Bu), received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of the distilled water daily; G3 (L-Car), received 1 ml of L-Car orally; G4 (Bu + L-Car) received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of L-Car, G5 (CoQ10) 1 ml of CoQ10 daily; and G6 (Bu + CoQ10) received I.P. injection of Bu plus 1 ml of CoQ10 daily. Results: The recent data showed that Bu induced significant (P<0.05) elevation in serum ALT, AST, liver GSSG, NO, MDA and 8-OHDG, while showing significant (P<0.05) decrease in liver GSH and ATP. On the other hand, L-Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 ameliorated the negative effects prompted by Bu. Immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 in liver tissues reported pathological alterations in Bu group while also showed significant recovery in L-Car more than CoQ10. Conclusion: L-Car, as well as CoQ10, can enhance the hepatotoxic effects of Bu by promoting energy production in oxidative phosphorylation process and by scavenging the free radicals.

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Use of Multi-Anionic Sodium Tripolyphosphate to Enhance Dispersion of Concentrated Kaolin Slurries in Seawater

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11071085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1085

Author(s):

Williams Leiva ◽

Norman Toro ◽

Pedro Robles ◽

Edelmira Gálvez ◽

Ricardo Ivan Jeldres

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Chord Length ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Reflectance Measurement ◽

Anionic Charge ◽

Free Environment ◽

The Impact

This research aims to analyze the impact of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a rheological modifier of concentrated kaolin slurries in seawater at pH 8, which is characteristic of copper sulfide processing operations. The dispersion phenomenon was analyzed through chord length measurements using the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technique, complementing size distributions in unweighted and square-weighted modes. The reduction of the rheological properties was significant, decreasing from 231 Pa in a reagent-free environment to 80 Pa after the application of STPP. A frequency sweep in a linear viscoelastic regime indicated that by applying a characteristic dosage of 0.53 kg/t of STPP, the pulp before yielding increases its phase angle, which increases its liquid-like character. Measurements of the chord length verified the dispersion of particles, which showed an apparent increase in the proportion of fine particles and a reduction of the coarser aggregates when STPP was applied. Measurements of the zeta potential suggested that the high anionic charge of the reagent (pentavalent) increases the electrostatic repulsions between particles, overcoming the effect of cations in seawater. The results are relevant for the mining industry, especially when the deposits have high contents of complex gangues, such as clays, that increase the rheological properties. This increases the energy costs and water consumption needed for pumping the tailings from thickeners to the tailing storages facilities. The strategies that allow for the improvement of the fluidity and deformation of the tailings generate slack in order to maximize water recovery in the thickening stages.

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Effect of SWCNT-Tuball Paper on the Lightning Strike Protection of CFRPs and Their Selected Mechanical Properties

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14113140 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3140

Author(s):

Kamil Dydek ◽

Anna Boczkowska ◽

Rafał Kozera ◽

Paweł Durałek ◽

Łukasz Sarniak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Copper Foil ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Lightning Strike ◽

Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽

The Impact

The main aim of this work was the investigation of the possibility of replacing the heavy metallic meshes applied onto the composite structure in airplanes for lightning strike protection with a thin film of Tuball single-wall carbon nanotubes in the form of ultra-light, conductive paper. The Tuball paper studied contained 75 wt% or 90 wt% of carbon nanotubes and was applied on the top of carbon fibre reinforced polymer before fabrication of flat panels. First, the electrical conductivity, impact resistance and thermo-mechanical properties of modified laminates were measured and compared with the reference values. Then, flat panels with selected Tuball paper, expanded copper foil and reference panels were fabricated for lightning strike tests. The effectiveness of lightning strike protection was evaluated by using the ultrasonic phased-array technique. It was found that the introduction of Tuball paper on the laminates surface improved both the surface and the volume electrical conductivity by 8800% and 300%, respectively. The impact resistance was tested in two directions, perpendicular and parallel to the carbon fibres, and the values increased by 9.8% and 44%, respectively. The dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis showed higher stiffness and a slight increase in glass transition temperature of the modified laminates. Ultrasonic investigation after lightning strike tests showed that the effectiveness of Tuball paper is comparable to expanded copper foil.

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Size-resolved characterization of organic aerosol in the North China Plain: new insights from high resolution spectral analysis

Environmental Science: Atmospheres ◽

10.1039/d1ea00025j ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Weiqi Xu ◽

Chun Chen ◽

Yanmei Qiu ◽

Conghui Xie ◽

Yunle Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiative Forcing ◽

North China Plain ◽

North China ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Size Distributions ◽

The North ◽

The Impact

Organic aerosol (OA), a large fraction of fine particles, has a large impact on climate radiative forcing and human health, and the impact depends strongly on size distributions. Here we...

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Exosome Traceability and Cell Source Dependence on Composition and Cell-Cell Cross Talk

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5346

Author(s):

Rabab N. Hamzah ◽

Karrer M. Alghazali ◽

Alexandru S. Biris ◽

Robert J. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Donor Cell ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cell Interaction ◽

Target Cells ◽

Remote Communication ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Cell Components ◽

The Impact

Exosomes are small vesicles with an average diameter of 100 nm that are produced by many, if not all, cell types. Exosome cargo includes lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids arranged specifically in the endosomes of donor cells. Exosomes can transfer the donor cell components to target cells and can affect cell signaling, proliferation, and differentiation. Important new information about exosomes’ remote communication with other cells is rapidly being accumulated. Recent data indicates that the results of this communication depend on the donor cell type and the environment of the host cell. In the field of cancer research, major questions remain, such as whether tumor cell exosomes are equally taken up by cancer cells and normal cells and whether exosomes secreted by normal cells are specifically taken up by other normal cells or also tumor cells. Furthermore, we do not know how exosome uptake is made selective, how we can trace exosome uptake selectivity, or what the most appropriate methods are to study exosome uptake and selectivity. This review will explain the effect of exosome source and the impact of the donor cell growth environment on tumor and normal cell interaction and communication. The review will also summarize the methods that have been used to label and trace exosomes to date.

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Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-16-777-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 777-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

A Vara-Vela ◽

M. F. Andrade ◽

P. Kumar ◽

R. Y. Ynoue ◽

A. G. Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Atmospheric Aerosols ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Vehicular Emissions ◽

São Paulo ◽

Mass Size Distribution ◽

Mass Size ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles (PM2.5; ≤  2.5 µm in diameter) in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) in Brazil, where ethanol is used intensively as a fuel in road vehicles. The Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, which simulates feedbacks between meteorological variables and chemical species, is used as a photochemical modelling tool to describe the physico-chemical processes leading to the evolution of number and mass size distribution of particles through gas-to-particle conversion. A vehicular emission model based on statistical information of vehicular activity is applied to simulate vehicular emissions over the studied area. The simulation has been performed for a 1-month period (7 August–6 September 2012) to cover the availability of experimental data from the NUANCE-SPS (Narrowing the Uncertainties on Aerosol and Climate Changes in Sao Paulo State) project that aims to characterize emissions of atmospheric aerosols in the SPMA. The availability of experimental measurements of atmospheric aerosols and the application of the WRF-Chem model made it possible to represent some of the most important properties of fine particles in the SPMA such as the mass size distribution and chemical composition, besides allowing us to evaluate its formation potential through the gas-to-particle conversion processes. Results show that the emission of primary gases, mostly from vehicles, led to a production of secondary particles between 20 and 30 % in relation to the total mass concentration of PM2.5 in the downtown SPMA. Each of PM2.5 and primary natural aerosol (dust and sea salt) contributed with 40–50 % of the total PM10 (i.e. those ≤  10 µm in diameter) concentration. Over 40 % of the formation of fine particles, by mass, was due to the emission of hydrocarbons, mainly aromatics. Furthermore, an increase in the number of small particles impaired the ultraviolet radiation and induced a decrease in ozone formation. The ground-level O3 concentration decreased by about 2 % when the aerosol-radiation feedback is taken into account.

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To what extent does the environmental magnetism technique acts as a way of assessing the uptake of atmospheric particles by plants?

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8263 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Letaïef ◽

Pierre Camps ◽

Thierry Poidras ◽

Patrick Nicol ◽

Delphine Bosch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Magnetic Measurements ◽

Deposition Velocity ◽

Environmental Magnetism ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Area Index ◽

The Impact

Numerous studies have already shown the possibility of tracing the sources, the compositions, and the concentration of atmospheric pollutants deposited on plant leaves. In environmental geochemistry, inter-element and isotope ratios from chemical element assays have been used for these purposes. Alternatively, environmental magnetism represents a quick and inexpensive asset that is increasingly used as a relative indicator for concentrations of air pollutant on bio accumulator surfaces such as plants. However, a fundamental issue is still pending: Do plants in urban areas represent a sink for fine particles that is sufficiently effective to improve air quality? This is a very topical issue because some studies have shown that the foliage can trap fine particles by different dry deposition processes, while other studies based on CFD models indicate that plant hedges in cities can hinder the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants and therefore increase pollution at the level of emission sources such as traffic. To date, no consensus was made because several factors not necessary well known must be taken into account, such as, PM concentration and size, prevailing wind, surface structures, epicuticular wax, to mention just a few examples. A first step toward the understanding of the impact of urban greens on air quality is the precise determination of the deposition velocity (Vd) parameter. This latter is specific for each species and it is most of the time underestimated in modeling-based studies by taking standard values. In that perspective, we built a wind tunnel (6 m long, 86 cm wide and 86 cm high) to perform analogical experiments on different endemic species. All parameters are controlled, i.e, the wind speed, the nature and the injection time of pollutants (Gasoline or Diesel exhausts, brakes or tires dust, etc&#8230;). We can provide the PM concentrations upwind and downwind of natural reconstituted hedges by two dustmeters (LOACs - M&#233;t&#233;oModem). Beforehand, parameters such as the hedge resistance (%) or the leaf area index (LAI) have been estimated for each studied specie to allow comparability between plants removal potential. The interest would ultimately combine PM concentration measured by size bins from the LOACs with magnetic measurements (ARM, IRM100mT, IRM300mT and SIRM) of plant leaves. The idea is to check whether it would be possible to precisely determine in situ the dust removal rate by urban greens with environmental magnetism measurements. Up to now, we have carried out on different endemic species such as Elaeagnus x ebbingei leaves and Mediterranean pine needles, the results of which will be presented.

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Does afforestation deteriorate haze pollution in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China?

10.5194/acp-2017-1239 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Long ◽

Naifang Bei ◽

Jiarui Wu ◽

Xia Li ◽

Tian Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Forecast Model ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Satellite Measurements ◽

Haze Pollution ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Although aggressive emission control strategies have been implemented recently in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area (BTH), China, pervasive and persistent haze still frequently engulfs the region during wintertime. Afforestation in BTH, primarily concentrated in the Taihang and Yanshan Mountains, has constituted one of the controversial factors exacerbating the haze pollution due to its slowdown of the surface wind speed. We report here an increasing trend of forest cover in BTH during 2001–2013 based on long-term satellite measurements and the impact of the afforestation on the fine particles (PM2.5) level. Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecast model with chemistry reveal that the afforestation in BTH since 2001 generally deteriorates the haze pollution in BTH to some degree, enhancing PM2.5 concentrations by up to 6 % on average. Complete afforestation or deforestation in the Taihang and Yanshan Mountains would increase or decrease the PM2.5 level within 15 % in BTH. Our model results also suggest that implementing a large ventilation corridor system would not be effective or beneficial to mitigate the haze pollution in Beijing.

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The effect of algal polysaccharides laminarin and fucoidan on colonic pathology, cytokine gene expression and Enterobacteriaceae in a dextran sodium sulfate-challenged porcine model

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2016.4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. J. O'Shea ◽

J. V. O'Doherty ◽

J. J. Callanan ◽

D. Doyle ◽

K. Thornton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Sodium Sulfate ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Dextran Sodium Sulfate ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Cytokine Gene Expression ◽

Distilled Water ◽

The Impact ◽

Algal Polysaccharides

AbstractThe algal polysaccharides laminarin (LAM) and fucoidan (FUC) have potent anti-inflammatory activities in the gastrointestinal tract. Our objective was to examine the impact of prior consumption of LAM and/or FUC on pathology and inflammation following a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) challenge in pigs. Pigs (n 7/group) were assigned to one of five experimental groups for 56 d. From 49–55 d, distilled water or DSS was administered intragastrically. The experimental groups were: (1) basal diet + distilled water (control); (2) basal diet + DSS (DSS); (3) basal diet + FUC + DSS (FUC + DSS); (4) basal diet + LAM + DSS (LAM + DSS); and (5) basal diet + LAM + FUC + DSS (LAMFUC + DSS). The DSS group had decreased body-weight gain (P < 0·05) and serum xylose (P < 0·05), and increased proximal colon pathology score (P < 0·05), diarrhoeal score (P < 0·001) and colonic Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0·05) relative to the control group. The FUC + DSS (P < 0·01), LAM + DSS (P < 0·05) and LAMFUC + DSS (P < 0·05) groups had improved diarrhoeal score, and the LAMFUC + DSS (P < 0·05) group had improved body weight relative to the DSS group. The FUC + DSS group (P < 0·001), LAM + DSS group (P < 0·05) and LAMFUC + DSS group (P < 0·001) had lower IL-6 mRNA abundance relative to the DSS group. The LAM + DSS group had reduced Enterobacteriaceae in proximal colon digesta relative to the DSS group (P < 0·05). In conclusion, FUC or a combination of FUC and LAM improved body-weight loss, diarrhoeal scores and clinical variables associated with a DSS challenge in pigs, in tandem with a reduction in colonic IL-6 mRNA abundance.

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The Impact of Intense Winter Saharan Dust Events on PM and Optical Properties at Urban Sites in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12111469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1469

Author(s):

Alba López-Caravaca ◽

Ramón Castañer ◽

Alvaro Clemente ◽

Eduardo Yubero ◽

Nuria Galindo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Saharan Dust ◽

Percentile Method ◽

Angstrom Exponent ◽

Ångström Exponent ◽

Dust Events ◽

The Impact ◽

Ångstrom Exponent

The influence of three Saharan dust events (SDE) on particulate matter (PM) concentrations and aerosol optical properties (AOP) during February 2021 was studied. The physical characteristics of the African aerosol were different for each episode. Therefore, the impacts of the three events on PM and AOP were analyzed separately. The monitoring sites were placed in Elche, in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The sites can be classified as urban background locations. The procedure used to obtain the contribution of SDE to PM10 mass concentrations was the 40th percentile method. Nearly half of the days during the study period were under the influence of Saharan air masses. The average contribution of mineral dust (MD) to the PM10 mean concentration was ~50%, which was the highest contribution during the month of February in the last 14 years. The results show that those events characterized by a high input of fine particles (PM1 and PM2.5) caused larger increases in the absorption (σap) and scattering (σsp) coefficients than SDE in which coarse particles predominated. Nevertheless, as expected, SAE (Scattering Angström Exponent) values were lowest during these episodes. AAE (Absorption Angström Exponent) values during SDE were slightly higher than those observed in the absence of African dust, suggesting some contribution from MD to the absorption process.

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