scholarly journals Qing Re Liang Xue Decoction Alleviates Hypercoagulability in Kawasaki Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao-yang Chen ◽  
Ji-ming Yin ◽  
Zhong-dong Du ◽  
Jing Hao ◽  
Hui-min Yan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Integrative Medicine ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Interleukin 33

Objective. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystemic autoimmune vasculitis. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the first-line treatment for KD. It is unclear whether traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has an effect on KD. We aimed to observe the clinical efficacy of TCM on acute KD via serum interleukin-33 (IL-33) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) measurements.Methods. Thirty-one KD patients were treated with Qing Re Liang Xue decoction and Western medicine (integrative medicine treatment group), while 28 KD patients were treated with Western medicine only (Western medicine treatment group). Thirty patients were included in a febrile group and 28 healthy children were included in the control group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were gathered and compared. Serum IL-33 and TNF-αlevels were measured by multiplex Luminex assay.Results. The platelet count in the integrative medicine treatment group was significantly lower than that in the Western medicine treatment group. The integrative medicine group had a shorter fever duration and lower IL-33 and TNF-αlevels than those in the Western medicine group, but there were no significant differences between the two KD groups after treatment.Conclusion. Qing Re Liang Xue decoction improved the hypercoagulable state of KD patients. Potential myocardial protective effects require further research.

scholarly journals INCREASED TISSUE TRANSGLUTAMINASE LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AMONG PATIENTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedat IŞIKAY ◽  
Şamil HIZLI ◽  
Serkan ÇOŞKUN ◽  
Kutluhan YILMAZ
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Tissue Transglutaminase ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medical Histories

Background - Celiac disease is an autoimmune systemic disorder in genetically predisposed individuals precipitated by gluten ingestion. Objective - In this study, we aimed to determine asymptomatic spike-and-wave findings on electroencephalography in children with celiac disease. Methods - A total of 175 children with the diagnosis of celiac disease (study group) and 99 age- and sex-matched healthy children as controls (control group) were included in the study. In order to determine the effects of gluten free diet on laboratory and electroencephalography findings, the celiac group is further subdivided into two as newly-diagnosed and formerly-diagnosed patients. Medical histories of all children and laboratory findings were all recorded and neurologic statuses were evaluated. All patients underwent a sleep and awake electroencephalography. Results - Among 175 celiac disease patients included in the study, 43 were newly diagnosed while 132 were formerly-diagnosed patients. In electroencephalography evaluation of patients the epileptiform activity was determined in 4 (9.3%) of newly diagnosed and in 2 (1.5%) of formerly diagnosed patients; on the other hand the epileptiform activity was present in only 1 (1.0%) of control cases. There was a statistically significant difference between groups in regards to the presence of epileptiform activity in electroencephalography. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that epileptiform activity in both sleep and awake electroencephalography were positively correlated with tissue transglutaminase levels (P=0.014 and P=0.019, respectively). Conclusion - We have determined an increased epileptiform activity frequency among newly-diagnosed celiac disease patients compared with formerly-diagnosed celiac disease patients and control cases. Moreover the tissue transglutaminase levels were also correlated with the presence of epileptiform activity in electroencephalography. Among newly diagnosed celiac disease patients, clinicians should be aware of this association and be alert about any neurological symptoms.

scholarly journals Impact of Coenzyme Q10 Administration on Lead Acetate-Induced Testicular Damage in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal El-khadragy ◽  
Wafa A. Al-Megrin ◽  
Norah A. AlSadhan ◽  
Dina M. Metwally ◽  
Rehab E. El-Hennamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Coq10 Supplementation ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Testicular Injury

Exposure to lead (Pb) causes multiorgan dysfunction including reproductive impairments. Here, we examined the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) administration on testicular injury induced by lead acetate (PbAc) exposure in rats. This study employed four experimental groups (n=7) that underwent seven days of treatment as follows: control group intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with 0.1 ml of 0.9% NaCl containing 1% Tween 80 (v:v), CoQ10 group that was i.p. injected with 10 mg/kg CoQ10, PbAc group that was i.p. treated with PbAc (20 mg/kg), and PbAc+CoQ10 group that was i.p. injected with CoQ10 2 h after PbAc. PbAc injection resulted in increasing residual Pb levels in the testis and reducing testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Additionally, PbAc exposure resulted in significant oxidative damage to the tissues on the testes. PbAc raised the levels of prooxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) and reduced the amount of endogenous antioxidative proteins (glutathione and its derivative enzymes, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) available in the cell. Moreover, PbAc induced the inflammatory response as evidenced by the upregulation of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta). Further, PbAc treatment induced apoptosis in the testicular cells, as indicated by an increase in Bax and caspase 3 expression, and reduced Bcl2 expression. CoQ10 supplementation improved testicular function by inhibiting Pb accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death, and histopathological changes following PbAc exposure. Our findings suggest that CoQ10 can act as a natural therapeutic agent to protect against the reproductive impairments associated with PbAc exposure.

scholarly journals Suppression of Tumorigenesis: Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokines by Oral Administration of Microencapsulated Probiotic Yogurt Formulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska ◽  
Arghya Paul ◽  
Jasmine Bhahena ◽  
Satya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Probiotic Yogurt ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The objective of this study was to examine the ability of a novel microencapsulated probiotic yogurt formulation to suppress the intestinal inflammation. We assessed its anticancer activity by screening interleukin-1, 6, and 12 (IL-1, 6, 12), secretory levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), prostaglandinE2  (PGE2), and thromboxane B2 in the digesta obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, proximal, and distal segments of the ileum of C57BL/6J-ApcMin/J mice. Formulation-receiving animals showed consistently lower proinflammatory cytokines' levels when compared to control group animals receiving empty alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules suspended in saline. The concentrations of IL-12 found in serum in control and treatment group animals were significant:46.58±16.96 pg/mL and158.58±28.56 pg/mL for control and treatment animals, respectively. We determined a significant change in plasma C-reactive protein:81.04±23.73 ng/mL in control group and64.21±16.64 ng/mL in treatment group. Western blots showed a 71% downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in treatment group animals compared to control. These results point to the possibility of using this yogurt formulation in anticancer therapies, in addition to chronic gut diseases such as Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) thanks to its inflammation lowering properties.

scholarly journals Clinical effect of Changweishu on gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 030006052091957
Author(s):  
Fen-Qiao Chen ◽  
Wen-Zhong Xu ◽  
Hai-Yun Gao ◽  
Li-Juan Wu ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Apache Ii ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Apache Ii Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Tnf Α

Objective To investigate Changweishu’s clinical effect on gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with sepsis. Methods Fifty patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction and sepsis were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The control group patients received routine Western medicine treatments (meropenem, noradrenaline, glutamine glue, Bifidobacterium lactis triple-strain tablet), and the treatment group patients received routine Western medicine treatment combined with Changweishu. Treatments in both groups lasted 7 days. Changes in APACHE II score, gastrointestinal dysfunction score, serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid, inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1)), and the incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality were observed. Results After treatment, APACHE II score, gastrointestinal dysfunction score, and DAO, D-lactic acid, TNF-α, IL-6, and HMGB-1 levels decreased significantly in both groups, but the decrease was more significant in the treatment group than in the control group. The incidence of MODS and mortality were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusion The addition of Changweishu to routine Western treatments can improve gastrointestinal function in patients with sepsis and gastrointestinal dysfunction, as well as decreasing the incidence of MODS and mortality and improving patient prognosis.

scholarly journals Effect of Qingre Jiedu Huoxue Huayu Recipe on blood stasis and toxin syndrome in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, serum Lp-PLA2, TNF- α, and PIGF expression level

2022 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Tan Zifu ◽  
Li Jiaquan ◽  
Zhang Juan
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
St Segment

The pathological basis of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is severe coronary stenosis, unstable plaque erosion, and rupture, resulting in coronary blood flow reduction and myocardial ischemia, leading to acute thrombosis cardiovascular disease events. This subject intends to study the treatment of NSTE-ACS patients with blood stasis and toxin syndrome by Qingre Jiedu Huoxue Huayu Decoction, observe its clinical efficacy, and explore the effects of serum lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), the effect of placental growth factor (PIGF) expression. In this study, 100 patients with blood stasis and toxin syndrome of NSTE-ACS treated in the cardiovascular department of Enshi National Hospital from August 2020 to August 2021 were selected as the research object. They were randomly divided into traditional Chinese medicine comprehensive treatment groups and conventional western medicine control groups, with 50 cases. The conventional western medicine control group was treated with hydroclopidogrel tablets orally, and the comprehensive treatment group of traditional Chinese medicine combined with Qingre Jiedu Huoxue Huayu formula orally. The patients in both groups were treated for four weeks. The results showed that after treatment, the practical clinical rate of the comprehensive treatment group was significantly higher than that of the conventional western medicine control group. After treatment, the TCM syndrome score, angina pectoris attack duration, and angina pectoris attack frequency, myocardial zymogram index level, serum Lp-PLA2 and TNF of the two groups were measured- α. The levels of PIGF were significantly lower than those before treatment. The decline of the above indexes in the comprehensive treatment group of traditional Chinese medicine was significantly better than that in the control group of conventional Western Medicine (P<0.05). The incidence of MACE events in the TCM Comprehensive treatment group was significantly lower than that in the conventional western medicine control group (P <0.05).

scholarly journals Protective effects of bisoprolol against cadmium-induced myocardial toxicity through inhibition of oxidative stress and NF-κΒ signalling in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Liu ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhujun Han ◽  
Hailong Wang ◽  
Wenhu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to investigate the mitigative effects of bisoprolol (BIS) in cadmium-induced myocardial toxicity on oxidative stress and its inhibitive effect on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signalling in rats. Material and Methods Male albino Wistar rats were assigned to control, Cd, BIS 2 (2 mg/kg b.w.) and BIS 8 (8 mg/kg b.w.) groups with nine rats in each. Over four weeks, the control group was administered 1% gum acacia, all other groups received 3mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 dissolved in distilled water, and the BIS groups were additionally given bisoprolol in gum acacia. Blood samples were collected for biochemical estimations. Blood pressure and serum biomarker (lactate dehydrogenase, aspirate transaminase, alanine transferase and creatine kinase-MB, enzyme (superoxide dismutase, lipid hydroxy peroxidase, catalase and malondialdehyde), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured. Western blot analysis was conducted for NF-κB and glutathione S-transferase (GST). After sacrificing the rats, cardiac tissue samples were examined histopathologically. Results Our findings pointed to a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the studied serum biomarkers and levels of the relevant enzymes in the BIS 8 group compared to the Cd group. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in NF-kB p65 expression and TNF-α levels was noted in the BIS 8 group relative to the BIS 2 and Cd groups, indicating a reduction at a higher dose. In microscopy, histopathological changes in the cardiac muscles of the BIS 8 group were evident compared to those of the Cd group. Conclusion BIS seemed to have protective effects against cardiac injury induced by cadmium and could be considered a novel therapeutic drug and prognostic biomarker in the pathology of the many cardiovascular diseases caused by heavy metal intake.

scholarly journals Serum Lp-PLA2 Level Predicting Coronary Artery Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. E611-E618
Author(s):  
Xiong Zhang ◽  
Ya-Wang Shao ◽  
Ya-Lan Zhang ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Coronary Artery Lesions ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Ifn Γ

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an inflammatory disease associated with coronary vasculitis in children. In this study, we explored the correlation between Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and coronary artery lesions (CAL) in children with KD. Methods: Ninety-three children with KD were divided into a normal coronary artery (NCA, 54 cases) group and coronary artery lesions (CAL, 39 cases) group, according to the results of echocardiography. Another 42 healthy children were selected as the control group. The serumal levels of Lp-PLA2, Interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level were analyzed. The left main coronary artery (LMCA), diameters of left anterior descending coronary artery (LADC), right proximal coronary artery (PRCA), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were obtained by color Doppler ultrasound. The correlation between the above indexes and KD was analyzed. Results: The levels of white blood cell counts (WBC), ESR, CRP, IFN-γ, IL-6 and Lp-PLA2 as well as IMT were significantly increased in KD children (P < 0.05), and the levels of CRP, IFN-γ, IL-6 and Lp-PLA2 as well as IMT in the CAL group increased more significantly (P < 0.05). An increasing trend also has been described in the diameters of LMCA, LADC and PRCA for KD children with CAL compared with with NCA. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the elevated levels of CRP, IFN-γ, IL-6 and Lp-PLA2 were independent risk factors for KD with CAL. Correlation analysis showed that Lp-PLA2 level was positively correlated with the levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and CRP in CAL group and NCA group (respectively, all P < 0.01). In addition, a similar correlation was also described between Lp-PLA2 level and the diameters of LMCA, LADC and PRCA in CAL group (respectively, all P < 0.01). Conclusion: Lp-PLA2 may participate in the pathological mechanism of KD. Detection of the serum Lp-PLA2 level can be used in the diagnosis of KD disease and the assessment of coronary artery lesions in KD children.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Improves Intestinal Dysfunction in Septic Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-biao Meng ◽  
Yan-na Jiao ◽  
Geng Zhang ◽  
Xiu-juan Xu ◽  
Chun-lian Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Quantitative Score

Objective. To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at “Zusanli” (ST36) and “Shangjuxu”(ST37) on reducing inflammatory reaction and improving intestinal dysfunction in patients with sepsis-induced intestinal dysfunction with syndrome of obstruction of the bowels Qi. Methods. A total of 71 patients with sepsis-induced intestinal dysfunction with syndrome of obstruction of the bowels Qi were randomly assigned to control group (n=36) and treatment group (n=35). Patients in control group were given conventional therapies including fluid resuscitation, anti-infection, vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, supply of enteral nutrition, and glutamine as soon as possible. In addition to conventional therapies, patients in treatment group underwent 20 minutes of EA at ST36-ST37 twice a day for five days. At baseline, day 1, day 3, and day 7 after treatment, the plasma levels of procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins (I-FABP), D-lactate, citrulline, and TCM quantitative score of intestinal dysfunction were measured and recorded, respectively. And days on mechanical ventilation (MV), length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), and 28d mortality were recorded. Results. During treatment, the plasma levels of PCT, TNF-α, I-FABP, D-lactate, and TCM quantitative score of intestinal dysfunction were declining in both groups, while the treatment group showed a significant decline (P<0.05). Plasma levels of citrulline were increasing in both groups, while the treatment group showed a significant increase (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the days on MV, length of stay in ICU, and 28d mortality between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions. EA at ST36-ST37 can reduce inflammatory reaction and has protective effects on intestinal function in patients with sepsis-induced intestinal dysfunction with syndrome of obstruction of the bowels Qi. Trial Registration. This trial was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn/(ChiCTR-IOR-17010910).

scholarly journals Cinnamon Extract and Probiotic Supplementation Alleviate Copper-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Sara T. Elazab ◽  
Nahla S. Elshater ◽  
Asmaa T. Y. Kishaway ◽  
Huda A. EI-Emam
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Renal Protection ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Cinnamon Extract

The present study aimed to assess the potential protective effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cin) and probiotic against CuSO4-induced nephrotoxicity in broiler chickens. One-day-old Cobb chicks were assigned into seven groups (15 birds/group): control group, fed basal diet; Cin group, fed the basal diet mixed with Cin (200 mg/kg); PR group, receiving PR (1 g/4 L water); Cu group, fed the basal diets mixed with CuSO4 (300 mg/kg); Cu + Cin group; Cu + PR group; and Cu + Cin + PR group. All treatments were given daily for 6 weeks. Treatment of Cu-intoxicated chickens with Cin and/or PR reduced (p < 0.05) Cu contents in renal tissues and serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid compared to the Cu group. Moreover, Cin and PR treatment decreased lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in chickens’ kidney. Additionally, significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-2) and Bax, and in cyclooxygenase (COX-II) enzyme expression, and significant elevation (p < 0.05) in mRNA expression of IL-10 and Bcl-2 were observed in kidneys of Cu + Cin, Cu + PR, and Cu + Cin + PR groups compared to Cu group. Conclusively, Cin and/or PR afford considerable renal protection against Cu-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens.

scholarly journals The risk of hospitalization for respiratory tract infection (RTI) in children who are treated with high-dose IVIG in Kawasaki Disease: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Te Lei ◽  
Chien-Yu Lin ◽  
Yu-Hsuan Kao ◽  
Cheng-Hung Lee ◽  
Chao-Hsu Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Protective Effects

Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated systemic vasculitis, and infection plays an important role in the pathophysiology of KD. The susceptibility to infectious disease in patients with KD remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk of respiratory tract infection (RTI)-related hospitalizations in children with KD. Methods Data from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database was analyzed. We excluded patients with history of congenital abnormality, allergic diseases, or hospitalization history. Children with KD were selected as KD group and age- and sex-matched non-KD patients were selected as control group with 1:4 ratio. Both cohorts were tracked for one year to investigate the incidences of RTI-related hospitalizations. Cox regression hazard model was used to adjust for confounding factors and calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR). Results Between January 1996 and December 2012, 4,973 patients with KD were identified as the KD group and 19,683 patients were enrolled as the control group. An obviously reduced risk of RTI-related hospitalizations was observed in KD patients (aHR: 0.75, 95% CI [0.66–0.85]). The decreased risk persisted through the first six-months follow-up period with a peak protection in 3–6 months (aHR: 0.49, 95% CI [0.37–0.64]). Conclusions KD patients had approximately half reduction of risk for RTI-related hospitalizations. The protective effects persisted for at least six months. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the entire mechanism and investigate the influences of intravenous immunoglobulin.

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