Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Score Allows a Reliable Prediction of Mortality in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Managed by Fibrinolytic Therapy

Objective: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prognosis estimation would be helpful for the treatment decision making in ICH patients. The ICH-score was published in 2001 to estimate the 30-day mortality in conservatively treated patients with ICH. We evaluated the reproducibility of the ICH-score in ICH patients undergoing fibrinolytic therapy. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with supratentorial ICH managed by fibrinolytic therapy and evaluated the 30-day mortality. The ICH-score was then applied to match the mortality in our patients with the mortality predicted by the ICH-score. The ICH-score is based on parameters available at admission: age, hematoma volume, intraventricular expansion, and clinical status according to the Glasgow Coma Scale. Results: A total of 233 patients were analyzed. The 30-day mortality rate was 30% (70/233). An age of ≥80 years was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate (OR 2.26, chi-square test p = 0.01). A hematoma volume of ≥30 mL led significantly more often to 30-day mortality (OR 3.72, chi-square test p = 0.01). The mortality was significantly higher in the patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (2.97, chi-square test p = 0.003). The ICH-score showed a significant correlation with mortality (chi-square test, p < 0.0001). The following mortality rates were estimated using the ICH-score in our cohort: 1 = 0% (0/13), 2 = 0% (0/51), 3 = 1.3% (1/82), 4 = 43% (13/31), 5 = 100% (56/56). Conclusion: The ICH-score not only allows a reliable estimation of the 30-day mortality in patients with ICH treated conservatively but also treated by clot lysis. Compared to conservative treatment, the fibrinolytic therapy reduced the 30-day mortality in the patients with ICH-scores 1–4. Patients with ICH-score 5 do not have a benefit of fibrinolytic therapy and should no longer be considered to be candidates for fibrinolytic therapy.

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Abstract 3022: Image-Guided Endoscopic Evacuation of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a3022 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Joshua R Dusick ◽

Justin Dye ◽

Nestor Gonzalez ◽

Jennifer Varma ◽

John Frazee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Hematoma Volume ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Image Guided ◽

Aspiration Technique ◽

Endoscopic Evacuation ◽

Ich Score ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate despite current medical management. The benefits of open surgical evacuation for ICH remain controversial. Here we present initial results of the effectiveness of stereotactic image-guided endoscopic evacuation of ICH. Methods: Over 9-years, 41 patients with ICH (age 65+−14 years, 66% male, average admission GCS 10 & ICH Score 2, 46% with concurrent intraventricular hemorrhage) were treated. The current technique, which evolved from using direct endoscopic visualization, uses frameless stereotactic guidance alone to aspirate at two specified locations within the hematoma. An endoscope sheath is introduced through a bur hole into the hematoma along its long axis. Suction is applied to the sheath, without endoscopic viewing, at two locations, 1/3 and 2/3 of the way through the long-axis of the ICH. Endoscopic visualization of the cavity is then performed to ensure hemostasis. ICH volume was calculated using pre- and postoperative CT measurements ((length x width x height)/2). Results: Pre- and postoperative ICH volumes averaged 56.5 and 15.9cc, respectively, a reduction of 67.6+−41.9% (p<0.0001) with greater than 50% reduction in 78% of patients. Within 30 days, two patients (5%) developed rebleeding, one with acutely increased hematoma volume on postop CT. Average preop modified Rankin Score (mRS) decreased from 4.4 to 4.1 at follow-up (p=0.17). Seven-day and 30-day mortality occurred in 5 (12%) and 1 (2.4%) patients, respectively. This 30-day mortality compares favorably with the predicted rate of 26% based on average ICH score of 2 for the series. There were 2 surgical complications including ipsilateral ischemic stroke and subdural hematoma. Comparing the current aspiration technique to the previous technique, there were trends towards greater average reduction in hematoma volume (81.7% versus 58.5%, respectively, p=0.08) and greater improvement in clinical outcome (average mRS improvement 0.75 points versus 0 points, respectively, p=0.08). Conclusions: Image-guided endoscopic evacuation is a minimally-invasive approach to reduce ICH volume. Greater than 50% reduction in hematoma volume was achieved in the large majority of patients. Further study is required to evaluate the impact of endoscopic ICH evacuation on clinical outcomes compared to other treatments.

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Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Mortality due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Ayushi Rajkumar Jain ◽

Doss Prakash ◽

Sheetal Swamy

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Early Stage ◽

Major Complication ◽

Respiratory Arrest ◽

Chi Square ◽

High Risk Factors ◽

Demographic Predictors ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Common

The alarming statistics of COVID-19 surges up in 2021 throwing an enormous burden on the healthcare system across the world. According to WHO reports on 14th April 2021, globally 136,996,364 confirmed COVID-19 cases are reported across the continents, including 2,951,832 deaths. The state of Maharashtra reported the maximum number of cases of India including high mortality rate. This study was conducted to identify and describe the relation of different predictors (Age, gender, duration of hospital stay, presence of co morbidities) of mortality among the COVID-19 deceased patients by retrospectively analyzing the medical case records of 121 patients from a dedicated COVID hospital at Aurangabad from July 2020 to December 2020. Chi-square test was performed to assess the association between causes of death with different cluster of variables and their significance. This study helps us to identify risk factors that show association between various predictors and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Out of 121 deaths, 96 (79%) were male, 61 (49.6%) were in age group between 60-79 years, ARDS was one of the major complication in the deceased patients accounting 29.8% and cardio respiratory arrest was the common cause of death among the deceased patients with 85%. It was also observed that mortality rate was very higher in the initial five days of hospitalization with critical care support. Our result findings provide clinical inferences for physicians to identify high-risk factors with COVID-19 at a very early stage. Key words: COVID-19, Mortality rate, Demographic predictors, Co-morbidities, Cardio respiratory arrest.

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Machine Learning-Based Approaches for Prediction of Patients’ Functional Outcome and Mortality after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm12010112 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

Rui Guo ◽

Renjie Zhang ◽

Ran Liu ◽

Yi Liu ◽

Hao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Functional Outcome ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Predictive Performance ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽

Ich Score

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) has been common in China with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aims to develop a machine learning (ML)-based predictive model for the 90-day evaluation after SICH. We retrospectively reviewed 751 patients with SICH diagnosis and analyzed clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data. A modified Rankin scale (mRS) of 0–2 was defined as a favorable functional outcome, while an mRS of 3–6 was defined as an unfavorable functional outcome. We evaluated 90-day functional outcome and mortality to develop six ML-based predictive models and compared their efficacy with a traditional risk stratification scale, the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score. The predictive performance was evaluated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). A total of 553 patients (73.6%) reached the functional outcome at the 3rd month, with the 90-day mortality rate of 10.2%. Logistic regression (LR) and logistic regression CV (LRCV) showed the best predictive performance for functional outcome (AUC = 0.890 and 0.887, respectively), and category boosting presented the best predictive performance for the mortality (AUC = 0.841). Therefore, ML might be of potential assistance in the prediction of the prognosis of SICH.

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Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with MDR tuberculosis in Dar Es Salaam region, Tanzania

JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

10.1093/jacamr/dlaa108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

David T Myemba ◽

George M Bwire ◽

Godfrey Sambayi ◽

Betty A Maganda ◽

Belinda J Njiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Medication Use ◽

Dar Es Salaam ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Chi Square ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Background In Tanzania more than 28% of all multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases occur in Dar es Salaam. However, information about management and clinical outcomes of patients with MDR-TB in the region is scarce, and hence the need for this study. Methods A 5-year retrospective cohort study was conducted in six centres in Dar es Salaam. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize social demographics and clinical characteristics. Associations between occurrence of adverse events, regimen change and cure were determined using the Chi-square test whereas factors associated with mortality were determined using the Log-ranking test and Cox regression model. Results Three-hundred patient files were found and reviewed. The majority were male 199 (66.3%), aged 25–44 years [176 (58.7%)] and 89 (30.1%) were HIV co-infected. 186 (62%) completed their treatment, 68 (22.0%) were on treatment and 9 (3.3%) were lost to follow-up. The majority, 152 (51.0%) were managed using long MDR-TB regimens. The overall mortality rate was 5.7 per 1000 MDR-TB patients. A higher mortality rate was associated with being ≥45 years [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 10.82, 95% CI: 1.14–102.74, P = 0.038), female (AHR: 5.92, 95% CI: 1.75–20.08, P = 0.004), on a short anti-TB regimen (AHR: 4.34, 95% CI: 1.41–13.35, P = 0.010), HIV co-infected [crude hazard ratio (CHR): 2.56, 95% CI: 1.01–6.50, P = 0.048), on concomitant long-term medication use (CHR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.17–7.64, P = 0.022) and having other co-morbidities (CHR: 3.45, 95% CI: 1.32–9.02, P = 0.011). Conclusions MDR-TB mortality was associated with short anti-TB regimens, sex, age, concomitant long-term medication use and HIV coinfection. In this population, use of long and individualized regimens is recommended.

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Comparison of mortality rate between bipolar hemiarthroplasty and proximal femoral nail anti-rotation for intertrochanteric fractures in Sanglah hospital, Bali

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204224 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 3503

Author(s):

I. Wayan Suryanto Dusak ◽

I. Gusti Ngurah Wien Aryana ◽

Cokorda Gde Oka Dharmayuda ◽

I. Wayan Subawa ◽

Hans Kristian Nugraha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Proximal Femoral Nail ◽

Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty ◽

Intertrochanteric Fractures ◽

Chi Square ◽

Femoral Nail ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fixation Treatment ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Multi Center Study

Introduction: Intertrochanteric fractures occur in about 50% of all hip fracture events, with a mortality rate within 1 year after fracture reaching 15 to 20%. The most common treatment nowadays is either the bipolar hemiarthroplasty procedure or proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA), although there is still no consensus regarding which is better from the two, especially on patient mortality.Method: This study was an observational study using a retrospective cohort design. A total of 102 study subjects who met the inclusion requirements were grouped into 2 groups, one with bipolar hemiarthroplasty fixation treatment and another with PFNA fixation treatment. Mortality rate was recorded by survey 2 years after surgery.Result: Chi-square test showed that 2-year mortality rate after intertrochanteric fracture treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty (21.4%) was significantly higher than the PFNA group (10.3%) (p=0.028). Bipolar hemiarthroplasty group also had longer length of stay (LoS) (50%) than the PFNA group (32.4%), albeit statistically insignificant (p=0.13). There was no significant difference between the 2-year mortality rate and LoS (p=0.976).Conclusion: Patients with intertrochanteric fractures who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty have significantly higher 2-year mortality rate than similar patients underwent fixation with PFNA, while they did not experience higher LoS than the PFNA group. Future prospective, multi-center study with larger sample size will be likely to validate similar fixation choice needed to decrease the mortality rate in intertrochanteric fractures.

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ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHEA IN WORK AREA HEALTH DISTRICT CHARMING CITY Sidomulyo PEKANBARU

Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan ◽

10.37859/jp.v7i01.566 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (01) ◽

pp. 99-112

Author(s):

Chairil

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Test Results ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Continuity Correction ◽

Work Area ◽

Chi Square Test

Diarrhea is one of the diseases that get priority eradication program because of the high morbidity and caused many deaths. In an effort to decrease the morbidity due to diarrhea important to know the factors that become menyebab incidence of the disease include the state of the environment, disease vector, personal hygiene, snack habits, and health services. The research was done at Village West Sidomulyo Tuah Karya and Sidomulyo subdistrict Puskesmas Handsome that during the period of the last 4-6 months of diarrhea always get into the top 10 diseases. The research objective was to determine the relationship between risk factors with the incidence of diarrhea. The study was a cross sectional study, using a questionnaire. Sampling was done by randomsampling, some 96 respondents. Results of research for the environmental health situation no association with diarrhea because of the test results chi-square statistic with continuity correction values obtained p = (1.00)> α = (0.05), disease-carrying vector no association with diarrhea because of test results chi-square statistic with continuity correction values obtained p = (1.00)> α = (0.05), there is no relationship between personal hygiene with diarrhea, because of the results of statistical chi-square test with continuity correction values obtained p = (0.69)> α = (0.05), there was no relationship between snacks at roadside with diarrhea, because of the results of statistical chi-square test with continuity correction values obtained p = (1.00)> α = (0, 05) there is no relationship between counseling with diarrhea, because of the results of statistical chi-square test with continuity correction values obtained p = (0.42)> α = (0.05), the variables being researched nothing to do with diarrhea , but it diskritif there, it is to note could be a risk for diarrhea will occur, it is necessary to promotive and preventive efforts.

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HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL TENTANG TABLET FE DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA

Jurnal Endurance ◽

10.22216/jen.v3i1.1157 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nila Eza Fitria

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Mortality Rate ◽

Chi Square Test

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one indicator of the success of health services in a country. Maternal deaths occur for several reasons, including anemia The purpose of this research is to know the relationship of knowledge of pregnant women with Fe tablet with anemia occurrence in jorong Koto Malintang Puskesmas Agam District 2014. This research is cross sectional research design conducted in Jorong Koto Malintang Puskesmas Kamih Agam on 23 s / d 29 August 2014. The sample in this study pregnant women in Jorong Koto Malintang 30 people. Univariate analysis has been done descriptive and bivariate analysis using chi-square test. The results showed 30 respondents classified as less knowledgeable (36.7%) and more than half of pregnant women (63.3%) suffered from anemia. The result of bivariate analysis with trust level 0,05 indicates a significant relationship between the existence of Knowledge about Tablet Fe Pregnancy with Genesis Anemia where value p = 0,002 (p = <0,05). Can be concluded in this research there is a significant relationship between mother's knowledge about Fe tablet with anemia. It is expected to improve the knowledge of pregnant women about the importance of Fe tablets consumed by pregnant women during pregnancy to prevent anemia Angka Kematian Ibu (Maternal Mortality Rate / MMR) merupakan salah satu indikator keberhasilan pelayanan kesehatan di suatu negara. Kematian ibu terjadi karena beberapa alasan, termasuk anemia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan tablet Fe dengan kejadian anemia di jorong Koto Malintang Puskesmas Kabupaten Agam tahun 2014. Penelitian ini adalah rancangan penelitian cross sectional yang dilakukan di Jorong Koto Malintang Puskesmas Kamih Agam pada 23 s/d 29Agustus 2014. Sampel dalam penelitian ini ibu hamil di Jorong Koto Malintang 30 orang. Analisis univariat telah dilakukan analisis deskriptif dan bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasilnya menunjukkan 30 responden tergolong kurang berpengetahuan (36,7%) dan lebih dari setengah ibu hamil (63,3%) menderita anemia. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan tingkat kepercayaan 0,05 menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara adanya Pengetahuan Tentang Tablet Fe Hamil dengan Anemia Genesis dimana nilai p = 0,002 (p = <0,05). Dapat disimpulkan dalam penelitian ini ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan ibu tentang tablet Fe dengan anemia. Diharapkandapat meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang pentingnya tablet Fe dikonsumsi oleh ibu hamil selama kehamilan untuk mencegah anemia.

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STUDY DETERMINAN ANTENATAL CARE (ANC) PADA IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS MEDAN JOHOR TAHUN 2019

Jurnal Penelitian Kebidanan & Kespro ◽

10.36656/jpk2r.v1i2.85 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 10-18

Author(s):

Tetty Junita Purba ◽

Gf Gustina Siregar

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Post Partum ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Test Results ◽

Pregnant Mother ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) andmaternal mortality rate in Indonesiais still quite high. Most mother shave unregular prenatal care according to the schedule prescribed whichbya health worker it couse no impairing during pregnancy, feeling healthyof theirpregnancy. The pregnant mother have no pragnancy visiting becouse the pregnant mother have no problem on their prenancy,delivery and post-partum, it coused that mother of antenatal care have unknow condition of pregnancy. This studyaims to determine the determinant factor checking the Antenatal Careof pregnant women in the health centerof Medan Johor in 2019.This research is a quantitative survey with cross sectionals tudy. The population of this study were all pregnant womenin Puskesmas Medan Johor, amounting to 2115 people and thea sample is 95 people. The method of data analysis uses univariate, bivariate analysis with chi square test. Results ofthe study showed higher statistically educationis 69 people (72,6%), knowledgeis 71 people (74,7%) and husband supportis 65 people (68,4%) associated with the examination ofthe Antenatal Carein pregnant women in health centers Medan Year 2019.

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Implementasi Prinsip Keterbukaan dalam Pemberdayaan Terhadap Keaktifan Kader Kesehatan untuk Mencegah Risiko Kematian Ibu

Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan SUARA FORIKES (Journal of Health Research Forikes Voice) ◽

10.33846/sf11108 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Yuni Romalita ◽

Yusriani Yusriani ◽

Muhammad Khidri Alwi ◽

Serawati Serawati

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Maternal Death ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Implementasi Prinsip Keterbukaan dalam Pemberdayaan Terhadap Keaktifan Kader Kesehatan untuk Mencegah Risiko Kematian Ibu Yuni Romalita Program Studi Magister Kesehatan, Pascasarjana Universitas Muslim Indonesia; [email protected] Yusriani Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Muslim Indonesia; [email protected] (koresponden) Muhammad Khidri Alwi Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Muslim Indonesia; [email protected] Serawati Program Studi Magister Kesehatan, Pascasarjana Universitas Muslim Indonesia; [email protected] ABSTRACT Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the important indicators of the degree of public health. One of the government's programs in suppressing MMR is the empowerment of health cadres. Cadres have a big role to play in the smooth process of health services, one of which is posyandu activities. The principle of openness is very important in empowerment to increase the activeness of cadres in reducing MMR. The research objective is to find out the implementation of the principle of openness in empowering the activeness of health cadres in preventing the risk of maternal death in Gowa Regency. This type of research was cross sectional study with a sample size of 120 people, selectied by accidental sampling. Data collection was done by interview using a questionnaire, data analysis using the Chi square test. The results showed that 89.2% of cadres met the principle of openness in empowerment and 10.8% did not meet the principle of openness. There is a relationship between the implementation of the principle of openness in empowerment to the activeness of health cadres in preventing the risk of maternal death in Gowa Regency. It is expected that all relevant parties can work together to increase the activity of health cadres in preventing the risk of maternal death, especially in applying the principle of openness in empowerment. Keywords: the principle of openness; cadre empowerment; maternal death; cadre activity ABSTRAK Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) menjadi salah satu indikator penting dari derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Salah satu program pemerintah dalam menekan AKI adalah pemberdayaan kader kesehatan. Kader memiliki peran besar terhadap lancarnya proses pelayanan kesehatan salah satunya kegiatan posyandu. Prinsip keterbukaan sangat penting dalam pemberdayaan untuk meningkatkan keaktifan kader dalam menurunkan AKI. Tujuan penelitian yaitu dalam untuk mengetahui implementasi prinsip keterbukaan dalam pemberdayaan terhadap keaktifan kader kesehatan dalam mencegah risiko kematian ibu di Kabupaten Gowa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Cross Sectiona Study dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 120 orang, pemilihan sampel dengan cara accidental sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, analisis data menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 89.2% kader memenuhi prinsip keterbukaan dalam pemberdayaan dan 10.8% yang tidak memenuhi prinsip keterbukaan. Ada hubungan antara implementasi prinsip keterbukaan dalam pemberdayaan terhadap keaktifan kader kesehatan dalam mencegah risiko kematian ibu di Kabupaten Gowa. Diharapkan kepada semua pihak yang terkait dapat bekerja sama untuk meningkatkan keaktifan kader kesehatan dalam mencegah risiko kematian ibu, khususnya dalam menerapkan prinsip keterbukaan dalam pemberdayaan. Kata kunci: prinsip keterbukaan; pemberdayaan kader; kematian ibu; keaktifan kader

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Case Fatality in COVID-19; a District Perspective

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i830250 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-58

Author(s):

Hamzullah Khan ◽

Faridullah Shah ◽

Khalid Khan ◽

. Abuzar

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Public Health Research ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Probability Testing ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Government ◽

Almost All

Objectives: To determine the case fatality rate of COVID-19 by evaluating the data of Patients died due to COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A total of 243 patients with PCR done from the government designated Public health research laboratory of Khyber Medical University were included in a cross sectional comparative study. Chi-square test, risk analysis, probability testing and survival analysis using Kaplan Meir test was done on data sheet prepared in SPPS version 25 in accordance with the objectives of the study. Results: Out of total 243 patients, 165 (67.90%) were negative by PCR testing and 78 (32.09%) were COVID-19 positive. The Mean age with SD was 36+17 years. Out of total 178 (73.3%) were males and 65 (26.7%) were females. 34 (13.99%) had age more than 55 years, where 4/5 (80%) of the deaths were recorded. The relationship of an increase in age with rate of mortality was statistically significant (p=0.001). The over all probability of death in our population in age more than 55 years is 24 times higher (OR=24,95CI: 2.6-221.24) with relative risk of 1.1 (rr=1.11, 95CI:1-1.24). Mortality rate was 6.41%. A significant correlation of mortality with case positivity (p=0.003) with relative risk of 1.06 (rr=1.06, 95CI: 1.008-1.13). Three out of 5 of the COVID-19 positive deceased had cardiac diseases and 2/5 had respiratory disease/viral pneumonia. Using Kaplan Meir test, the survival graphs of COVID positive vs COVID negative cases had similar pattern that shows the mortality rate in the positive cases was not solely due to COVID-19, but has aggravated the pre-existing illness to cause death. Conclusion: The mortality rate was 6.41%, more in age>55 years (80%) and almost all the deceased had chronic co-morbid conditions like CAD, CCF and COPD at time of presentation. COVID-19 is not the sole killer, it contributes killing in immune-deficient patients.

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