Safety evaluation of the aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus shoots in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Maphosa ◽  
PJ Masika ◽  
AA Adedapo
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Leonotis Leonurus

The aqueous extract from Leonotis leonurus (L) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) shoots was evaluated in female rats for its acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity together with hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes. In the acute toxicity test, the extract caused death in animals receiving 3200 mg/kg dose. The extract also caused significant ( P < 0.05) changes in red blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, platelets, white blood cells and its differentials at doses of 1600 mg/kg in sub-acute toxicity and in as low as 200 mg/kg in chronic toxicity. In biochemical parameters, the extract caused a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in the levels of urea and creatinine at 1600 mg/kg dose and a significant ( P < 0.05) reduction in urea, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, glutamine transference gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alanine transminase in the 400 mg/kg dose in chronic toxicity. Changes were also noted in body weights, but no significant changes were observed in the levels of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride). Clinico-pathologically, starry hair coat, respiratory distress, and mortality were recorded. The extract also caused various histopathological changes in the organs. The study concluded that farmers need to exercise caution in the use of the plant for medicinal purposes.

scholarly journals Selected haematological and biochemical indices in donkeys in the Czech and Slovak Republics

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markéta Sedlinská ◽  
Dominika Biricová ◽  
Eliška Horáčková ◽  
Miroslava Mráčková
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Haematological Indices

The aim of this study was to establish normal reference values of biochemical and haematological indices of donkeys in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Blood samples were obtained from 112 clinically healthy donkeys (37 males and 75 females). The haematological indices examined were: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, platelets, segmented neutrophils, neutrophil bands, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The biochemical properties examined were: total protein, albumin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, lactate. The results reported in this study could serve as reference ranges for the donkey population in the Czech and Slovak Republics.

Protective role of thymoquinone against liver damage induced by tamoxifen in female rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada M. Suddek
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

One of the major reasons for terminating a clinical trial is the liver toxicity induced by chemotherapy. Tamoxifen (TAM) is an anti-estrogen used in the treatment and prevention of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Tamoxifen therapy may cause hepatic injury. The seeds of Nigella sativa, which contain the active ingredient thymoquinone (TQ), have been used in folk medicine for diverse ailments. TQ is reported to possess anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, the protective effects of TQ against TAM-induced hepatotoxicity in female rats were evaluated. Four groups of rats were used: control; TAM; TQ; TAM+TQ. TAM (45 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1, by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), for 10 consecutive days) resulted in elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and gamma glutamyl transferase, as well as depletion of reduced glutathione in the liver and accumulation of lipid peroxides. Also, TAM treatment inhibited the hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase. Further, it raised the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the liver and induced histopathological changes. Pretreatment with TQ (50 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1; orally, for 20 consecutive days, starting 10 days before TAM injection) significantly prevented the elevation in serum activity of the assessed enzymes. TQ significantly inhibited TAM-induced hepatic GSH depletion and LPO accumulation. Consistently, TQ normalized the activity of SOD, inhibited the rise in TNF-α and ameliorated the histopathological changes. In conclusion, TQ protects against TAM-induced hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals Effect of Quercetin on Haematobiochemical and Histological Changes in the Liver of Polychlorined Biphenyls-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandaswamy Selvakumar ◽  
Senthamilselvan Bavithra ◽  
Sekaran Suganya ◽  
Firdous Ahmad Bhat ◽  
Gunasekaran Krishnamoorthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Polychlorinated biphenyls exposure damages the rat liver cells. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red-blood cells, white-blood cells, neutrophils, platelet counts, and RBC indices were significantly decreased. Polymorphs, eosinophil counts, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly increased. Serum liver enzymes such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were increased by PCBs treatment. Serum lipid profiles such as cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoproteins were increased in PCBs-treated rats. High-density lipoprotein, total protein, albumin, globulin levels, and albumin/globulin ratio were also decreased after PCB exposure. Then levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate were also altered. Serum glucose levels were increased along with total bilirubin after PCBs exposure. Simultaneous quercetin supplementation significantly protected the PCBs-induced changes of hematobiochemical parameters. Thus, quercetin shows a protective role against PCBs-induced alterations in the hematological and biochemical parameters.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Pirdot Leaf (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Nerly Juli Pranita Simanjuntak ◽  
Rosidah ◽  
Yuandani
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Corpuscular Hemoglobin

Traditionally pirdot leaves are used to treat various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine determine the potential for acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of pirdot leaf (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) with value LD50 and hematological Parameters in rats. The acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of pirdot leaf was evaluated by OECD guidelines. The number of animals used in this research were 15 female rats. The control group was given Na CMC 0.5%, the treatment groups were given ethanolic extract of pirdot leaves with doses 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. The results showed that ethanolic extract of pirdot leaves with doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw did not show any toxicity signs. There was no mortality was observe. The ethanolic extract of pirdot leaves did not cause any changes in hematological parameters, these include red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils levels as compared to normal control (P>0.05). It was estimated that LD50 of ethanolic extract of pirdot leaves was higher than 5000 mg/kg bw and the extract were practically non-toxic. The ethanolic extract of pirdot leaves did not cause any toxic effect on hematological parameters.

scholarly journals Application of a Machine Learning Technology in the Definition of Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Status: A Retrospective Study of 2567 Subjects Suffering from Obesity with or without Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Davide Masi ◽  
Renata Risi ◽  
Filippo Biagi ◽  
Daniel Vasquez Barahona ◽  
Mikiko Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The key factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic alterations observed in many patients with obesity have not been fully characterized. Their identification is crucial, and it would represent a fundamental step towards better management of this urgent public health issue. This aim could be accomplished by exploiting the potential of machine learning (ML) technology. In a single-centre study (n = 2567), we used an ML analysis to cluster patients with metabolically healthy (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy (MUO) obesity, based on several clinical and biochemical variables. The first model provided by ML was able to predict the presence/absence of MHO with an accuracy of 66.67% and 72.15%, respectively, and included the following parameters: HOMA-IR, upper body fat/lower body fat, glycosylated haemoglobin, red blood cells, age, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, white blood cells, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and gamma-glutamyl transferase. For each of these parameters, ML provided threshold values identifying either MUO or MHO. A second model including IGF-1 zSDS, a surrogate marker of IGF-1 normalized by age and sex, was even more accurate with a 71.84% and 72.3% precision, respectively. Our results demonstrated high IGF-1 levels in MHO patients, thus highlighting a possible role of IGF-1 as a novel metabolic health parameter to effectively predict the development of MUO using ML technology.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii (Miq.) Miq. stem bark in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
EL Lappa ◽  
◽  
C Bogning Zangueu ◽  
EL Nguemfo ◽  
JJ Kojom Wanche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats

Ficus vogelii is a medicinal plant mainly found in tropical Africa and reported to treat inflammatory complaints. This study aims to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark in wistar rats. For acute study, aqueous extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to female rats and observed for 14 days. In the sub-chronic study, the extract was administered daily to both sex rats at the doses of 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Body weight was measured weekly, while hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were analyzed after euthanize. Aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii at all tested doses didn’t produced any mortality or significant change on the body weight and relative weight of rats on acute and sub-chronic studies. The lethal dose 50 was estimated greater than 5000 mg/kg (DL50˃5000 mg/kg). Hematological parameters were recorded non-significant in all treated rats. Aqueous extract at 600 mg/kg significantly changed transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, these changes were reversible in satellites. The concentrations of bilirubin was increased at 200 and 600 mg/kg in male rats, at 100, 400 mg/kg in female rats. The levels of lipids markers didn’t changed, except the significant decrease of LDL-cholesterol. Histological examination didn’t showed any change in the architecture of the liver and kidney of rats treated compared to control. Thus aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark didn’t produced adverse effects in rats after oral acute and sub-chronic treatment.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE ROLE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST TRICHLOROACETATE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN LIVER OF MALE RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Medhat Mostafa Abozid ◽  
Hoda Ea Farid
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group I ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

 Objective: The current study was designed to estimate the potential protective role of the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) (Rosmarinus officinalis) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-created hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.Methods: Forty male albino rats were separated into four groups of ten: Group I served as control; Group II was given AER (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage; Group III received TCA at the dose 50 mg/kg/day, and Group V was treated with AER (200 mg/kg/day) and received TCA (50 mg/kg/day). The experiment was carried out for 2 months.Results: The toxicity of TCA for rats was revealed by an elevation in liver marker enzymes activities (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) level, and a decrease in albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The TCA administration also caused a significant increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and also malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues. These biochemical effects were accompanied by histological indicators of liver damage. Treatment with ARE recovered the liver damage instigated by TCA, as showed by perfection of liver enzyme markers (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP), CB, TP and albumin; as well as antioxidant parameters (CAT, SOD, GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and amelioration of histopathology changes in the liver tissues.Conclusion: It could be concluded that AER supplementation for 2 months in TCA-induced toxicity in rats benefited hepatic antioxidant status and improved liver injury and damage in male albino rats exposed to TCA.

scholarly journals ACUTE AND SUB CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF PURIFIED WITHANIA SOMNIFERA EXTRACT IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Antony ◽  
Merina Benny ◽  
Binu T. Kuruvilla ◽  
Nishant Kumar Gupta ◽  
Anu Sebastian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Adverse Effect Level

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic (90 d; repeated dose) toxicity of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) extract in rats.Methods: The acute toxicity was evaluated as per OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines 423. Purified ashwagandha extract (PAE) was fed at 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) to overnight fasted female rats. The animals were observed daily for clinical signs of abnormality/mortality. After 14 d, animals were sacrificed and gross pathological changes were recorded. Sub-chronic toxicity of PAE was studied by feeding the extract at 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw daily to rats as per OECD guidelines 408. After 90 d feeding, heamatological and biochemical parameters of treated rats were compared with control animals. Histopathology of all the major organs was also studied.Results: In the acute toxicity study, no mortality or clinical signs of toxicity were observed in any of the animals at maximum recommended dose level of 2000 mg/kg bw; therefore the LD50 is>2000 mg/kg bw in rats. The repeated administration of PAE for 90 d in rats at the maximum dose level of 1000 mg/kg bw did not induce any observable toxic effects, when compared to its corresponding control animals. The hematology and biochemistry profile of treated rats was similar to control animals and difference was non-significant (p>0.05). The histopathology of major organs of all the control and treated animals was normal. In this study the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) was calculated as 1000 mg/kg bw daily for rats.Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates that PAE does not have any toxic effects in animals at the dose evaluated as evidenced by acute and sub chronic toxicity studies in rats.

scholarly journals (P2-63) An Evaluation of 57 Tick Bite Cases

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s156-s156
Author(s):  
M. Ortatatli ◽  
R. Gumral ◽  
H. Uckardes ◽  
M. Eroglu ◽  
L. Kenar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a fatal zoonotic viral infection. The agent belongs to the Nairovirus of the Bunyaviridae species. The virus naturally recycles in vector-vertebrate-vector. This study aimed to evaluate cases of tick bites admitted to Infectious Diseases and Emergency Departments in 2008, and to develop management recommendations of such cases. Fifty-seven patients who admitted to a hospital due to tick bites in 2008 were included in the study. A 10-day clinical follow-up was performed to assess for symptoms including fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, headache, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, disseminated somatic pain, and other hemorrhagic signs. During this period, laboratory analyzes, including white blood cells, thrombocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase (CK), and pentylenetetrazol were performed. Personal data of the patients, location of the bite, and the removal of the tick were recorded.ResultsOf the 57 patients, 37% were from the city, and 63% were from rural areas. The tick was removed by health staff in 25 (44%) of the cases. The bites occurred on body areas including the head/neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities in 14%, 24%, 27%, and 13% of the cases, respectively. During the follow-up period, none of the patients exhibited any of the signs or symptoms listed above. Laboratory tests did not reveal any abnormalities, except for high levels of CK in 15 patients. Thus, 57 cases did not develop CCHF.Discussion and ConclusionSince 2002, CCHF has caused an increased mortality in Turkey, and has resulted in high anxiety and concern among the Turkish public regarding tick bites. This has resulted in a rise in the number of patients admitting to emergency departments with tick bites. Due to CCHF's incubation period, patients with tick bites should be evaluated for 10 days using a multidisciplinary approach involving both clinical and laboratory evaluations in order to prevent the unnecessary administration of ribavirine.

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