scholarly journals An Investigation of Potential Health Risks from Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Farm Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863022094224
Author(s):  
Lorina Badger-Emeka ◽  
Yasmeen Al-Mulhim ◽  
Fatimah Al-Muyidi ◽  
Maram Busuhail ◽  
Salma Alkhalifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: The 21st century has seen a wide range of diseases resulting from zoonotic infections, of which bacterial infections have led to outbreaks of food-borne diseases. Aim: The study looks at bacterial pathogen carriage by farm rats and their antimicrobial susceptibility, with the view of providing insights for antimicrobial surveillance. Method: Farm rats of Rattus rattus species where randomly collected alive from farms in Al-Ahsa using food baits. They were anaesthetize with urethane within 4 h of collection and were unconscious for the collection of samples. Basic bacteriological culturing methods were used for culturing of bacterial isolates on selective media while the Vitek 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) was used for bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Obtained data were analysed using chi-square and paired t-test with significant difference between sensitive and resistance to antimicrobial susceptibility taken at P < .05. Results: Isolated Gramme-negative pathogenic bacteria included strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella. For the Gramme-positive bacteria, 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were encountered. Other Gramme-positive bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcal species (CoNS) as well as Staphylococcus lugdunensis. There was a 100% resistance to the penicillins and a high resistance to imipenem (71%) by the Staphylococcal isolates. Resistance was also high against the β-lactams by the Gramme-positive bacteria isolates. For the Gramme-negative bacteria, there was a higher than 50% resistance by the isolates against the following antibiotics: ampicillin (78%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (67%), cefotaxime (77%), ceftazidime (67%), cefepime (78%), norfloxacin (67%), nitrofurantoin (67%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (78%). Conclusion: The results showed high antimicrobial resistance that will need monitoring for control of spread from farm rats to humans.

scholarly journals Diet diversity and environment determine the intestinal microbiome and bacterial pathogen load of fire salamanders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Hannah K. Smith ◽  
Evy Goossens ◽  
Lionel Hertzog ◽  
Molly C. Bletz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
In Fire

AbstractDiverse communities of symbiotic microbes inhabit the digestive systems of vertebrates and play a crucial role in animal health, and host diet plays a major role in shaping the composition and diversity of these communities. Here, we characterized diet and gut microbiome of fire salamander populations from three Belgian forests. We carried out DNA metabarcoding on fecal samples, targeting eukaryotic 18S rRNA of potential dietary prey items, and bacterial 16S rRNA of the concomitant gut microbiome. Our results demonstrated an abundance of soft-bodied prey in the diet of fire salamanders, and a significant difference in the diet composition between males and females. This sex-dependent effect on diet was also reflected in the gut microbiome diversity, which is higher in males than female animals. Proximity to human activities was associated with increased intestinal pathogen loads. Collectively, the data supports a relationship between diet, environment and intestinal microbiome in fire salamanders, with potential health implications.

scholarly journals Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Myths and Facts

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 02) ◽  
pp. S54-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Wook Yun ◽  
Rebecca Wallihan ◽  
Alexis Juergensen ◽  
Asuncion Mejias ◽  
Octavio Ramilo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

AbstractCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death in children < 5 years of age worldwide. It is also one of the most frequent infectious diseases in children, leading to large antibiotic use and hospitalization even in the industrialized countries. However, the optimal management of CAP in children is still not well defined. Currently, respiratory viruses are considered the most frequent etiologic agents, but detection of viruses in the upper respiratory tract does not guarantee causation of pneumonia, nor precludes the presence of a bacterial pathogen. In both the upper and lower respiratory tract, respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria interact. Emerging evidence indicates that dual viral–bacterial infections function synergistically in many cases and together likely enhance the severity of CAP. Therefore, new and advanced technologies capable of sensitively and specifically discriminating viral, bacterial, and viral–bacterial coinfections are needed. Instead of focusing on the pathogen, analysis of host immune transcriptome profiles from children with CAP can potentially offer diagnostic signatures, help to assess disease severity, and eventually, prognostic indicators. An optimized management strategy by using molecular pathogen testing and transcriptome profiling will facilitate prompt, more appropriate, and targeted therapies, which in turn will lead to improved clinical outcomes in children with CAP.

scholarly journals The Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Controls the Inflammatory Response in Infections Caused by Pathogenic Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio Silva-García ◽  
Juan J. Valdez-Alarcón ◽  
Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
Canonical Wnt

Innate immunity against pathogenic bacteria is critical to protect host cells from invasion and infection as well as to develop an appropriate adaptive immune response. During bacterial infection, different signaling transduction pathways control the expression of a wide range of genes that orchestrate a number of molecular and cellular events to eliminate the invading microorganisms and regulate inflammation. The inflammatory response must be tightly regulated because uncontrolled inflammation may lead to tissue injury. Among the many signaling pathways activated, the canonical Wnt/β-catenin has been recently shown to play an important role in the expression of several inflammatory molecules during bacterial infections. Our main goal in this review is to discuss the mechanism used by several pathogenic bacteria to modulate the inflammatory response through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We think that a deep insight into the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the inflammation may open new venues for biotechnological approaches designed to control bacterial infectious diseases.

Paenibacillus lautus, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, isolated from Ixodes granulatus Supino (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from a Müller’s giant Sunda rat (Sundamys muelleri)

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Shih-Keng Loong ◽  
Siti-Nabilah Ishak ◽  
Fang-Shiang Lim ◽  
Jing-Jing Khoo ◽  
Sing-Ngoh Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
Ixodes Granulatus ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

Wild rodents are carriers of ectoparasites such as ticks that are vectors of infectious diseases with human and veterinary significances. Due to their close association with human dwellings, synanthropic wild rodents may aid the spread and transmission of tick-borne pathogens. In light of this, an effort was initiated to study the cultivable bacteria within ticks collected from wild rodents trapped in Sungai Congkak Recreational Forest, Selangor. Ticks collected from four different rodent species; Sundamys muelleri, Maxomys whiteheadi, Maxomys rajah and Rattus rattus, were sterilely homogenized and cultured. One unique bacterial isolate originating from an engorged adult female Ixodes granulatus Supino collected off a Sundamys muelleri rat was identified as Paenibacilus lautus via 16S rDNA, ctpA sequencing and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the P. lautus isolate was resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, mirroring the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical strains. Recovery of this opportunistic bacterial pathogen from the tick suggests that it may be transmitted to humans or other hosts through tick bites and cause disease once it enters the bloodstream. Therefore, it is important to remain vigilant due to its pathogenic potential and improve our waste disposal practices to avoid attracting rodents. 

scholarly journals Negative regulation of IMD contributes to disease tolerance during systemic bacterial infection in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Prakash ◽  
Katy M. Monteith ◽  
Pedro F. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Negative Regulators ◽  
Disease Tolerance ◽  
Imd Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathogen Clearance ◽  
Systemic Bacterial Infection

Disease tolerance is an infection phenotype where hosts show relatively high health despite harbouring elevated pathogen loads. Compared to the mechanisms of immune clearance our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying increased tolerance remains incomplete. Variation in the ability to reduce immunopathology may explain why some hosts can tolerate higher pathogen burdens with reduced pathology. Negative immune regulation would therefore appear to be a clear candidate for a mechanism underlying disease tolerance but this has not been tested directly for bacterial infections. Here, we examined how the negative regulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway affects disease tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster when infected with the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. We find that UASRNAi-mediated reduced expression of the negative regulators of IMD (pirk & caudal) severely reduced the ability to tolerate infection in both males and females across a wide range of infectious doses. While flies unable to regulate the IMD response exhibited higher expression of antimicrobial peptides and lower bacterial loads as expected, this was not accompanied by a proportional reduction in mortality. Instead, tolerance (measured as fly survival relative to its microbe load) was drastically reduced, likely due to the combination of increased immunopathology and cytotoxicity of elevated AMP expression. Our results therefore highlight that in addition to regulating an efficient pathogen clearance response, negative regulators of IMD also contribute to disease tolerance.

scholarly journals The Antibacterial Activity of Erythrocytes From Goose (Anser domesticus) Can Be Associated With Phagocytosis and Respiratory Burst Generation

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youcheng Yang ◽  
Jiajun Chen ◽  
Linqing Lu ◽  
Zizheng Xu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Avian Erythrocytes ◽  
Adhesion Activity

In the lumen of blood vessels, there are large numbers of erythrocytes, which are approximately 95% of the total blood cells. Although the function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen in the organism, recent studies have shown that mammalian and teleost erythrocytes are involved in the immune response against bacterial infections. However, the immune mechanisms used by avian erythrocytes are not yet clear. Here, we demonstrated that erythrocytes from goose have the ability to phagocytose as well as conduct antimicrobial activity. Firstly, we revealed the phagocytosis or adhesion activity of goose erythrocytes for latex beads 0.1-1.0 μm in diameter by fluorescence microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The low cytometry results also proved that goose erythrocytes had a wide range of phagocytic or adhesion activity for different bacteria. Followed, the low cytometry analysis data further explored that the goose erythrocytes contain the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to bacterial stimulation, and also up-regulated the expression of NOX family includes NOX1 and NOX5. Finally, we also found that goose erythrocytes showed a powerful antibacterial activity against all the three bacteria, meanwhile the stimulation of three kinds of bacteria up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, and increased the production of antioxidant enzymes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Herein, our results demonstrate that goose Erythrocytes possess a certain phagocytic capacity and antioxidant system, and that the antimicrobial activity of erythrocytes can occurred through the production of unique respiratory burst against foreign pathogenic bacteria, which provides new clues to the interaction between bacteria and avian erythrocytes.

scholarly journals Degradability and Biochemical Pathways of the Endocrine-disrupting Plasticizers Phthalate Esters in Plastics by Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
Ji-Dong Gu ◽  
◽  
Tsz Ching Mak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Phthalate Ester ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a group of endocrine-disrupting organic chemicals commonly used as additives in the manufacturing of a wide range of plastics. Large quantities of different phthalate esters have been used in specific products for quality and performance by the manufacturing industries, and they pose a significant risk to human health and the ecological quality of the environments due to leaching out of phthalates from plastic products and their high mobility. Since phthalate esters are most removed efficiently through biodegradation by microorganisms in the environments, it is important to understand the efficiency, microorganisms involved, biochemical transformation processes and mechanisms of phthalate metabolism by the specific microorganisms. This article addresses the degradation of endocrine-disrupting phthalates and their fates by an integrative comparison and analysis on efficient PAEs-degrading microorganisms, the microbial metabolism, and the biochemical processes and limitation. The comparison reveals that no significant difference is evident on efficiencies between single strains of bacteria or the mixed bacterial consortia when degradation can be carried out. However, there are a few important characteristics among the efficiencies of the PAEs-degrading bacteria. The microorganisms shall utilize the specific phthalate ester as the sole source of carbon and energy. They shall mineralize the substrates, including the original compound and its degradation intermediates to achieve a complete removal. In addition, it is of practical importance for the bacteria to adapt and survive in a range of temperatures, salinity and pH as well as in the presence of indigenous microorganisms in bioremediation of contaminated sites or wastewater treatment. This review also reveals that caution should be given to both the presentation and interpretation of the degradation results for a comprehensive knowledge, particularly data on bacterial growth, extraction and analysis of residual PAEs, and the confounding use of surfactants or co-substrate in the research. The public awareness of plasticizers as an environmental pollutant is mostly due to its increasing quantities being used, constant contacts with human population on a daily basis and potential health hazards. Its toxicity shall be address more focused on reproductive biology meaningfully than the traditional mortality test in toxicology for the significant effects on animals including human.

scholarly journals Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Globba patens Miq. Rhizome against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
Anisa Lutfia ◽  
Erman Munir ◽  
Yurnaliza Yurnaliza ◽  
Mohammad Basyuni
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range

The emergence of bacterial infections caused by resistant strains poses a threat to the development of new antibiotics. The majority of antibiotics being produced has been accelerated through the finding of newly reported natural products, especially those originated and produced by biological sources. Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants may be regarded as potential sources and encourage the exploration of more plant species for their antimicrobial activity. Our current study reports on the assemblage of endophytic fungi that colonize the rhizomes, using Globba patens a representative of Zingiberaceous species from North Sumatra. Twenty-six fungal morphotypes were obtained and differentiated by their morphological features. Each isolate was tested against human pathogenic bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 29213™, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC® 43300™, Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™, and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) K11 in a dual culture assay. The results revealed that the majority of fungal isolates were strong antagonists against S. aureus and E. coli but not against MRSA and EPEC. Isolate Gp07 was the most potential fungus with a wide range of antibacterial activities and was subjected to further species-level identification based on its morphological characteristics and DNA sequence in the ITS-rDNA region. The isolate Gp07 was identified as Colletotrichum siamense, yet the presence of C. siamense in the rhizome of G. patens is not fully understood while possibly being characterized as the antibiotics-producing agent in the future.

scholarly journals Fagotherapy of cows mastitis as an alternative to antibiotics in the system of obtaining environmentally safe milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (88) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Horiuk
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Wide Range

The global market for environmentally friendly food products has been developing rapidly in recent decades and is becoming an alternative to the consumption of harmful, environmentally hazardous products. The prohibition of the use of chemically-synthesized traditional veterinary drugs or antibiotics for prophylactic purposes is one of the requirements for conducting an organic dairy farm. The purpose of the work is to review literature on the possible use of bacteriophages for the treatment of mastitis of cows with the aim of obtaining ecologically safe milk. Mastitis is among the most common diseases of cows. The particular importance in the onset of the disease is the microbial factor. A wide range of microorganisms that can cause mastitis, and the significant spread of these bacteria, make complete eradication of mastitis unlikely. Drugs are used for the treatment of mastitis, which in most cases contain antimicrobial substances such as antibiotics, sulfanilamides, nitrofurans etc. Despite the great success in treating antibiotics, there are a number of negative side effects, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. An obvious alternative to the use of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of cows mastitis is the use of highly effective ecologically safe drugs based on raw materials of plant, mineral and animal origin. Currently, considerable experience in the successful use of phages for the treatment of bacterial infections has been accumulated in foreign and domestic medical and scientific practice. The use of bacteriophages in compliance with generally accepted principles can achieve a significant therapeutic result. The antibacterial effect of bacteriophage drugs is due to the introduction of the phage genome into a bacterial cell, followed by its reproduction and lysis of the infected cell. Phages released into the environment as a result of lysis bacteria re-infect and lysis of other bacterial cells, acting until the complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria in the inflammatory site. Bacteriophages have several advantages: specificity of action, absence of inhibition of normal microflora and allergic reaction. In addition, a weighty argument in favor of expediency of clinical use of bacteriophages is almost complete absence of side effects, and, consequently, contraindications.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Pathogenic Bacteria from Different Clinical Samples, Northern Part of Iraq.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALLAA MIYASAR
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Abstract Background Bacteria are prokaryotic which causes a wide range of diseases in human and animals as well, thus, early diagnosis of bacterial infection is an important step for their management. The vast majority of bacteria are harmless to human and some strains are even beneficial. However, some strains cause infections including pneumonia, meningitis and urinary tract infection…etc. The present study aimed to describe and determine the prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria in different clinical samples from Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq, as there are no available data of bacterial infections.Methods Totally, 200 adult patients enrolled in the present study during July 2017-July 2018. We collected different clinical specimens including (SFA, Bronchial Lavage, catheter, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids, blood, semen, stool pus, urine, sputum and ear swabs). Standard microbiological techniques used for isolation and identification. All samples collected before antibiotic uses by specialized physician.Results The result reported that forty-six samples (23%) obtained from male and one hundred fifty-four samples (77%) obtained from females. A high diversity of pathogens was found but Staphylococcus aureus recorded the highest infection rate by (33.3%) which observed in 32 urine samples by and followed by E. coli (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (25.3%), which observed in 36 and 29 urine samples, respectively. Alternatively, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were founded in few samples.Conclusion The highest diversity of potential pathogens observed in urine samples was E.coi. Over all, Staphlococcus aureus was predominant and recorded the highest prevalence rate by (33.3%) in 50 samples which followed by E. coli recorded in 41 samples (27.3%) and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci observed in 38 samples (25.3%).

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