scholarly journals Expression of and correlational patterns among neuroinflammatory, neuropeptide, and neuroendocrine molecules from cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral palsy

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory J. Goracke-Postle ◽  
Chantel C. Burkitt ◽  
Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari ◽  
Michael Ehrhardt ◽  
George L. Wilcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Chart Audit ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background The underlying pathogenesis of cerebral palsy (CP) remains poorly understood. The possibility of an early inflammatory response after acute insult is of increasing interest. Patterns of inflammatory and related biomarkers are emerging as potential early diagnostic markers for understanding the etiologic diversity of CP. Their presence has been investigated in plasma and umbilical cord blood but not in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods A clinical CP sample was recruited using a single-time point cross-sectional design to collect CSF at point-of-care during a standard-of-care surgical procedure (intrathecal pump implant). Patient demographic and clinical characteristics were sourced from medical chart audit. Results Significant (p ≤ 0.001) associations were found among neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and nociceptive analytes with association patterns varying by birth status (term, preterm, extremely preterm). When between birth-group correlations were compared directly, there was a significant difference between preterm and extremely preterm birth subgroups for the correlation between tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and substance P. Conclusion This investigation shows that CSF can be used to study proteins in CP patients. Differences in inter-correlational patterns among analytes varying by birth status underscores the importance of considering birth status in relation to possible mechanistic differences as indicated by biomarker signatures. Future work should be oriented toward prognostic and predictive validity to continue to parse the heterogeneity of CP’s presentation, pathophysiology, and response to treatment.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Leukocyte Entry into the Brain by the Selectin Blocker Fucoidin Decreases Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Levels but Increases IL-8 Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis in Rabbits

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 3153-3157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Østergaard ◽  
Runa Vavia Yieng-Kow ◽  
Thomas Benfield ◽  
Niels Frimodt-Møller ◽  
Frank Espersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis

ABSTRACT The polysaccharide fucoidin is a selectin blocker that inhibits leukocyte recruitment into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In the present study, the effect of fucoidin treatment on the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-8 into the CSF was investigated. Rabbits (n = 7) were treated intravenously with 10 mg of fucoidin/kg of body weight every second hour starting 4 h after intracisternal inoculation of ∼106 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (untreated control group, n = 7). CSF samples were obtained every second hour during a 16-h study period. Treatment with fucoidin caused a consistent and significant decrease in CSF IL-1 levels (in picograms per milliliter) between 12 and 16 h (0 versus 170, 0 versus 526, and 60 versus 1,467, respectively;P < 0.02). A less consistent decrease in CSF TNF-α levels was observed in the fucoidin-treated group, but with no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, there was no attenuation in CSF IL-8 levels. Indeed, there was a significant increase in CSF IL-8 levels (in picograms per milliliter) in the fucoidin-treated group at 10 and 12 h (921 versus 574 and 1,397 versus 569, respectively;P < 0.09). In conclusion, our results suggest that blood-derived leukocytes mainly are responsible for the release of IL-1 and to some degree TNF-α into the CSF during pneumococcal meningitis, whereas IL-8 may be produced by local cells within the brain.

scholarly journals Treatment outcomes and influencing factors on patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: a retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Jamshid Ayatollahi ◽  
◽  
Abolhasan Halvani ◽  
Mohammadhesam Gharaei Khezri ◽  
Hossein Shahcheraghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sputum Culture ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Tuberculosis infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases, especially in countries such as Iran. The course of treatment and the number of drugs used vary depending on the severity of the disease and the parts of the body involved. The resistant tuberculosis to treatment has increased in recent years. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the frequency distribution of response to treatment of patients with tuberculosis in Sirjan, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated all patients with tuberculosis in Sirjan city who had referred to health centers during the years 2011-2019. The data collection tool was a pre-prepared checklist that included information on age, sex, sputum smear results, sputum culture results, diabetes, patients' nationality, drug side effects, and response to treatment. Finally, data was entered into SPSS version 22, and analyzed. Results: In this study, the overall response rate was 83% and the mortality rate was 10%. Between the frequency distribution of response to treatment in terms of gender, age, sputum smear results, sputum culture results, patients' nationality and diabetes was not statistically significant difference. Also, no statistically significant difference was found between the frequency distribution of pulmonary TB treatment response in terms of drug allergy, drug hepatitis and other drug side effects. Conclusion: According to results, can be concluded that none of the variables: age, sex, smear and culture result, and history of diabetes have no an effect on response to treatment and mortality of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Gender differences in treatments and interventions received by children and adolescents with cerebral palsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Lundkvist Josenby ◽  
Tomasz Czuba ◽  
Ann I. Alriksson-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Quality ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background In the Swedish population-based follow-up program and national quality registry for individuals with cerebral palsy (CPUP), physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) treatments are regularly recorded along with functional status. By Swedish law, all citizens irrespective of personal characteristics or socioeconomic status, have the right to receive healthcare and medical treatments as applicable. Previous research has shown gender differences in treatments and interventions received by children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in treatments and interventions by gender and place of birth in children and adolescents participating in CPUP. Methods This was a cross-sectional registry study. Data from the latest PT (n = 2635) and OT assessment forms (n = 3480) in CPUP were extracted for individuals aged 0–17 years. Logistic regressions were used to assess the relationships between the outcome variables and gender and place of birth (including an interaction term gender X place of birth), adjusted for age, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels and spasticity scores for PT interventions and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for OT interventions. Results Results are presented as odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] and p-values. Girls were significantly more likely to have spinal braces than boys; 1.54 [1.07, 2.22] p < 0.05, a significant interaction with place of birth indicated fewer spinal braces prescribed to children born outside of the Nordic countries; 0.20 [0.079, 0.53] p < 0.001. Girls were less likely to have undergone selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR); 0.49 [0.25, 0.94] p < 0.05. Individuals born outside of the Nordic countries, were significantly less likely to have received intrathecal baclofen (ITB) 0.27 [0.074, 0.98] p < 0.05. Conclusions Of the treatments prescribed, gender differences were observed for spinal braces and having undergone SDR. A statistically significant difference based on place of birth was noted for spinal bracing and having received ITB treatment. Other PT and OT treatments were associated with age, level of spasticity, and functional severity as classified using the GMFCS and the MACS. Increased awareness of differences based on gender, and where a child is born, could be obtained by inter- and intraprofessional discussions.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on clinical trends of reproductive performances and reproductive disorders of dairy cows in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-350
Author(s):  
Rashida Khaton ◽  
Md Abul Hasnat ◽  
Md Royhan Gofur ◽  
Md Zakir Hossain ◽  
Md Alauddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Uterine Prolapse ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Performance evaluation of existing dairying is important to design relevant dairy development strategies and implement context specific interventions for future development of the dairy enterprise. The present study was carried out to evaluate the clinical trends (reproductive performance and disorders) of dairy cows of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. A total of 500 cows randomly selected and data were collected directly from the dairy farms owners from 6 upazilas and 4 metro thanas of Rajshahi district by using questionnaires and diagnosis of reproductive disorders (RD) was made on the basis of history, clinical signs and response to treatment. The average reproductive performance (RP) were recorded as age at puberty 26.42±0.22 m, age at first calving 35.48±0.22 m, post-partum heat period 121.85±3.48 days, service per conception 1.93±0.04, days open 136.80±3.57 days and calving interval 401.04±3.94 days. The better RP was found at metro thanas compared to upazilas, though no significant difference was found except on service per conception (p<0.05). The overall prevalence of RD was 78.6% in Rajshahi district. Among the reproductive and productive disorders, anoestrus 24.6% was the highest prevalent disorders followed by abortion 13.4%, repeat breeding 11.4%, retained placenta 10.2%, dystocia 5.4%, mastitis 4.4%, vaginal prolapse 2.4%, pyometra 1.8%, metritis 1.6%, uterine prolapse 1.4%, milk fever 1.2% and still birth 0.8%. The highest occurrence of RD was recorded in Tanore upazila (92%) and the lowest in Poba upazila (62%). In comparison between the upazila and metro thanas the minimum occurrence of RD was recorded in metro thanas (31%) than upazilas (47.6%). Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2020, 6(2): 340-350

21 Long-Term Ophthalmologic Outcome of Young Adults Born Extremely Preterm

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. e13-e14
Author(s):  
Tianwei Zhou ◽  
Pierre-Olivier Kassis ◽  
Patrick Hamel ◽  
Cynthia Qian ◽  
Sylvain Chemtob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Primary Subject area Ophthalmology Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains the dominant cause of severe visual impairment in childhood in North America and Europe. With the salient improvement in neonatal care since the 1980s, more and more very/extremely premature infants survived and are now reaching adulthood. Premature birth interferes with the critical period of retinal maturation and foveal development. The development of ROP further damages the retina and its vasculature. So far, outcome studies on visual functions and ocular structure in adults born preterm remain scarce. Objectives The first aim of this study is to describe the visual function and retinal structure in a cohort of young adults who were born prematurely. With the recognition of the insidious nature of ROP, we also aimed to investigate if ROP could exert a “second hit” beyond prematurity. Design/Methods This cross-sectional observational study compared visual function of young adults (18-29 years old) born prematurely (&lt; 30 weeks of gestational age [GA]) versus full-term controls. Participants were categorized into three groups: preterm without ROP, preterm with ROP, and term. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examination was performed with blinding to preterm and ROP status. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed with a standardized linear Snellen chart and contrast sensitivity (CS) with the Vistech system. When analyzing BCVA, refractive errors, and contrast sensitivities, we further grouped data based on the strong eyes (better BCVA) and the weak eyes (worse BCVA). Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis was performed to gauge the overall CS. Group comparisons were done using ANOVA. Results In this study, 88 individuals born prematurely and 86 individuals born full-term were recruited. Among the strong eyes of the 3 groups, there was no significant difference for BCVA or refractive errors (see image). Among the weak eyes, the preterm with ROP group had the worst BCVA and refractive outcomes, compared to the preterm without ROP and term groups. In the strong eyes, the CS AUC of the preterm with ROP group (16.22 ± 2.69 p&lt;0.0001) was significantly lower than both the preterm without ROP (18.13 ± 2.01) and term (19.55 ± 2.48) groups. In the weak eyes, the AUC of the 3 groups showed a significant and progressive decline from the term group (18.9 ± 2.84) to the preterm without ROP group (18.29 ± 2.14), then to the preterm with ROP group (15.24 ± 2.21). Conclusion In our cohort of young adults born preterm, prematurity alone did not affect their BCVA and refractive errors. However, ROP was independently associated with a lower BCVA, higher refractive errors, and a reduced contrast sensitivity. Our data have shown that prematurity and ROP have independent effects on contrast sensitivity. This study highlights the necessity of long-term ophthalmologic follow-ups for adults who were born prematurely.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Treatments and Interventions Received for Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Lundkvist Josenby ◽  
Tomasz Czuba ◽  
Ann I Alriksson Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Quality ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: In the Swedish population-based follow-up program and national quality registry for individuals with cerebral palsy (CPUP), physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) treatments are regularly recorded along with functional status. By Swedish law, all citizens irrespective of personal characteristics or socioeconomic status have the right to receive healthcare and medical treatments as applicable. Previous research has shown gender differences in treatments and interventions received by children with cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in treatments and interventions by gender and place of birth in children and adolescents participating in CPUP. Methods: This was a cross-sectional registry study. Data from the latest PT (n = 2635) and OT assessment forms (n = 3480) in CPUP were extracted for individuals aged 0-17 years. Logistic regressions were used to assess the relationships between the outcome variables and gender and place of birth (including an interaction term gender X place of birth), adjusted for age, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels and spasticity scores for PT interventions and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for OT interventions. Results: Results are presented as odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] and p-values. Girls were significantly more likely to have spinal braces than boys; 1.54 [1.07, 2.22] p<0.05, a significant interaction with place of birth indicated fewer spinal braces prescribed to children born outside of the Nordic countries; 0.20 [0.079, 0.53] p<0.001. Girls were less likely to have undergone selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR); 0.49 [0.25, 0.94] p<0.05. Individuals born outside of the Nordic countries, were significantly less likely to have received intrathecal baclofen (ITB) 0.27 [0.074, 0.98] p<0.05. Conclusions Of the treatments prescribed, gender differences were observed for spinal braces and having undergone SDR. A statistically significant difference based on place of birth was noted for spinal bracing and having received ITB treatment. Other PT and OT treatments were associated with age, levels of spasticity, and functional severity as classified with the GMFCS and the MACS. Increased awareness of differences based on gender, and where a child is born, could be obtained by inter- and intraprofessional discussions.

scholarly journals Cerebral palsy in preterm infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cila Demesi-Drljan ◽  
Aleksandra Mikov ◽  
Karmela Filipovic ◽  
Snezana Tomasevic-Todorovic ◽  
Aleksandar Knezevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Function ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Conditions

Background/Aim. Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the leading causes of neurological impairment in childhood. Preterm birth is a significant risk factor in the occurrence of CP. Clinical outcomes may include impairment of gross motor function and intellectual abilities, visual impairment and epilepsy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among gestational age, type of CP, functional ability and associated conditions. Methods. The sample size was 206 children with CP. The data were obtained from medical records and included gestational age at birth, clinical characteristics of CP and associated conditions. Clinical CP type was determined according to Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) and topographically. Gross motor function abilities were evaluated according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Results. More than half of the children with CP were born prematurely (54.4%). Statistically significant difference was noted with respect to the distribution of various clinical types of CP in relation to gestational age (p < 0.001). In the group with spastic bilateral CP type, there is a greater proportion of children born preterm. Statistically significant difference was noted in the functional classification based on GMFCS in terms of gestational age (p = 0.049), children born at earlier gestational age are classified at a higher GMFCS level of functional limitation. The greatest percentage of children (70.0%) affected by two or more associated conditions was found in the group that had extremely preterm birth, and that number declined with increasing maturity at birth. Epilepsy was more prevalent in children born at greater gestational age, and this difference in distribution was statistically significant (p = 0.032). Conclusion. The application of antenatal and postnatal protection of preterm children should be a significant component of the CP prevention strategy.

Application of κ free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis diagnosis: development of a diagnosis algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefania Valencia-Vera ◽  
Ana Martinez-Escribano Garcia-Ripoll ◽  
Alfredo Enguix ◽  
Carmen Abalos-Garcia ◽  
Maria Jesus Segovia-Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Oligoclonal Bands ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Free Light Chains ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: The determination of κ free light chains (KFLC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by nephelometry is a feasible alternative to immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of KFLC and its inclusion in a procedure algorithm along with OCB interpretation. Methods: A cross-sectional study, which included 123 patients with a CSF OCB request, was carried out. Isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation was used to detect OCB, and nephelometry was used to analyze KFLC. The KFLC index was calculated using CSF/serum quotient of KFLC and albumin. The KFLC index was compared with MS diagnosis to find the optimal cutoff. It was obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Youden method. Results: The CSF KFLC median was 1.66 mg/L in the MS group, whereas in other central nervous system diseases, KFLC showed generally no or only moderate increase in CSF (median 0.10 mg/L). KFLC index showed a significant difference between groups. ROC analysis for CSF KFLC concentration, and KFLC indexes were 91.88% and 93.94%, respectively. The best cutoff for the KFLC index was 2.91 for MS diagnosis (sensitivity: 83.78%; specificity: 85.88%). The proposed algorithm showed high sensitivity (89.19%) and specificity (84.71%). Conclusions: KFLC determination is rapid and automatized, but it has no higher sensitivity and specificity than OCB in MS diagnosis. Nevertheless, when used in screening, it could reduce the number of manual OCB tests.

Sono-angiography for dialysis vascular access based on the freehand 2D ultrasound scanning

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110150
Author(s):  
William F Weitzel ◽  
Nirmala Rajaram ◽  
Venkataramu N Krishnamurthy ◽  
James Hamilton ◽  
Brian J Thelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Arteriovenous Anastomosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dialysis Unit ◽  
2D Ultrasound

Introduction: Dialysis vascular access, preferably an autogenous arteriovenous fistula, remains an end stage renal disease (ESRD) patient’s lifeline providing a means of connecting the patient to the dialysis machine. Once an access is created, the current gold standard of care for maintenance of vascular access is angiography and angioplasty to treat stenosis. While point of care 2D ultrasound has been used to detect access problems, we sought to reproduce angiographic results comparable to the gold standard angiogram (fistulogram) using ultrasound data acquired from a conventional 2D ultrasound scanner. Methods: A 2D ultrasound probe was used to acquire a series of cross sectional images of the vascular access including arteriovenous anastomosis of a subject with a radio-cephalic fistula. These 2D B-mode images were used for 3D vessel reconstruction by binary thresholding to categorize vascular versus non-vascular structures followed by standard image segmentation to select the structure representative of dialysis vascular access and morphologic filtering. Image processing was done using open source Python Software. Results: The open source software was able to: (1) view the gold standard fistulogram images, (2) reconstruct 2D planar images of the fistula from ultrasound data as viewed from the top, analogous to computerized tomography images, and (3) construct a 2D representation of vascular access similar to the angiogram. Conclusion: We present a simple approach to obtain an angiogram-like representation of the vascular access from readily available, non-proprietary 2D ultrasound data in the point of care setting. While the sono-angiogram is not intended to replace angiography, it may be useful in providing 3D imaging at the point of care in the dialysis unit, outpatient clinic, or for pre-operative planning for interventional procedures. Future work will focus on improving the robustness and quality of the imaging data while preserving the straightforward freehand approach used for ultrasound data acquisition.

scholarly journals Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy Living in Sarlahi and Rautahat Districts of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625
Author(s):  
Bina Pandit ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Ananda Kumar Karn ◽  
Rina Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
System Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the quality of life and factors associated with quality of life among primary caregivers of children with Cerebral palsy.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried between primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in rehabilitation group and non-rehabilitation group. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect dataResults: Median age of caregivers was 34 years (age 20-70 years), and there was significant difference between age in two groups (p=0.028). 83 (86.5%) caregivers were female with significant difference between gender in rehabilitation and non-rehabilitation group (p=0.03). Majority of primary caregivers were mother 71 (74%) in both groups. Among all 96 caregivers, 78.1% of caregivers had poor quality of life (Score in questionnaire below 75% taken as poor quality of life).There was no significant difference between quality of life in rehabilitation and non-rehabilitation group (p=0.42). Factors associated with quality of life in rehabilitation groups was illiteracy (p=0.005), aggressive nature of child (p=0.050), uncooperative nature of child (p=0.025), poor knowledge about child condition (p<0.001), and low financial support (p=0.051). Similarly, factor associated with quality of life in non-rehabilitation group was gross motor function classification system level of child (p< 0.001) and more perceived stress (p=0.048). Conclusions: Majority of primary caregivers was mother and had poor quality of life and there was no significant difference between overall quality of life of caregivers in rehabilitation and non-rehabilitation group.Keywords: Cerebral palsy; quality of life; primary caregivers

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