scholarly journals Minor components determination of tall oil-based biofuels that affect environment during combustion

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
A.N. Ivankin ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zarubina ◽  
A.C. Kuleznev ◽  
A.N. Zenkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Tall Oil ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Natural Origin

The results of determining the components of biofuel obtained from tall oil by transesterification in the presence of methanol are presented. It is shown that the main components of the feedstock and product based on it are natural fatty acids and their derivatives, the total mass fraction of which can be more than 80 %. The composition of the used raw material and the product of its processing — a mixture of FA methyl esters, contains impurities of organic compounds of natural origin, the amount of which ranges from 0,001 to 3 %. It is expedient to determine lipid components with an accuracy of ± 20 % by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, which establishes the presence of individual FAs in the mixture at a level from 0,1 to 40 %. Analysis of the composition of minor components with a low content from 0,001 to 0,1 % can be carried out by chromatography with a mass-selective detector. It is shown that a lot of organic compounds of natural origin are found in the biofuel product, the list of which includes substituted derivatives of amines, heteroalcohols, alkenes, oxiranes, acetals. The product is obtained from vegetable raw materials and contains residues of biochemical substances of wood origin. The total amount of such compounds with chromatographic mobility up to 10 min, 10…20 min, and more than 20 min in the analysis did not exceed 1,5…2 %. The minimum concentration of some compounds was less than 0,001 % of the total components. The analyzed biodiesel samples obtained from distilled TM did not contain, according to the mass spectrometry data, harmful impurities of bromine, iodine, phosphorus and sulfur-substituted organic compounds. In the work, the conditions for determining the complete pool of minor compounds were selected, and the influence of the composition of analytes on the analysis result was discussed. A conclusion is made about the potential environmental safety of liquid biofuel based on HM due to its component composition, which provides generally safe fuel combustion in engines of technical devices.

scholarly journals Research of the process of receiving and preparing for to use of ecologically pure biofuel on the basis of tall oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
A.N. Ivankin ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zarubinа ◽  
G.L. Oliferenko ◽  
A.S. Kuleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Tall Oil

The article discusses the scientific and technical issues of the methodology for producing liquid biofuel from renewable raw materials of plant origin. As raw materials used wastes from the production of pulp and paper mills — tall oil. The purpose of the work was to study the process of obtaining and determining ways to use the product. The optimal conditions for obtaining biodiesel are determined. The processing of raw materials was carried out by heating it with methanol in a ratio of 1:0,3 at a temperature of 50–65 °C for 2 hours in the presence of 2 % catalyst. The product, after separation of the resulting intermediate, was finally washed with water from the catalyst residues. The process was controlled spectrophotometrically. Using gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, the complete chemical composition of the used raw materials of various degrees of purification was established. It is shown that the main content in the processed oil is represented by natural lipids. Their fatty acid composition is described, comprising more than thirty C10–C24 fatty acids. A general scheme for producing biodiesel, which is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, has been developed. The product was obtained by chemical transformation in the presence of acid catalysts, followed by the formation of fatty acid methyl esters. The component composition of the obtained product, biodiesel, was studied and it was shown that it consists of a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids more than 95 %. In biodiesel, more than two hundred organic substances are also contained in the form of an insignificant amount of microimpurities. Their number fluctuated around 0,001 %. The basic physico-chemical characteristics of the obtained biodiesel are described in comparison with international requirements for biofuels. The analyzed product samples obtained from distilled TM, according to mass spectrometry, did not contain harmful impurities bromine, iodine, phosphorus and sulfur-substituted compounds. The total content of chlorine-substituted organic substances in all samples did not exceed 0,07 ± 0,02 %, and N-substituted derivatives did not exceed 0,05 ± 0,01 %, which indicates a rather high ecological purity of bitumen fuel. The main directions of the possible use of the product as liquid fuel for mini-boiler nozzles, as well as for operation in conventional diesel engines, are determined.

scholarly journals RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
K. Malins ◽  
V. Kampars ◽  
R. Kampare ◽  
T. Rusakova
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

scholarly journals Changing the method of compaction of autoclaved building materials modified by diabase and barite aggregate.

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Komisarczyk ◽  
Anna Stępień ◽  
Ryszard Dachowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Silicon Ions ◽  
Scanning Electron

The traditional way of producing sand-lime products is connected with the use of three basic raw materials i.e. quartz sand of natural origin, water and quicklime ground lime. During hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave, chemical reactions take place between the calcium and silicon ions. As a result of these reactions, the products are created that provide advantageous appropriable traits. In order to improve the durability attributes of the discussed products, diabase and barite aggregate was introduced into the raw material mass. In addition, the change in the densification method of the silicate mixture was applied. Layering was replaced instead of traditional pressing. The article describes sand-lime products modified with diabase and barite aggregate in an amount up to 15% by weight. Two methods of thickening the sand-lime mixture were used: pressing and layering. The change of the applied technology significantly influences, among others for water absorption. The best result was obtained using 5% and 10% modifiers. Modification with 5% content of diabase aggregate and 5% content of barite aggregate increases the strength by over 60% in relation to the reference sample. The obtained properties are reflected in the image of the microstructure examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. In the sand- lime products, both traditional and modified with diabase and barite aggregates, the C-S-H phase and tobermorite is present. These phases are characteristic for autoclaved products, although depending on the method of thickening occur in varying degrees and intensities.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF MULTICOMPONENT EXTRUDED FOOD PRODUCTS WITH SPECIFIED FEATURES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
N. Dzyuba ◽  
O. Bunyak
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Healthy Nutrition

In recent years Ukraine has seen a growth in the consumption of cereal products. Wide demand from the population are rice, buckwheat, oat, corn cereals and derived cereal products, and grain products fast food or ready-to-eat (cereals, extruded cereals, expanded snacks, cereals, etc.). One of the most promising areas of research in the field of healthy nutrition is to develop products that have a multicomponent structure, including main raw materials and various nutrients, including to provide specified properties. The creation of such products is relevant, because due to the multi-component composition is achieved provide thehuman body the important nutrients in required amount. The nutrition of a modern person includes a variety of products, including complex prescription composition, and determines the appearance and development of the direction - "design" of complex multicomponent food products with desired properties In the article, the authors developed the formulations of extruded multicomponent products. In developing the composition for the production of extruded corn products, considerable attention was paid to the nutrient composition of the raw material, its change during processing and balance. A study of the nutritional value of extrudates developed and manufactured in laboratory conditions was carried out. The formulation of extruded cereal products was optimized. To determine the optimal shelf life of the developed extrudates, microbiological studies were carried out and an organoleptic assessment of the quality of the obtained products was carried out.When designing recipes, we used the linear programming method, which allowed us to obtain a product with high nutritional value, the necessary content of biologically active substances and good organoleptic properties. According to the research results, it is recommended that storage period up to 6 months at a temperature of (18 ± 20) оC and relative humidity not more than 75% in polypropylene package.

scholarly journals NON-PLASTIC RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION CERAMICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
V. Men'shikova ◽  
L. Demina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Building Ceramic ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides ◽  
The Cost

research by some scientists shows that the most expensive element in the manufacture of construction ceramics are clay materials, in particular kaolins. They allow getting products with high strength, but at the same time increase significantly the mass refractoriness. In this connection, a significant amount of melt is added or the firing temperature is increased. Of course, this leads to an increase in the cost of products. In Russia, the reserves of these raw materials are insufficient and it is advisable to look for new non-traditional types of raw materials. There is a need to adjust the component composition of ceramic masses and use non-plastic raw materials. An example is natural wollastonites or their analogues in the form of diopside, which are a little-used type of mineral raw material. In the Siberian region, there are several deposits of non-plastic varieties of raw materials for the production of fired construction products. The most famous are the deposits of the Slyudyansky and Sayan districts. The authors present the results of analysis of diopside rocks, where the chemical, mineral compositions and behavior of samples under heating are studied. The absence of alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides in diopsides was determined. The content of iron oxide in the amount of 0.1% indicates the purity of the raw material. More than half of the composition is occupied by silica, which is 53% and 58% in the rocks of the Burutuysky and Sayan deposits, respectively. The basis of the mineral composition of the samples is diopside, with the presence of quartz, calcite, mica and magnesium carbonate. This range of minerals is traditional in many charges of ceramic materials. Therefore, the possibility of using diopside rocks in the production of building ceramic materials is quite high.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW ALCOHOL BEVERAGES BASED ON SUGAR SORGHUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karputina ◽  
D. Khargeliia ◽  
I. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials ◽  
Low Alcohol ◽  
By Products

The current market of low-alcohol beverages has been evaluated. The production of alcohol-free beverages is characterized by an extremely wide variety of raw materials. It is allowed to use juices, concentrates, infusions, and extracts of vegetable raw materials, flavours, emulsions, aromatic bases, food acids, vitamins, colourants, stabilizers, preservatives, clarifiers, opacifiers, sweeteners, and other raw materials that meet the requirements of regulations in effect and are authorized by the Ministry of Health. It has been established that the use of natural vegetable raw materials, which are a source of biologically active substances, will help increase the demand for these beverages. As such raw material, it has been suggested to use sugar sorghum, which is a promising agricultural crop and is characterized by a rich component composition. It has been suggested to obtain low-alcohol beverages by wort fermentationon on the basis of sugar sorghum juice, with the addition of apple and apple-cherry concentrates. The physicochemical parameters of the wort have been determined, and suggested the modes of its fermentation with dry yeast from the manufacturers Biowin (Brewgo-01) and Fermivin (Gervin GV1), related to brewing and wine yeast races, respectively. The influence of these yeasts on the accumulation of fermentation by-products and on the formation of organoleptic characteristics of beverages has been investigated. It has been found that in the samples studied, most of the fermentation by-products are in quantities close to the perception threshold, and, certainly, they affect the taste and aroma profile of the finished beverages. The profile charts of taste and aroma have been constructed, and the conclusion has been drawn about the prospects of using sugar sorghum juice in the low-alcohol beverages technology based on natural raw materials.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OIL THE VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS: LEAVES, WOODY STEMS, RHIZOMES WITH ROOTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Юрий (Yuriy) Алексеевич (Alekseevich) Морозов (Morozov) ◽  
Ифрат (Ifrat) Назимович (Nazimovich) Зилфикаров (Zilfikarov) ◽  
Елизавета (Elizaveta) Владимировна (Vladimirovna) Морозова (Morozova) ◽  
Аслан (Aslan) Мурадалиевич (Muradalievich) Алиев (Aliev) ◽  
Тимур (Timur) Алгасанович (Algasanovich) Ибрагимов (Ibragimov)
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Schisandra Chinensis ◽  
Marker Substances ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the component composition of essential oil samples obtained from various vegetable raw materials of Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.): branches (woody stems), rhizomes with roots and leaves. The extraction of essential oils was carried out by distillation with water vapor followed by extraction from the distillate with ethoxyethane. The largest yield of essential oil in terms of completely dry raw material is registered from rhizomes with roots – 0.99%; the yield from leaves and branches was approximately the same: 0.51% and 0.52%, respectively. A comparative analysis of the component composition of the obtained essential oils was carried out using the gas chromatography / mass spectrometry method. In the essential oil of the leaves 29 detected compounds (identified by 21 connection; dominant components: Cyclohexylmethyl ether sulphurous acid, (+)-trans-nerolidol, δ-cadinene, Tridec-(2E)-EN-1-ol), woody stems 80 connections (identified 65 compounds; dominant components: ß-pinene, Camphene, Bornylacetate, (+)-trans-nerolidol, p-tsimen, Tridecan-2-it, δ-cadinene), rhizomes with roots 78 of the compounds (60 compounds identified; dominant components: δ-cadinene, Bornylacetate, β-pinene, Camphene, Nerolidol-(E), Tridecan-2-it, γ-cadinene, Borneol). For each sample of the studied essential oils selectivity and marker substances were established.

scholarly journals Contents of biologically active substances in the leaves of Myrtus communis L. under the conditions of the south Crimea

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
L. Logvinenko ◽  
E. Dunaevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Myrtus Communis L

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of various methods of cultivating the variety of common myrtle Yuzhnoberezhny on the change in the content of macro- and microelements in raw materials, to compare the component composition of the essential oil obtained in the long-term and overgrowth form of its cultivation. Myrtus communis L. is a representative of the Mediterranean plant community, which since ancient times has been used for medicinal purposes and as a spicy culture. In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – the National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a variety of common myrtle South Coast was created. The variety is recommended for industrial cultivation on the territory of the southern coast of Crimea. Methods. The mineral composition of the raw materials was determined by dry ashing of leaves cut in the phase of technological maturity. The content of seven essential elements was determined on the quantum 2MT atomic absorption spectrophotometer: potassium in the emission mode, calcium, magnesium, ferrum, manganese, cuprum and zinc in the absorption mode. The component composition was studied in samples of essential oil on an Agilent Technology 6890N chromatograph with a 5973N mass spectrograph detector. Results. The maximum yield of medicinal raw materials in these soil and climatic conditions was ensured sprout cultivation, in which the rate of shoot formation increased by 2.6 times, and the yield of leaf, which is the raw material for the essential oil and food industries, increased by 37 %. The method of cultivating myrtle influenced the content of essential elements in the raw materials: the growth of ferrum and zinc was facilitated by the overgrowth form of cultivation, and cuprum and manganese – by many years. The amount of ferrum in the phase of technological maturity of the leaf was 84.37 mg/kg: in leaf-growing leaves 2.67 times more than in raw materials with a long-term form of cultivation. For cuprum, the opposite tendency was obtained – during germination cultivation, its concentration decreased by 2 times. The culture and variety are characterized by a high amount of magnesium and calcium in the leaf mass, regardless of the method of cultivation, up to 3.3 times the daily requirement of a person. Scientific novelty. A distinctive feature of this culture and variety is its high manganese content (20.2 mg/kg) in comparison with other perennial crops growing in this area (Helichrysum, Lavandula, Elsholtzia).

scholarly journals Thermal Adsorption Processing of Hydrocarbon Residues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudad H Al-Obaidi ◽  
Guliaeva NI
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organometallic Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Heavy Gas ◽  
Adsorption Processing ◽  
Refining Processes

The raw materials of secondary catalytic processes must be prerefined. Among these refining processes are the deasphalting and demetallization including their thermo adsorption (or thermo-contact adsorption) variety. In oil processing, four main processes of thermo-adsorption refining of hydrocarbon residues are used—Asphalt Residual Treating- residues deasphaltizing (ART), Discriminatory Destructive Distillation (3D), developed in the US; Adsorption-Contact Treatment (ACT) and Express Thermo-Contact Cracking (ETCC), developed in Russia. ART and ACT are processes with absorbers of lift-type reactor, while 3D and ETCC processes are with an adsorbing reactor having ultrashort contact time of the raw material with the adsorbent. In all these processes, refining of hydrocarbon residues is achieved by partial thermo-destructive transformations of hydrocarbons and hetero-atomic compounds with simultaneous adsorption of the formed, on the surface of the adsorbents, resins, asphaltene and carboids, as well as metal-, sulphur-, and nitro-organic compounds. Demetallized and deasphalted light and heavy gas oils or their mixtures are a quality raw material for secondary deepening refining processes (catalytic and hydrogenation cracking, etc.), since they are characterized by low coking ability and low content of organometallic compounds that lead to irreversible deactivation of the catalysts of these deepening processes.

BIOECOLOGY AND COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF EPHEDRINE ALKALOIDS IN SPECIES IN THE DZUNGARIAN ALATAU

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Л.С. Кожамжарова ◽  
Н.Т. Аблайханова ◽  
З.Б. Есимсиитова ◽  
А.М. Мухитдинов ◽  
Е.Т. Аблайханов
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmacological Data

Как показывают данные фармакологических исследований, природные алкалоиды обладают более высоким качеством терапевтического эффекта и срок действия их продолжительнее. При полноценном растительном сырье и достаточных его запасах или при успешной культуре растения тот или иной алкалоид, несомненно, удобнее и экономически выгоднее получать из натурального растительного сырья. В связи с этим практический интерес представляют работы по выявлению и пополнению сведений о фитохимическом составе ценных технических растений флоры Казахстана в свете последних достижений биохимии, биоорганической химии. В статье, для выяснения установление закономерностей изменения количественного содержания и качественного состава эфедриновых алкалоидов от экологических факторов были изучены биоэкологические особенности и выявлены популяции с высоким и пониженным содержанием компонентного состава эфедриновых алкалоидов у видов E.Equisetina в Джунгарском Алатау, а также, установлен полный спектр эфедриновых алкалоидов в вегетативных побегах изучаемого вида. Практическое значение результатов работы является основой для использования сырьевой базы вида E.Equisetina рода Ephedra L., в отечественной фармацевтической промышленности. According to pharmacological data, natural alkaloids have better therapeutic quality and longer duration. If the raw material is full and sufficient, or if the plant culture is successful, some alkaloid is certainly more convenient and economically more profitable to obtain from natural plant raw materials. In this connection, work to identify and complete information on the phytochemical composition of valuable technical plants in the flora of Kazakhstan, in the light of recent advances in biochemistry and bioorganic chemistry, is of practical interest. In the article, to determine the main regularities of changes in the quantitative content and qualitative composition of ephedrine alkaloids from environmental factors, bioecological features were studied and populations with high and low content of the component composition of ephedrine alkaloids in E. Equisetina species in the Dzungarian Alatau were identified. Also, was established the full spectrum of ephedrine alkaloids in vegetative shoots of the studied. The practical significance of the results is the basis for using the raw material base of the species E. Equisetina of the genus Ephedra L. in the domestic pharmaceutical industry.

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