The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1920: to the issues of democracy of post-war state formation

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
A. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
National Movement ◽  
National Question ◽  
Legal Restriction ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post War ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Legal Meaning

The article describes how the features of the First Czechoslovak Republic state formation corresponded to democratic principles; it is examined the influence of external factors and tendencies to the constitutional process; it is investigated the implementation of the fundamental principles of democracy in the norms of the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920. It should be stressed that the foundation of Czechoslovakia was influenced by democratic values, but also it was directly influenced by the interests of the Entente Powers, especially Great Britain and France. It manifested itself in the fact that representatives of the Czechoslovak national movement sought the support of the Entente states in the process of creating an independent state of Czechs and Slovaks in territories over which the pre-war sovereignty of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was recognized. Members of the Czechoslovak national missions were negotiating with representatives of foregin politics at this period. Czechoslovak national corps were created, fought on the side of the Entente states and formed the basis of the future army of the state, whose project was actively promoted. However, total control and dependence on Entente’s strategic interests which sometimes went against the established principles of democracy was the other side of the Entente’s support for the Czechoslovak national movement. For this reason, the democratic principles of state formation violated, and this especially concerned the solution of the national question. Features of the Czechoslovak state formation were of direct importance for the constitutional process. As a result, the democratic nature of the norms that regulated the status of national minorities, the legal meaning of the concept of “the Czechoslovak people”, the authority of the President of Czechoslovakia, can be questioned. Nevertheless, the author comes to the conclusion that the Constitution consistently contained norms on human rights and freedoms, and it regulated the mechanism of legal restriction of state power. Therefore, conclusions are drawn that the constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic was democratic.

scholarly journals The administrative and canonical status of the Belarusian Metropolis during the periods of German occupation and post-war emigration (1941–1956)

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Aliaxandr V. Slesarau
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Church Life ◽  
National Question ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post War ◽  
Canonical Status

The article is devoted to considering the specifics of the administrative and canonical status of the Belarusian Metropolis in the diaspora, during 1946–1956 stayed in the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. The conclusion is drawn about what happened from 1950 to 1956 phasing down the status of the metropolis, which led to the cessation of its existence. One of the most important reasons for the liquidation of the Belarusian Metropolis in the diaspora seems to be the fear of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad bishop about the possible occurrence of disturbances in church life caused by the national question. The liquidation of the Belarusian Metropolis led to a deeper integration of Belarusian emigrants into the cultural environment of the Russian diaspora.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF THE POST-COLONIAL INDIAN STATE IN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE RULING IDEOLOGY AND THE WRITING OF HISTORY

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulnazarova Aigul ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Government Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Post War ◽  
Soviet Historiography

India gained her independence from British rule in August 1947, and her Constitution came into force in January 1950. These important events opened up a new page in the history of Indian state development, and also ushered onto the world stage a defining era of decolonization. Moreover, India was amongst the first colonies to endorse the so-called "civilized divorce" from her former colonial power, which promoted the smooth and gradual shift towards her sovereign status. Therefore, the events, which ultimately led to Indian independence and the formation of the post-colonial state, have been previously documented by historians of various schools of Indian history in different parts of the world. The present paper will discuss the formation process of Indian state sovereignty during 1947-1950, as it had been imagined, studied, and constructed by Soviet historians. It is important to study this issue in the light of Soviet historiography in order to recognize this interpretation of the past as an example of the relationship between history-writing the ruling government ideology. In addition to providing a detailed analysis of Soviet historiography on the status of post-colonial Indian state formation and sovereignty, this paper seeks to identify key moments in the development of Soviet history-writing in the post-war period, which can be useful in helping us to discern some main themes and intricacies of Indian state formation from a Soviet perspective.

scholarly journals Ethno-Language Issue as a Source of Separatism and Instability in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Medvedev ◽  
Dmitriy E. Slizovskiy ◽  
Viktor A. Glebov ◽  
Vadim N. Medvedev ◽  
Abdul Rahman Amini
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the impact of ethno-linguistic policy on the separatism and political instability in Ukraine. The article examines the current provisions of the legislation of Ukraine on the development of language policy, as well as the provisions of the latest Law on the status of the state language in Ukraine.Ukraine has severalspecific features from the linguistic point of view, they are: bilingualism, uneven distribution of Russian and Ukrainian languages on the territory of the country and in different sectors of the social sphere, as well as ethno-linguistic, social and socio-cultural polarization of the Western, Central and South-Eastern parts of the country. The Ukrainian language was recognized as the state languagein Ukraine in 1989. This preceded the signing of the Declaration on the State Independence of Ukraine in 1991. From that moment on, the Ukrainian language is considered a symbol of the new Ukraine. Raising the status of the Ukrainian language has become one of the central issues in the process of building an independent state. The UN Security Council discussion in July 2019 on the language policy in Ukraine showed the world community's concern over the problem of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and national minorities in Ukraine in connection with the adoption of the Law on the legal status of the state Ukrainian language and its use in education and public life. The analysis focuses on the trends in the development of language policy, which is the source of aggravation of social processes in the form of separatism and destabilization of modern Ukraine and attempts of its modern political regime to finally complete the reorientation from Russia to the West at the legislative language level.

Reforming the Role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Advancing Democratic Principles and Human Rights in African Countries: An Examination Using the Lens of Swaziland/ eSwatini

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Sarkin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
The Status ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Limited Compliance ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
African Commission

This article explores the role of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the role it plays regarding human rights in individual country situations in Africa. It specifically examines the extent to which it has been able to advance a human rights agenda in countries with long-standing human rights problems. The article uses Swaziland/ eSwatini as a lens to examine the matter, because of the longstanding problems that exist in that country. This is done to indicate how the institution works over time on a country’s human rights problems. The article examines a range of institutional structural matters to establish how these issues affect the role of the Commission in its work. The article examines the way in which the Commission uses its various tools, including its communications, the state reporting processes, fact-finding visits, and resolutions, to determine whether those tools are being used effectively. The article examines how the Commission’s processes issues also affect it work. Issues examined negatively affecting the Commission are examined, including problems with the status of its resolutions and communications, limited compliance with its outcomes, and inadequate state cooperation. Reforms necessary to enhance to role and functions of the Commission are surveyed to determine how the institution could become more effective. The African Union’s (AU|) Kagame Report on AU reform is briefly reviewed to examine the limited view and focus of AU reform processes and why AU reform ought to focus on enhancing human rights compliance. The article makes various suggestions on necessary institutional reforms but also as far as the African Commission’s procedures and methods of work to allow it to have a far more effective role in the promotion and protection of human rights on the continent. It is noted that political will by the AU and African states is the largest obstacle to giving the Commission the necessary independence, support and assistance that it needs to play the role in Africa that it should.

The Crisis of the Ryukyus (1877–82)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sze-lok Leung ◽  
Anthony Carty
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Viewpoint

Okinawa is now considered as Japanese territory, without challenge from most world powers. However, this is debatable from a historical viewpoint. The Ryukyu Kingdom which dominated the islands was integrated into Japan in 1879. The transformation is seen by Wang Hui as a process of modernization. This chapter argues the issue from an international law perspective. It shows that Ryukyu was an independent State as demonstrated by the 1854 Ryukyu–US Treaty, although it sent regular tributes to China. The Japanese integration by coercion is not justifiable. The people of Ryukyu were willing to continue being a tributary State rather than part of Japan. Britain, as the greatest colonial power, did not object. China and the US attempted to intervene in this affair, but no treaty has so far been concluded. Therefore, the status of Ryukyu/Okinawa remains unresolved and may need to be revisited, while putting the history context into consideration.

scholarly journals Gender and Migrant Roles in Italian Neorealist and New Migrant Films: Cinema as an Apparatus of Reconfiguration of National Identity and ‘Otherness’

Humanities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Marianna Charitonidou
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Italian Cinema ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines an ensemble of gender and migrant roles in post-war Neorealist and New Migrant Italian films. Its main objective is to analyze gender and placemaking practices in an ensemble of films, addressing these practices on a symbolic level. The main argument of the article is that the way gender and migrant roles were conceived in the Italian Neorealist and New Migrant Cinema was based on the intention to challenge certain stereotypes characterizing the understanding of national identity and ‘otherness’. The article presents how the roles of borgatari and women function as devices of reconceptualization of Italy’s identity, providing a fertile terrain for problematizing the relationship between migration studies, urban studies and gender studies. Special attention is paid to how migrants are related to the reconceptualization of Italy’s national narrations. The Neorealist model is understood here as a precursor of the narrative strategies that one encounters in numerous films belonging to the New Migrant cinema in Italy. The article also explores how certain aspects of more contemporary studies of migrant cinema in Italy could illuminate our understanding of Neorealist cinema and its relation to national narratives. To connect gender representation and migrant roles in Italian cinema, the article focuses on the analysis of the status of certain roles of women, paying particular attention to Anna Magnagi’s roles.

scholarly journals ПОЛІТИКО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВИБОРЧОГО ПРОЦЕСУ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Г. М. Нечаєва
Keyword(s):  
State Power ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Will ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
The Stability

This article examines the stages of the electoral process based on the legislation of Ukraine on elections since the proclamation of independent Ukraine until now. Considerable attention is paid to the disclosure of the concept of "electoral process", since democracy and the legitimacy of the entire system of public authorities depend to the electoral democracy. On the basis of various points of view of scientists, scholars of lawyers it can be concluded that the electoral process as a legal category is an independent legal institution of constitutional law, which should be understood as a set of constitutional and procedural norms governing the formation of representative bodies of the state and other elected bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government, election of state officials. The issue of the legislative support of the electoral process in Ukraine, the problem of the formation of a system of electoral legislation in Ukraine on the basis of which the electoral process takes place - elections of the President of Ukraine, people's deputies of Ukraine, deputies of local councils and village, town and city mayors. Adequate reflection of the will of the citizens on the formation of a system of government, the creation of conditions for free and deliberate expression of will require not only the legislative consolidation of the principles of free and fair elections, but also detailed legal regulation of procedures for conducting an election campaign, determination of the status of the subjects of the electoral process, their rights and obligations defining the results of elections, etc. The necessity of formation and establishment of a stable electoral culture of voters and the stability of electoral legislation for ensuring the proper realization of the electoral rights of Ukrainian citizens is indicated. However, the main problem is not so much in adopting laws that would comply with generally accepted democratic principles, but in ensuring compliance with these principles in practice, which does not always lie in the field of legislative regulation. In order to ensure legality in the process of organizing and holding elections, the functioning and interaction of all branches of state power, local self-government bodies and public associations must be agreed upon.

scholarly journals The number, status and organizational aspects of Serbs in Zagreb

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Drago Zuparic-Iljic
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legislative Framework

This paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics regarding number, as well as normative and functional status, i.e. legal and institutional status of Serbs in Zagreb. Furthermore, the paper describes some distinctions among organizational levels of Serbian minority in Zagreb, concerning the most important aspects of socio-cultural, educational and religious integration. Serbian minority members? number in Croatia and Zagreb is analyzed using an official demographic statistics, focusing primarily on major socio-demographic indicators, on population density and ethnic composition data for the population of Zagreb municipality for the period of 1981-2011. Legal position of the Serbian minority in Zagreb is described using analysis of official documents, including legislative framework provisions, which are related to issues of national minorities? status and rights. Institutional and organizational status is elucidated by using descriptive analysis of cultural, educational, media and religious aspects of minority?s life. The number of Serbs in Croatia decreased drastically in last twenty years, affecting their number being reduced to approximately one-third of the prewar number. In the period 1981 to 2011 there was a continuous increase of number and proportion of Croatian majority population, and continuous reduction of national minorities in Zagreb. The biggest percentile decreasing in the municipality of Zagreb (during period 1991-2001) have undergone members of the Serbian (57.7%), Slovenian (48.9%), and Montenegrin (43.7%) minority. In the case of Serbs, this is primarily and predominantly a consequence of forced emigration (displacement) induced by the war in the 1990s. Moreover, negative demographic trends together with a possibility of ?false? national declaration in census, as well as the relentless process of assimilation are counted as specific factors in reducing the number of national minorities? members. Status of Serbs as the former "constituent people/ethnicity" in Socialist Republic of Croatia was modified in the status of "national minority" in (Democratic) Republic of Croatia, due to constitutional changes in 1990. Today, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutional Law on National Minorities in 2002 national minorities in Croatia enjoy the rights in the area of cultural (linguistic, educational and religious) autonomy. Implementation of these rights still faces many problems in everyday praxis, which is reflected in organizational aspects and levels of Serbs in Zagreb. Cultural, artistic, and educational associations and initiatives among Serbian minority organize activities that contribute to promotion, preservation and expressing specific national minority?s identity. Although satisfactory level of normative (legal) integration does not guarantee functional integration of minorities into wider socio-economic, cultural and political matrix, that normative integration, along with political will and favorable social climate, sets an essential precondition for the willingness to implement laws and regulations in order to improve Serbian minority status.

scholarly journals КHIBI – KHDTUBA – KHUBA: 90 years of history

New Collegium ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (102) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
O. Soloshenko
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Research Work ◽  
High Status ◽  
University History ◽  
National University ◽  
The Status ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Post War ◽  
The University

2020 is a jubilee year for Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. The article is devoted to the analysis and presentation of the main pages of the University history. Emphasis is placed on the causes and peculiarities of the events that are connected with the foundation of the building institute in 1930. Among the basic stages of history, the attention is drawn to its creation and importance of preparation of qualified personnel of builders and architects during industrialization; features of work of institute during the Second World War and during post-war restoration; rapid development of KHIBI in 1950th – opening of new specialities and formation of scientific schools, expansion of a contingent of students, including the beginning of preparation of foreign listeners is marked. In the following decades there was a steady development and expansion of the structure of the university, cooperation with foreign higher educational institutions, introduction of scientific achievements of teachers of the institute into production. At the time of Ukraine's independence, new tendencies in higher education (humanization of the scientific process, introduction of new methods of teaching and control of students' knowledge, activation of research work in accordance with the requirements of national and world science, etc.) are being implemented – granting the status of a university, and later the status of a national university. The author notes the main achievements of the University during the leadership of each of the directors / rectors of KHIBI – KHTUBA – KHNUBA. The prospects of KHIBI development are determined by its high status of a higher educational institution in the architectural and construction area of modern Ukraine and the potential of its staff. At the end of the article it is concluded that the university has an outstanding history, which was created by teachers, scientists, employees, students and graduates of the university, each of whom made a significant contribution to the achievements of our Alma Mater.

scholarly journals WONDERFUL STONES OF THE SOVIET ERA IN P.P. BAZHOV’S TALES

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
Yang Yubing ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
The Urals ◽  
New Era ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post War

Problem statement. This article analyzes the lytic component of P. P. Bazhov’s tales of the 1940s and proves that these tales continue the tradition laid down by the tales of the 1930s, in which malachite, copper emerald, and chrysolite were the main stones reflecting the specifics of mining life. The lytic discourse of new tales, in which the sun stone, the key-stone, the patient pebble appear, makes it possible to expand the understanding of both the ideological component of the tales and the mythopoetics of the writer’s fiction as a whole. The purpose of the article is to study the lytic component of Bazhov’s military and post-war tales, in which the contours of the future happy life of the Soviet people are visible through the image of both real and miraculous stones of the new era. Methodology. The article uses the methodology of cultural-historical, ideological-figurative, and symbolic-contextual analysis. Research results and conclusions. The article sequentially examines a number of stones that, in their appearance and in their symbolic properties, can claim the status of stones of the new Soviet era in the Urals. Among these stones we see both real-life stones (heliolite, golden topaz, and rhodonite), which in their appearance and in their symbolic lytic properties can claim the status of stones of the new Soviet era in the “Tales about Lenin”, and magical stones (key stone, patient pebble, and golden mountain blossom). The latter make it possible to assess the utopian potential of the happy future of the Soviet Urals, which from the point of view of the 1940s did not seem absolutely unattainable to Bazhov.

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