Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Properties of Tripolyphosphate Crosslinked Chitosan

Chitosan is biopolymer obtained from chitin deacetylation reaction. Chitin is a constituent of shrimps’ outer shell. Chitosan modification using crosslinker agent could increase the active groups and stabilize the physical character. One of non-toxic crosslink agents was tripolyphosphate. This study aimed at synthesizing tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan (TPP-Cs) to test the antioxidant and toxicity. Synthesizing tripolyphosphate chitosan was conducted using ionic gelation method. The antioxidant activity test was studied from DPPH radicals scavenging and the ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. The toxicity test was using BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and Artemia salina leach nauplii. The study showed that TPP-Cs could be synthesized from pink shrimp and showed antioxidant activity. The activity was due to amino and hydroxyl groups. The BSLT method showed that TPP-Cs had the potential to be applied for antibacterial, antivirus, or anticancer products.

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UJI AKTIVITAS SITOTOKSIK EKSTRAK METANOL BUAH KETUMBAR (Coriandrum sativum Linn) TERHADAP ARTEMIA SALINA LEACH DENGAN UJI BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia ◽

10.33759/jrki.v2i3.72 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 137-146

Author(s):

Mega Yulia ◽

Rani Anggraini ◽

Farizal Farizal

Keyword(s):

Cytotoxic Activity ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

Coriandrum Sativum ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Activity Test ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Expected Benefits

Coriander is a common herb can be used as traditional medicine. One of the expected benefits of Coriander fruits is an anti-cancer. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity of Coriander extract (Coriandrum sativum Linn) on shrimp larvae (Artemia salina Leach) with the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. Coriander fruits was extracted using methanol solvent and maceration method, then concentrated it with a rotary evaporator until a thick extract. Cytotoxic activity test used methanol extract with several concentration : 1,000 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm. The result of this research reveal that methanol extract of Coriander fruits has cytotoxic activity with LC50 value is 32.35 ppm.

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Pengaruh Tepung Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca L.) terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Sitotoksisitas pada Sel Kanker Payudara T-47D

JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI ◽

10.36722/sst.v5i3.380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Zhafirah Salma Putri ◽

Reyna Rachma Wati ◽

Rahma Micho Widyanto ◽

Yosfi Rahmi ◽

Wahyu Diah Proborini

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Mtt Assay ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Banana Peel ◽

Cytotoxicity Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Activity Test

Abstrak – Kanker payudara masih menjadi permasalahan kesehatan yang kompleks. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi kanker adalah dengan konsumsi makanan tinggi kandungan antioksidan. Bahan pangan alternatif potensial adalah kulit pisang kepok yang mengandung senyawa fitokimia kaya antioksidan.Tepung kulit pisang belum banyak dimanfaatkan dan belum diteliti kandungan antioksidan serta potensi antikankernya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat nilai aktivitas antioksidan, toksisitas, dan efek sitotoksisitas terhadap sel T-47D secara in vitro. Kulit dari pisang kepok matang direndam dalam larutan 1% Na2S2O5 selama 15 menit, dikeringkan dalam oven kabinet pada suhu 60ºC selama 7 jam, dihancurkan menggunakan blender, dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 80 mesh. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrillhidrazil), uji toksisitas menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) serta uji sitotoksisitas dilakukan menggunakan MTT assay(3-(4, 5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2, 5-difeniltetrazolium bromid).Hasil aktivitas antioksidan didapatkan nilai IC50237,684 ppm yang menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan bersifat sangat lemah, hasil uji toksisitas adalah LC50 4.665, 77 ppm yang menunjukkan tidak bersifat toksik bagi larva Artemia salina L. serta hasil IC50uji sitotoksisitas adalah 720.396 µg/ml yang menunjukkan efek sitotoksisitas lemah sehingga tepung kulit pisang kepok tidak berpotensi sebagai antikanker terhadap sel T-47D. Abstract - Breast cancer still becomes a complex health problem. One of the attempts to overcome cancer is by consuming high antioxidants foods. Potential alternative food is kepok banana peels which contain phytochemical compounds rich in antioxidants. Banana peel flour has not been widely used and has not yet been studied its antioxidant content and anti-cancer potential. This study aimed to see the value of the antioxidant activity, toxicity, and cytotoxicity effects on T-47D cells in vitro. The peel of ripe kepok banana was soaked in 1% Na2S2O5 solution for 15 minutes, dried in a cabinet oven at 60ºC for 7 hours, grounded using a blender, and sieved using an 80 mesh sieve. The antioxidant activity test was carried out by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrillhidrazil) method, the toxicity test used the BSLT (Brine Shrimp LethalityTest) method and the cytotoxicity test was carried out using the MTT assay (3- (4, 5-dimethyltiazol-2-il ) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The antioxidant activity test results were IC50at 237,684 ppm which showed weak antioxidant activity, the toxicity test results were LC50at4,665.77ppm which showed no toxic effects for Artemia salina L. larvae and cytotoxicity test results were IC50at 720,396 µg / ml which showed a weak cytotoxicity effect indicating that kepok banana peel flour has no potential as an anticancer against T-47D cells.Keywords –Tepung kulit pisang kepok, Antioksidan, Sitotoksisitas, BSLT, Kanker payudara, T-47D

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The potential biopesticide toxicity test of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam (Purple Sweet Potato leaf extract) against Artemia salina Leach larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) ◽

10.29322/ijsrp.10.08.2020.p10428 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 212-217

Author(s):

Onik Anggita Sari ◽

Slamet Isworo

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

Potato Leaf ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Purple Sweet Potato

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Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksik dari Tumbuhan Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia beccarii Hook.f.) Asal Kabupaten Merauke

JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA ◽

10.31957/jbp.41 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Modustriati P. Mardany ◽

Linus Y. Chrystomo ◽

Aditya K. Karim

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Cytotoxic Activity ◽

Active Compound ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

High Cytotoxic Activity

Sarang semut (Myrmecodia beccarii Hook.f.) is a famous medicinal plant of Papua, which has traditionally potential in treating a wide variety of mild and severe illnesses, such as cancers and tumors, gout, coronary heart disease, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, migraines, rheumatism, and leukemia. The purposes of this study were to determine the content of the active compound group and the cytotoxic activity of sarang semut plants from Merauke Region. The extraction was done by maceration using 96 % ethanol. The concentration of ethanolic extract were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 ppm. The results of the study showed that the cytotoxic activity determine using BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method have a high cytotoxic activity with LC50 values of 22.86 ppm and containing the active compound namely flavonoids, tannins and saponins separately. The ethanolic extract of tuber of sarang semut (M. beccarii) has a high cytotoxic activity against larvae of Artemia salina Leach according BSLT method. Key words: Active compound, M. beccarii, cytotoxic activity, Merauke.

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Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Ketapang Laut (Terminalia Catappa L.) Menggunakan Metode BSLT

Pharmauho: Jurnal Farmasi, Sains, dan Kesehatan ◽

10.33772/pharmauho.v6i1.11430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Ari Sartinah ◽

Yamin Yamin ◽

Muhammad Arba ◽

Nur Illiyyin Akib ◽

Andi Nafisah Tendri Adjeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Program Analysis ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Test Method ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Terminalia Catappa ◽

Water Fractions

AbstrakToksisitas akut merupakan kemampuan suatu bahan kimia (obat/bahan obat) dalam menimbulkan kerusakan pada suatu organisme dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ketoksikan akut dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.). Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) dan menggunakan analisis program untuk mengetahui nilai LC50 dari ekstrak dan fraksi. Hasil uji toksisitas akut menunjukan nilai LC50 dari ekstrak metanol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air kulit batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L. ) berturut-turut 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm dan 618,046 ppm. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak metanol batang ketapang laut (Terminalia catappa L.) bersifat paling toksik dibandingkan fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air.Kata kunci: Ekstrak, Fraksi, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina LeachAbstractAcute toxicity is the ability of chemical (drug/drug ingredient) to cause damage to organisms in a relatively short time. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for acute toxicity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of sea ketapang stem skin (Terminalia catappa L.). Acute toxicity testing was performed using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and program analysis to determine the LC50 values of extracts and fractions. The results of the acute toxicity test showed the LC50 values of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and water fractions of the plant stem skin consecutively were 247,997 ppm; 400,666 ppm and 618,046 ppm. This shows that the methanol extract of sea ketapang stems (Terminalia catappa L.) is the most toxic compared to the ethyl acetate and the water fraction.Keywords: Extract, Fraction, Terminalia catappa L., BSLT, Artemia salina Leach

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Toksisitas Akut Ektrak N-Heksan Dan Methanol Rimpang Jeringau Merah Terhadap Kematian Artemia Salina Leach Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i2.149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Edy Suwandi ◽

Supriyanto Supriyanto

Keyword(s):

Brine Shrimp ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Test Method ◽

Endemic Plant ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Study Results ◽

Sweet Flag

Abstract: Acorus sp (red sweet flag) is an endemic plant from West Borneo which contains chemical substances such as flavonoids that have bioactivity as antioxidants so it is recommended one to prevent cancer. The study aimed to determine toxicity of n-Hexan extract and methanol red sweet flag rhizomes against Artemia salina Leach with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method. This study was a type of quasi experimental design, sampling technique obtained by using purposive sampling. According to the study results, it can be seen than methanol extract from red sweet flag rhizomes give impact on the mortality average of Artemia salina Leach : concentration 100 µg/ml (51%), 250 µg/ml (75%), 500 µg/ml (92%), 750 µg/ml (96%) and 1000 µg/ml (99%). In addition, n-Hexan extract of red sweet flag rhizomes in 100 µg/ml (45%), 250 µg/ml (60%), 500 µg/ml (92%), 750 µg/ml (84%) and 1000 µg/ml (96%). It is reported based on probit analysis that LC50 of n-Hexan extract from red sweet flag rhizomes was 128.2921 µg/ml meanwhile methanol extract was 242.7169 µg/ml µg/ ml, thus in conclusion n-Hexan and methanol extract of red sweet flag rhizomes potentially cytotoxic to Artemia salina Leach larvae.Abstrak: Jeringau merah (Acorus sp) merupakan satu jenis tanaman endemik Kalimantan Barat memiliki kandungan kimia diantaranya flavonoidyang mempunyai bioaktivitas sebagai antioksidan sehingga sangat baik untuk pencegahan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui mengetahui dan menentukan toksisitas ekstrak n-Heksan dan Methanol Rimpang Jeringau MerahterhadapArtemia salinaLeachdengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Desain penelitian ini adalah eksperimental semu, teknik pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui ekstrak Methanol Rimpang Jeringau Merah rerata kematianArtemia salina Leach konsentrasi 100 µg/ml (51%), 250 µg/ ml (75%), 500 µg/ml (92%), 750 µg/ml (96%) dan 1000 µg/ml (99%)pada ekstrak n-Heksan Rimpang Jeringau Merah konsentrasi 100 µg/ml (45%), 250 µg/ml (60%), 500 µg/ml (92%), 750 µg/ml (84%) dan 1000 µg/ml (96%). Dari analisis probit diketahuinilai LC50 ekstrak n-Heksan Rimpang Jeringau Merah yaitu 128.2921 µg/ml dan ekstrak Methanol Rimpang Jeringau Merah yaitu 242.7169 µg/ml µg/ml, maka disimpulkan ekstrak n-Heksan dan Methanol Rimpang Jeringau Merahbersifat sitotoksik terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach.

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Assessment of biological activity of brazilian medicinal plants against Artemia Salina Leach

Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line ◽

10.5205/reuol.1043-9539-1-le.0404201008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1639

Author(s):

Rinalda Araújo Guerra de Oliveira ◽

Marcus Antônio de Brito Folly ◽

Aline Lira Xavier ◽

Margareth De Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz ◽

Edeltrudes De Oliveira Lima

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Momordica Charantia ◽

Test Method ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Pharmacological Studies ◽

Ipomoea Asarifolia ◽

Brazilian Medicinal Plants

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the biological activity of extracts of Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia and Ipomoea asarifolia isolated and associated with the Brine Shrimp test. Method: solutions of different concentrations of the extracts was prepared and metanauplius of Artemia salina were added. Each concentration was tested in triplicate, repeated in two experiments. The set was left in incubation under artificial light for 24 hours and after this time the counting of the number of live larvae and dead was done. It was determined the LC50 in accordance with the statistical method of Probits. Results: the LC50 value obtained for the extracts of Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia and Ipomoea asarifolia when tested alone was: 543.5 ppm, 400.9 ppm and 916.3 ppm, respectively. For the association of Pithecellobium cochliocarpum and Ipomoea asarifolia, Pithecellobium cochliocarpum and Momordica charantia, and Momordica charantia and Ipomoea asarifolia, the LC50 found was respectively: 641.0 ppm, 502.2 ppm and 706.4 ppm. The association of the three extracts showed an LC50 of 990.8 ppm. Conclusion: all extracts showed biological activity against Artemia salina and their associations can lead to interactions among its constituents. More detailed pharmacological studies should be conducted. Descriptors: Artemia; Plants medicinal; toxicity; associations.RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar a atividade biológica dos extratos de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia e Ipomoea asarifolia isolados e associados através do bioensaio com Artemia salina. Método: prepararam-se soluções de diferentes concentrações dos extratos e a elas foram adicionados metanáuplios de Artemia salina. Cada concentração foi testada em triplicata, repetida em dois experimentos. Deixou-se o conjunto em incubação sob luz artificial por 24 h e após esse período realizou-se a contagem do número de larvas vivas e mortas. Determinou-se a CL50 de acordo com o método estatístico de Probitos. Resultados: o valor da CL50 obtido para os extratos de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia e Ipomoea asarifolia quando testados isoladamente foi de: 543,5 ppm, 400,9 ppm e 916,3 ppm, respectivamente. Para a associação de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum e Momordica charantia, Pithecellobium cochliocarpum e Ipomoea asarifolia, e Momordica charantia e Ipomoea asarifolia, a CL50 encontrada foi, respectivamente: 641,0 ppm, 502,2 ppm e 706,4 pppm. Já a associação dos três extratos apresentou uma CL50 de 990,8 ppm. Conclusão: Todos os extratos apresentaram atividade biológica frente Artemia salina. E suas associações podem levar à interações entre seus constituintes. Estudos farmacológicos mais aprofundados devem ser realizados. Descritores: Artemia; plantas medicinais; toxicidade; associações.RESUMENObjetivo: evaluar la actividad biológica de extractos de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia y Ipomoea asarifolia aislada y asociada con el bioensayo con Artemia salina. Método: de las soluciones preparadas de diferentes concentraciones de los extractos y se agregaron metanauplius de Artemia salina. Cada concentración se analizó por triplicado, repetida en dos experimentos. Salió de la serie en la incubación bajo luz artificial durante 24 horas después de ese momento en poder contar el número de larvas vivas y muertas. Se determinó la CL50 de conformidad con el método estadístico de Probits. Resultados: el valor de la CL50 obtenidos para los extractos de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum, Momordica charantia y Ipomoea asarifolia durante la prueba era el único: 543,5 ppm, 400,9 ppm y 916,3 ppm, respectivamente. Para la asociación de Pithecellobium cochliocarpum y Momordica charantia, Pithecellobium cochliocarpum y Ipomoea asarifolia, y Momordica charantia y Ipomoea asarifolia, la CL50 fue encontrado, respectivamente: 641,0 ppm, 502,2 ppm y 706,4 PPPM. La asociación de los tres extractos mostraron un CL50 de 990,8 ppm. Conclusión: Todos los extractos mostraron actividad biológica contra Artemia salina. Y sus asociaciones pueden dar lugar a interacciones entre sus componentes. Estudios más detallados farmacológico debe llevarse a cabo. Descriptores: Artemia; plantas medicinales; toxicidad; associaciones.

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UJI TOKSISITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BIJI AUSTRALIA (Psidium guajava L) DENGAN METODE BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

JFL : Jurnal Farmasi Lampung ◽

10.37090/jfl.v9i1.326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10-17

Author(s):

Nofita Nofita ◽

◽

Ade Maria Ulfa ◽

Miera Delima ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brine Shrimp ◽

Ultrasonic Method ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Test Method ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽

Guava Leaves

ABSTRACTGuava is one of the plants that can traditionally be used for the treatment of diseases. Many kinds of guava, one of which is the Australian guava has the characteristics of roots, stems, leaves, dark red fruit. This study aims to determine the toxicity of the ethanol extract of Australian guava leaves (Psidium guajava L) using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and determine the chemical content of Australian guava leaves (Psidium guajava L). The extract was made by the ultrasonic method using 96% ethanol solvent. Toxicity tests were carried out using 48-hour-old Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae. The toxic effect of the extract was identified by the percentage of shrimp larvae mortality using probit analysis (LC50). From the research results, phytochemical content includes tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins, and flavonoid compounds have the highest content compared to the others. Research shows that the ethanol extract of Australian guava leaves is of a moderate category (LC50 441,977 ppm).Keywords :Australia guava leaves, BSLT, Artemia salina L, Ultrasonic

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Toxicological properties of an aqueous extract of Aristolochia triangularis leaves, using the brine shrimp lethality and Allium cepa bioassays

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20190091 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

Author(s):

José Darlan Alves da Silva ◽

Cláudio Rodrigo Nogueira ◽

Maria do Carmo Vieira ◽

Silvia Cristina Heredia-Vieira ◽

Alexeia Barufatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Allium Cepa ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Beneficial Property

ABSTRACT: The aqueous extract of Aristolochia triangularis leaves showed activity against Artemia salina larvae, with an LD50 of 370.6 µg/mL. In experiments with Allium cepa seeds, the extract caused a 51.26% reduction in the germination index, inhibited mean root growth, and was cytotoxic at concentrations of 668 and 2,000 µg/mL. Its antioxidant activity was additionally assessed in this research and the ferric reducing antioxidant power value was found to be 391.2 µM/g. Such health-beneficial property can be attributed partly to the total phenolic content, spectrophotometrically determined as 52.67 mg/g. The occurrence of cytotoxicity suggested caution when consuming teas from A. triangularis leaves for medicinal purposes, and equally reveals the need for further studies to investigate their adverse effects.

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