Detection of Active Compounds in the Water Extract of Foeniculum Vulgare L. and Its Effects on Serum Estrogen and Prolactin Levels in Female Albino Rats

The present study was designed to estimate the active ingredients in the aqueous extract of fennel Foeniculum vulgare L. fruits and test the effects of different concentrations of the extract on serum estrogen and prolactin levels in female rats. The work was conducted to prepare the aqueous extract in the laboratory, while the secondary active substances in the extract were estimated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technology. The experiments were conducted in the animal house of the College of Science, Tikrit university,on a total of 12 adult albino virgin female rats divided into four groups, each having three rats.The aqueous extract of the fruit plant was administrated orally to animals at three concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) per day for 45 days. The fourth group was the control group that was left without treatment. Blood samples were obtained from the corner of the eye with a capillary tube and the serum was extracted to determine the hormone levels. The results showed that the aqueous extract of fennel fruits contains eleven active secondary metabolites, namely Eucalyptol, Terpinene, Anisole, Camphor, Anethole, Anisaldehyde, Apiole, a-pinene, Estragole, Fenchone, and Limonene, which seemed to played a role in regulating the levels of prolactin and estrogen hormones in rats treated with the extract. The results showed a direct relationship between the concentration of the fruit extract given to the animals and their serum levels of estrogen and prolactin. Increases in the levels of estrogen (44.56 ± 0.90 ng/ml) and prolactin (134.66 ± 0.80 ng/ml) were recorded using the concentration of 100% of the watery extract of Foeniculum vulgare L., as compared to the control group (126.33 ± 1.18; 6.37 ± 0.45 ng / ml, respectively). The results demonstrated the effective role of the aqueous extract of fennel fruits in stimulating estrogen and prolactin in female rats through their content of active compounds, which can be of great importance in stimulating the process of milk secretion in animals.

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Study of Histological Changes in the Bones of Front and Hind Limbs of White Rat Treated with Ibuprofen and Lepidium Sativum

Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias ◽

10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 1988-2003

Author(s):

Zainab Salah Abdul Jabbar

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Water Extract ◽

The Body ◽

Male Rats ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Control Group ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Hind Limbs ◽

Animal House

The current study was conducted to evaluate the morphological and histological changes in the front and hind limbs of Male albino rat belonging to the strain Sprague Dawley, treated with Ibuprofen and the possible protective effects of aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum. The study was performed in the animal house of Department of Biology Collage of Education for Girls University of Kufa. The study lasted seven months from September 2020 until February 2021 by following (80) male rats and were (16-20) weeks that weighted between (200-250)g which was divided in to eight groups each group consist of ten males. The first group was the orally given the normal saline only, and it was control group. The second group was treated orally with Ibuprofen at concentration of (400) mg/kg while the third group was administered Ibuprofen at concentration (400)mg/kg+ aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds with concentration of (50) mg/kg. The fourth group was dosage Ibuprofen at (400)mg/kg+ extract of Lepidium sativum seeds with concentration (100)mg/kg orally too. The fifth group was treated with Ibuprofen at concentration (400)mg/kg +aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum at concentration (150) mg/kg orally. The sixth group was orally given the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds with concentration (50)mg/kg. The seventh group was treated with the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds with concentration (100)mg/kg orally. The last group was submitted to the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds with concentration (150)mg/kg by oral all groups were conducted once day from the first day until the sacrifice which was in two stages on (30 and 45)days. The current study included the process of recording the animal weights of body before and after the completion of experiment as well as weights of bones for front and hind limbs after the end of dose period The study included the histolgical sections of the limbs bones. It was absorved through the macroscopic examination of males dosed with Ibuprofen drug at concentration (400)mg/kg lack of movement and ,anorexia and sluggishness during a period 45 days. The results of statistical analysis showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the body weight and the weight of limbs bones and the in treatment that were treated with Ibuprofen (30) and (45) days compared with control group. The results also showed decreased significant differences in body weight and weight of limbs in the groups were treated with Ibuprofen + water extract of lepidum sativum seeds (50)mg/kg also the result showed decrease (p<0.05) in body weight in the group of Ibuprofen + water extract of lepidum sativum seeds at (100)mg/kg in, the first dose 30 days, while there was no significant in the same group for the second dose(45) days. As for the group that was dose orally the aqueous extract of Lepidium Sativum seeds (50,100,150) mg/kg and for first and second dose showed significant increase ()in wight body and bones limb but no significant in length body and length of bones. Also patholgical changes were observed in the histolgical section of bone that dosed ibuprofen such as cellular changes in osteocytes, the lacuna looked empty without osteocyt and effected of cell components and cell life. The ather histolgical change was show in the bone marrow that decrease in blood cells components with hypoplasia and replacement of heamatopia with adipose content in the marrow cavity. There was no histopatholgical changes in the groups that treated with Ibuprofen +water extract of lipdium sativum seeds (50,100,150)Mg/kg compared with control group. As well as the group that was treated with water extract of Lepidium sativum showed cellular activity. From this study, it was concluded that Ibuprofen drug has toxic effects in the osteocytes that was affected in the bone tissue and bone formation for long term while the concentration aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds has prevented the uncertain effects of drug. This stuy showed the important role of lepidum sativum as food supplements rich with vitamins and minerals on growth of bones.

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Effect of Aqueous Extract of Leek on Insulin and Biochemical Parameters in Female Rats

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.9.2.26 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Wafaa H AL-Hashemi

Keyword(s):

Cholesterol Level ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Female Rats ◽

White Female ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Allium Porrum ◽

White Rats ◽

Negative Effect

Aim : study the change in level of insulin, cholesterol ,urea, creatinine and the weight of rats, when uptake orally of Aqueous Extract of (leek) for Female albino Rats. Methodology: Between march 2015 and January 2016, 20 female white rats They were randomized into two groups one of it is a control group and others treated with the aqueous extract warm of Allium porrum (leek) plants for concentration (800) mg/kg and taken for 1 month. This study was conducted in laboratories of physiology and chemistry at the faculty of pharmacollogy Medicine /University of Kufa. Results: It shows significantly increase (p 0.05) in the insulin hormone of white female rats for concentration 800 mg/kg comparing with control group, It also shown decrease (p 0.05) in the cholesterol level in plasma female rats for concentration 800 mg/kg which equaled with control group, and shown decrease (p 0.05) the weight of the rats. While the urea shows significantly decrease (p 0.05) the white female rats for concentration 800 mg/kg compared with control group. Conclusion: the creatinine shows significantly decrease (p 0.05) the white female rats for concentration 800 mg/kg compared with control group . In short comparing with control group. The aqueous of leek extract acts as increase insulin in white female rats while negative effect of aqueous extract of leek on Cholesterol, Urea and Creatinine and weight of the rats.

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Effect of haloperidol on centrilobular vein and portal triad of liver in the albino rats during intrauterine life

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.06.3610 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (06) ◽

Author(s):

Shazia Tufail ◽

Sobia Ibrahim ◽

Muhammad Usman Suhail

Keyword(s):

Cell Injury ◽

Histological Study ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

P Value ◽

Portal Triad ◽

Intrauterine Life ◽

Group A ◽

Animal House

Haloperidol is first generation antipsychotic used to treat psychosis. Its usage during pregnancy benefits psychotic mother and is indispensable for treating psychiatric emergency situations. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of haloperidol on development of centrilobular vein and portal triad of liver given to albino rats during intrauterine period. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: PPGMI Animal House, Lahore. Period: July to September 2017. Materials & Methods: Pregnant female rats were randomly divided into three groups A,B and C ,15 rats in each group. Group B & C were given haloperidol in a dose of 0.4mg/kg and 0.8mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal route whereas group A was considered as control group. Hysterotomy was done on 21st day of gestation and pups were removed. Pups of group A, B and C were designated as A1, B1 and C1. They were grossly examined for any abnormality and liver was removed after dissection. Slides were made and stained to evaluate changes in detailed histological study of centrilobular veins and portal triads. Results: Comparison of centrilobular vein and portal triad of group B1 and C1 with control A1 revealed that there is significant congestion seen in centrilobular veins of group B1 and C1 with P value ≤ 0.001 and signs of inflammation are present in experimental groups where were significant as compared to control group A1 with P value ≤ 0.001. Conclusion: Haloperidol, given during intrauterine life is responsible for initiating cell injury sequelae in the developing liver of fetal albino rats and must be given with caution if necessary.

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Subchronic toxicity of aqueous extract of Alstonia boonei de wild. (apocynaceae) stem bark in normal rats

International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.14419/ijpt.v3i1.4625 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Barnabé Lucien Nkono Ya Nkono ◽

Selestin Dongmo Sokeng ◽

Paul Désiré Dzeufiet Djomeni ◽

Frida Longo ◽

Pierre Kamtchouing

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Biochemical Study ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Male ◽

Control Female ◽

Hematological Analysis ◽

Wbc Count ◽

Dose Dependent

Methodology: Wistar rats were randomly assigned into eight groups of five animals each: four male groups and four female groups. Each sex group had a control group receiving distilled water and three test groups receiving 200, 500 and 1000mg/kg respectively. Animal’s body weights were recorded on the first day and once a week for the four experiment weeks. The hematological analysis included total WBC count, total RBC count, Hb, %HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Biochemical/serum profile studies include TG, TC, ALT, AST, urea and TP. Tissue specimens of the liver, kidney and lung were subjected to histological examination using standard hematoxylin-eosin staining.Results: In male rats, aqueous extract showed significant decreases in relative weight of liver with extreme significance P<0.001 at a dose of 200mg/kg (vs. control group), P<0.001 of lung at all the doses, P<0.05 (200 and 500mg/kg) and P<0.01 (1000mg/kg) in heart weight. In relative kidney weight, only the dose of 1000mg/kg showed a significant increase vs. normal control male rats. Unlike male rats, only relative kidney weight in female rats was significantly different from the control group in a dose-dependent manner. The aqueous extract treated male groups showed significant increases P<0.001 (1000mg/kg) of total WBC count and MCHC, significant decreases of %HTC (dose response manner), P<0.05 total RBC count (at doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg) and Hb P<0.01 (500mg/kg) vs. normal male rats. In female rats, the haematological study showed significant increase P<0.01 of total WBC count (at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg), significant decreases P<0.05 and P<0.01 of total RBC respectively at the doses of 200 and 1000mg/kg, significant decrease of Hb with extreme significance P<0.001 at the dose 1000mg/kg, %HTC also decrease dose response manner vs. control female rats. Biochemical study showed in male rats significant decreases in level of TG P<0.001 (at the doses of 200 and 500mg/kg) and urea, although it showed any dose-dependent effect vs. control male rats. AST also decreases (P<0.05) in male rats at the dose of 200mg/kg but significantly increase P<0.001 at the dose of 500mg/kg. In the female rats, biochemical study revealed significant increases in level of TG P<0.001 and urea P<0.01 at the dose of 200mg/kg and significant decreases in level of TG P<0.01, AST P<0.05 and urea P<0.05 at the dose of 500mg/kg (vs. control female rats). Microscopically, there were mild hepatic and renal tissue injuries supporting the hematological analysis.Conclusion: The results indicated that aqueous extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild is toxic in high doses.

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Protective effect of essential oil from Citrus limon against aspirin-induced toxicity in rats

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327118819044 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 499-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H Bouzenna ◽

N Samout ◽

S Dhibi ◽

S Mbarki ◽

S Akermi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Citrus Limon ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Aspirin Group

The present study is planned to examine the antioxidant activity (AA) and the protective effect of the essential oil of Citrus limon (EOC) against aspirin-induced histopathological changes in the brain, lung, and intestine of female rats. For this purpose, 28 albino rats were classified to control group (group C), aspirin group (group A), EOC group (group EOC), and pretreatment with EOC and treated with aspirin group (group EOC + A). The antioxidant activities of EOC were evaluated by three different assays including reducing power, β-carotene, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our results found that EOC represents, respectively (0.064 ± 0.013 and 0.027 ± 00 mg Quer E/100 µL), of flavonoid and flavonol. Then, it exhibited a potential activity of reducing power (at 300 mg/mL, which was found to be 0.82 ± 0.07), β-carotene-linoleic acid (AA% = 69.28 ± 3.5%), and scavenging of H2O2 (IC50 = 0.23 ± 0.008 mg/mL). In vivo, aspirin given to rats at the dose of 600 mg/kg body weight induced histomorphological damage in brain, lung, and intestine. However, our data found that the pretreatment with EOC offered a significant protection against the injury induced by aspirin. It can be concluded that the protective effect of EOC can be due to its antioxidant activities.

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A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF P. AMERICANALEAF ON HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF ALBINO RATS

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/12711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (04) ◽

pp. 464-467

Author(s):

Ngozi a ◽

◽

N. Omeke ◽

Haruna M. Ndahi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Experimental Study ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Other Substances ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

Given the medicinal importance of the avocado plant in alternative medicine,the present study aimed to study the effect of the phytochemical content of P. americana leaf extract on the hematological system of albino rats. Albino rats were obtained andclustered into sixgroups,with five rats per groupsimultaneously were assigned experimental and control. The rats in the experimental group were administered with varying doses of the prepared aqueous extract of P. americanawithin the period of the study. The rats in the control group were administered with other substances such as water and feed for the study period.The hematological system of the experimental animal was assessed after the administration of the extract, and it was observed that the aqueous extract of P. americana leaf recorded no significant adverse effect on the hematology system of the experimental study animal.

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Propolis Protective Effects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Multi-Organ Toxicity via Suppression of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Histopathological Alterations in Female Albino Rats

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac122.17621777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 1762-1777

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Large Scale ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Protective Agent ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Treatment Protocols

Doxorubicin (DOX) is effective chemotherapy in several malignancies, but large-scale toxicities limit its clinical usefulness. Propolis has been reported to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. We aim to assess the protective efficacy of propolis against DOX-induced multi-toxicity in female rats. Forty female rats were divided into four groups: control group; Group (P) were administrated oral propolis (100 mg/kg once daily for 28 days); Group (P+DOX) were injected with a single intraperitoneal dose of DOX (20 mg/kg i.p at 24th day after the propolis administration) and group (DOX) were injected with doxorubicin only. Estimation of cardiac, renal and hepatic injury markers, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines were done using sera. Also, liver and heart tissue samples were collected to determine GSH and MDA as oxidative stress markers. In addition to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of Cytochrome-C and Connexin43 on lysed myocardium, liver, kidney and lung tissues. Doxorubicin toxicity caused marked deteriorations of measured parameters through the different mechanisms in different body organs. However, pre-treatment with propolis significantly ameliorated these alterations. Thus propolis can ameliorate the DOX-induced experimental multi-toxicity as cardiomyopathy, hepatotoxicity, nephritis and pneumonia. Thus, it could be a promising protective agent in DOX treatment protocols.

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PROTECTIVE ROLE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST TRICHLOROACETATE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN LIVER OF MALE RATS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25353 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 420

Author(s):

Medhat Mostafa Abozid ◽

Hoda Ea Farid

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Protective Role ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Group I ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Objective: The current study was designed to estimate the potential protective role of the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) (Rosmarinus officinalis) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-created hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.Methods: Forty male albino rats were separated into four groups of ten: Group I served as control; Group II was given AER (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage; Group III received TCA at the dose 50 mg/kg/day, and Group V was treated with AER (200 mg/kg/day) and received TCA (50 mg/kg/day). The experiment was carried out for 2 months.Results: The toxicity of TCA for rats was revealed by an elevation in liver marker enzymes activities (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) level, and a decrease in albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The TCA administration also caused a significant increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and also malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues. These biochemical effects were accompanied by histological indicators of liver damage. Treatment with ARE recovered the liver damage instigated by TCA, as showed by perfection of liver enzyme markers (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP), CB, TP and albumin; as well as antioxidant parameters (CAT, SOD, GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and amelioration of histopathology changes in the liver tissues.Conclusion: It could be concluded that AER supplementation for 2 months in TCA-induced toxicity in rats benefited hepatic antioxidant status and improved liver injury and damage in male albino rats exposed to TCA.

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Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic of Karala (Momordica charantia) Fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11550 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MA Hossain ◽

M Mostofa ◽

D Debnath ◽

AKMR Alam ◽

Z Yasmin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Body Weight ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Momordica Charantia ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Higher Doses

To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (Karala), the aqueous extract of the Karala fruit was tested on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty six albino rats were used in the experiment, 30 diabetic and the remaining six as negative control (T1). Diabetes was induced by administering (injecting) STZ at dose of 55mg/kg body weight. Thirty diabetic animals were randomly divided into five groups such as diabetic control group (T2) without any application of treatment, and groups T3,T4,T5 and T6 were treated with aqueous extract of Karala fruits daily at the doses of 250, 500 and 750mg/kg and glibenclamide (at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight) respectively. The body weight was taken and blood samples were collected from individual animal to determine glucose levels at 15 day interval up to 90 days. In addition, Asparate Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) were determined at day 15 and at the end of the experiment. All three doses of Karala extracts reduced diabetic induced blood sugar and the reduction is comparable with standard glibenclamide (GLM) dose particularly with higher doses Karala extracts (500 and 750mg). Karala also prevented body weight loss due to induced diabetes as did by GLM treatment.. The treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of Asparate Transaminenase(AST), Alanine Transaminenase(ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), Total cholesterol (TCh) and Triglyceride (TGA) activities of treated rats when compared to the STZ induced diabetic rats. Higher doses of Karala (500 and 750mg/kg) are as effective as standard GLM dose on measured variables. This study demonstrated that Karala has hyperglycemia and antihyperlipidemic effect against STZ induced diabetic rats. These findings open the possibility of using Karala extract to treat diabetic animal and human patients although further research is warranted. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11550 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 29 - 37, 2012

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Aortae of Young Rats with Metabolic Syndrome Exhibit Enhanced Vasoconstrictor Activity Than Older Rats

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa065.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

R H Ali ◽

N M B Gamil ◽

A M Abdelrahman ◽

M A Ahmed ◽

G K Megahed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adult ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Age Groups ◽

Female Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Vasoconstrictor Response ◽

Nitrite Content

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) causes pathological remodeling of the heart and adjacent vessels. The functional changes in the big vessels in different age groups had not been fully delineated. Aim of the work The present study was planned to investigate aortic vasodilator and vasoconstrictor reactivity in young, adult and old female rats with MetS. Design: The experimental study was performed on 90 female albino rats randomized into 6 groups: young, adult and old rats with MetS and their respective control groups. Methods MetS was induced by feeding rats 41% fructose -containing diet and giving fructose solution (5 g fructose in 4 ml distilled water/day) by gavage in two sessions (2 ml/session). On the 8th week, all rats were sacrificed and were subjected to determination of body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), absolute and relative visceral fat weight (VF), fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma insulin (PI), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and plasma lipid profile. All rats’ aortae were subjected to study of vascular reactivity to Potassium chloride (KCL), phenylephrine (PE) and acetyl choline (A.Ch) as well as estimation of nitrite content. Results On the 8th week of the study, all MetS groups developed criteria of metabolic syndrome as evidenced by the significant increase in final BW, BMI, absolute and relative VF weights, FBG, PI and HOMA-IR compared to their control group values. Also, MetS rat groups exhibited evident dyslipidemia in the form of significant increase in plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol compared to their control group values. Aortae of young and adult MetS rat groups showed significant increase in their vasoconstrictor response to KCl and PE and decrease in A.Ch/KCL% and A.Ch/PE % compared to their controls, while old MetS rat group showed significantly increased vasoconstrictor response only to KCL compared to their controls. When compared to each other, young age MetS group had significantly higher vasoconstrictor response to PE compared to old MetS group despite comparable nitrite content. Conclusion Met.S causes functional vascular changes in all age groups with unexpectedly enhanced vasoconstrictor response in the young group compared to old.

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