scholarly journals Considerações sobre hormônios e sexo / Considerations on hormones and sex

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1u) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sônia Maria Rolim Rosa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Selection Of

Os esteroides sexuais, em particular os estrogênios e os androgênios, representam papel fundamental, na modulação da função sexual feminina. As mulheres após a menopausa, devido ao declínio da função ovariana, são dependentes da síntese local de estrogênios nos tecidos alvo extragonadais. Mantendo-se o quadro carêncial ocorre progressivo estreitamento da vagina, e o sintoma genital mais comum é a secura por diminuição da transudação e da quantidade de muco cervical. Esses fenômenos explicam os processos encontrados no período do climatério ou qualquer período em que ocorra a carência estrogênica, característicos da falência hormonal: vaginite atrófica, leucorréia, prurido, dor e sangramento ao coito. Com relação aos androgênios, vários estudos investigaram associações entre androgênios e função sexual em mulheres. Muitos, mas não todos, identificam uma relação entre o desejo sexual e as concentrações séricas de androgênios circulantes. A variabilidade nos resultados provavelmente reflete as limitações em aferir com precisão suas baixas concentrações, o impacto potencial de outros esteroides, as diferenças no desenho do estudo, na seleção das participantes e nos parâmetros de função sexual. Neste artigo, revisamos o conhecimento atual sobre o papel dos estrogênios e androgênios e seu uso clínico em mulheres com declínio da função ovariana.Palavras chave: Hormônios sexuais, Esteroides, Androgênios, Pós-Menopausa, Disfunções sexuais fisiológicasABSTRACTSex steroids, in particular estrogens and androgens, play a fundamental role in the modulation of female sexual function. Postmenopausal women, due to the decline in ovarian function, are dependent on the local synthesis of estrogens in extragonadal target tissues. If the deficiency is maintained, progressive narrowing of the vagina occurs, and the most common genital symptom is dryness due to decreased transudation and the amount of cervical mucus. These phenomena explain the processes found during the climacteric period or any period in which estrogen deficiency occurs, which are characteristic of hormonal failure: atrophic vaginitis, leukorrhea, itching, pain and bleeding on intercourse. With regard to androgens, several studies have investigated associations between androgens and sexual function in women. Many, but not all, identify a relationship between sexual desire and serum concentrations of circulating androgens. The variability in the results probably reflects the limitations in accurately measuring the low concentrations of androgens in women, the potential impact of other steroids, the differences in the study design, in the selection of participants and in the parameters of sexual function. In this article, we review current knowledge about the role of estrogens and androgens and their clinical use in women with declining ovarian function.Keywords: Sex hormones, Steroids, Androgens, Postmenopause, Physiological sexual dysfunctions

scholarly journals HYPOXIA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: The presence and role of hypoxia in the endometrium

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. F1-F17
Author(s):  
Rocío Martínez-Aguilar ◽  
Lucy E Kershaw ◽  
Jane J Reavey ◽  
Hilary O D Critchley ◽  
Jacqueline A Maybin
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hypoxic Episode ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Review Current

The endometrium is a multicellular tissue that is exquisitely responsive to the ovarian hormones. The local mechanisms of endometrial regulation to ensure optimal function are less well characterised. Transient physiological hypoxia has been proposed as a critical regulator of endometrial function. Herein, we review the literature on hypoxia in the non-pregnant endometrium. We discuss the pros and cons of animal models, human laboratory studies and novel in vivo imaging for the study of endometrial hypoxia. These research tools provide mounting evidence of a transient hypoxic episode in the menstrual endometrium and suggest that endometrial hypoxia may be present at the time of implantation. This local hypoxia may modify the inflammatory environment, influence vascular remodelling and modulate endometrial proliferation to optimise endometrial function. Finally, we review current knowledge of the impact of this hypoxia on endometrial pathologies, with a focus on abnormal uterine bleeding. Throughout the manuscript areas for future research are highlighted with the aim of concentrating research efforts to maximise future benefits for women and society.

MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs in adipose tissue and obesity: emerging roles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Lorente-Cebrián ◽  
Pedro González-Muniesa ◽  
Fermín I. Milagro ◽  
J. Alfredo Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractObesity is a metabolic condition usually accompanied by insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dyslipidaemia, which is characterised by excessive fat accumulation and related to white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction. Enlargement of WAT is associated with a transcriptional alteration of coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). For many years, big efforts have focused on understanding protein-coding RNAs and their involvement in the regulation of adipocyte physiology and subsequent role in obesity. However, diverse findings have suggested that a dysfunctional adipocyte phenotype in obesity might be also dependent on specific alterations in the expression pattern of ncRNAs, such as miRNAs. The aim of this review is to update current knowledge on the physiological roles of miRNAs and other ncRNAs in adipose tissue function and their potential impact on obesity. Therefore, we examined their regulatory role on specific WAT features: adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, inflammation, glucose metabolism, lipolysis, lipogenesis, hypoxia and WAT browning. MiRNAs can be released to body fluids and can be transported (free or inside microvesicles) to other organs, where they might trigger metabolic effects in distant tissues, thus opening new possibilities to a potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and personalisation of obesity treatment. Understanding the role of miRNAs also opens the possibility of using these molecules on individualised dietary strategies for precision weight management. MiRNAs should be envisaged as a future therapeutic approach given that miRNA levels could be modulated by synthetic molecules (f.i. miRNA mimics and inhibitors) and/or specific nutrients or bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Hedgehog Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: All in the Stroma?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Natalie Geyer ◽  
Marco Gerling
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Gli Transcription Factors ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
Potential Impact

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates intestinal development and homeostasis. The role of Hh signaling in cancer has been studied for many years; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. It has become increasingly clear that the “canonical” Hh pathway, in which ligand binding to the receptor PTCH1 initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the GLI transcription factors, is mainly organized in a paracrine manner, both in the healthy colon and in CRC. Such canonical Hh signals largely act as tumor suppressors. In addition, stromal Hh signaling has complex immunomodulatory effects in the intestine with a potential impact on carcinogenesis. In contrast, non-canonical Hh activation may have tumor-promoting roles in a subset of CRC tumor cells. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of the Hh pathway in CRC, with a focus on the tumor-suppressive role of canonical Hh signaling in the stroma. Despite discouraging results from clinical trials using Hh inhibitors in CRC and other solid cancers, we argue that a more granular understanding of Hh signaling might allow the exploitation of this key morphogenic pathway for cancer therapy in the future.

Novel Approaches in Advancing the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Angiogenesis Inhibition

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 2894-2901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lainie Martin ◽  
Russell Schilder
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Carcinoma ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
New Era ◽  
Angiogenesis Inhibition

Despite an aggressive approach of surgical cytoreduction and adjuvant combination chemotherapy, ovarian cancer mortality remains a significant problem. We are entering a new era of cancer therapeutics in which targeted therapies offer the potential for improvement in long-term disease control with fewer toxicities. The greatest success of targeted therapy to date in the setting of epithelial ovarian carcinoma has come from angiogenesis inhibition. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis in normal ovarian function as well as in ovarian carcinoma development and disease progression. Current knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis and various approaches to angiogenesis inhibition in the treatment of ovarian cancer are discussed. Current data regarding the role of bevacizumab and other novel agents in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma are summarized.

The role of P-type IIA and P-type IIB Ca2+-ATPases in plant development and growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián García Bossi ◽  
Krishna Kumar ◽  
María Laura Barberini ◽  
Gabriela Díaz Domínguez ◽  
Yossmayer Del Carmen Rondón Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
P Type ◽  
Review Current

Abstract As sessile organisms, plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to variable and rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions. Calcium (Ca2+) in plant cells is a versatile intracellular second messenger that is essential for stimulating short- and long-term responses to environmental stresses through changes in its concentration in the cytosol ([Ca2+]cyt). Increases in [Ca2+]cyt direct the strength and length of these stimuli. In order to terminate them, the cells must then remove the cytosolic Ca2+ against a concentration gradient, either taking it away from the cell or storing it in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or vacuoles. Here, we review current knowledge about the biological roles of plant P-type Ca2+-ATPases as potential actors in the regulation of this cytosolic Ca2+ efflux, with a focus the IIA ER-type Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs) and the IIB autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs). While ECAs are analogous proteins to animal sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs), ACAs are equivalent to animal plasma membrane-type ATPases (PMCAs). We examine their expression patterns in cells exhibiting polar growth and consider their appearance during the evolution of the plant lineage. Full details of the functions and coordination of ECAs and ACAs during plant growth and development have not yet been elucidated. Our current understanding of the regulation of fluctuations in Ca2+ gradients in the cytoplasm and organelles during growth is in its infancy, but recent technological advances in Ca2+ imaging are expected to shed light on this subject.

The role of SLAM family receptors in immune cell signalingThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB — Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Ostrakhovitch ◽  
Shawn S.-C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Slam Family ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Selection Of

The signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule (SLAM) family immunoreceptors are expressed in a wide array of immune cells, including both T and B lymphocytes. By virtue of their ability to transduce tyrosine phosphorylation signals through the so-called ITSM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif) sequences, they play an important part in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. The critical role of the SLAM immunoreceptors in mediating normal immune reactions was highlighted in recent findings that SAP, a SLAM-associated protein, modulates the activities of various immune cells through interactions with different members of the SLAM family expressed in these cells. Importantly, mutations or deletions of the sap gene in humans result in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and survey the latest developments in signal transduction events triggered by the activation of SLAM family receptors in different cell types.

scholarly journals Acetylation Modification During Autophagy and Vascular Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxing Sun ◽  
Shi Tai ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Mingxian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

Vascular aging plays a pivotal role in the morbidity and mortality of elderly people. Decrease in autophagy leads to acceleration of vascular aging, while increase in autophagy leads to deceleration of vascular aging. And emerging evidence indicates that acetylation plays an important role in autophagy regulation; therefore, recent research has focused on an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying this regulation. In this review, current knowledge on the role of acetylation of autophagy-related proteins and the mechanisms by which acetylation including non-autophagy-related acetylation and autophagy related acetylation regulate vascular aging have been discussed. We conclude that the occurrence of acetylation modification during autophagy is a fundamental mechanism underlying autophagy regulation and provides promising targets to retard vascular aging.

scholarly journals Adipoclast: a multinucleated fat-eating macrophage

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Olona ◽  
Subhankar Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Charlotte Hateley ◽  
Fernando O. Martinez ◽  
Siamon Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cells ◽  
Review Current

AbstractCell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb bone through increased metabolic activity resulting from cell fusion. Fusion of macrophages also generates multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. For years, our knowledge of MGCs in WAT has been limited to their description as part of crown-like structures (CLS) surrounding damaged adipocytes. However, recent evidence indicates that these cells can phagocytose oversized lipid remnants, suggesting that, as in osteoclasts, cell fusion and multinucleation are required for specialized catabolic functions. We thus reason that WAT MGCs can be viewed as functionally analogous to osteoclasts and refer to them in this article as adipoclasts. We first review current knowledge on adipoclasts and their described functions. In view of recent advances in single cell genomics, we describe WAT macrophages from a ‘fusion perspective’ and speculate on the ontogeny of adipoclasts. Specifically, we highlight the role of CD9 and TREM2, two plasma membrane markers of lipid-associated macrophages in WAT, which have been previously described as regulators of fusion and multinucleation in osteoclasts and MGCs. Finally, we consider whether strategies aiming to target WAT macrophages can be more selectively directed against adipoclasts.

scholarly journals The Age of Coumarins in Plant–Microbe Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A Stringlis ◽  
Ronnie de Jonge ◽  
Corn� M J Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Coumarins are a family of plant-derived secondary metabolites that are produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In the past decade, coumarins have emerged as iron-mobilizing compounds that are secreted by plant roots and aid in iron uptake from iron-deprived soils. Members of the coumarin family are found in many plant species. Besides their role in iron uptake, coumarins have been extensively studied for their potential to fight infections in both plants and animals. Coumarin activities range from antimicrobial and antiviral to anticoagulant and anticancer. In recent years, studies in the model plant species tobacco and Arabidopsis have significantly increased our understanding of coumarin biosynthesis, accumulation, secretion, chemical modification and their modes of action against plant pathogens. Here, we review current knowledge on coumarins in different plant species. We focus on simple coumarins and provide an overview on their biosynthesis and role in environmental stress responses, with special attention for the recently discovered semiochemical role of coumarins in aboveground and belowground plant–microbe interactions and the assembly of the root microbiome.

scholarly journals Understanding Discount Rates Under SFAS 87

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Frieda A. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Settlement Rate ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Selection Of

FASB has redefined the role of the accountant in employers accounting for pensions. This paper reviews the process through which the accountant defines and applies the settlement rate under SFAS 87. An example illustrates the potential impact on income and the balance sheet of alternative rates. SFAS 87 guidelines regarding acceptable rates are examined to demonstrate the degree of flexibility still existing in the selection of an appropriate discount rate.

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