Formulation and Stability Test of Cream Ethanol Extract Senduduk Leaves (Melastoma malabatricum L.) On Burn Healing of Male White Mice

Burns are tissue damage caused by contact with heat sources such as fire, chemicals, electricity and radiation. This study aims to find a new burn drug from senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) with a form of standard cream preparation type M/A. The viscous extract of the leaves of senduduk is carried out by a characterization test and screening test, then formulated in the form of cream with a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Standard cream type M/A formulated with senduduk leaf extract was evaluated and tested for the stability of the preparation. Mice were burnt with a heated metal plate, then smeared with the cream of senduduk leaf extract and the diameter was measured using a calliper by measuring the four sides of the wound diameter and averaging it to obtain the proportion of wound closure. The percentage of wound closure was analyzed at D-1 to D-11 treatment. The results showed that the ethanol extract of senduduk leaf cream preparation with a concentration of 7.5% was more effective in healing burns with an average diameter of 0.20 cm of final burns and the proportion of wound healing was 99% compared to the concentration of senduduk leaf extract cream preparation which was other. The results of the burn test showed that the ethanol extract of senduduk leaf cream with a concentration of 7.5% was efficacious in healing wounds in mice.

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Potential of Malacca leaf (Phyllanthus emblica) against Salmonella sp

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01029

Author(s):

Nuzul Asmilia ◽

Mahdi Abrar ◽

Yudha Fahrimal ◽

Amalia Sutriana ◽

Yobeswi Husna

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Positive Control ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Inhibitory Property

Malacca is one of traditional medicine that possesses a potent antimicrobial activity. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of Malacca leaf extract on the growth of Salmonella sp in vitro. The bacteria was obtained from Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The study was conducted using n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol of malacca leaves with dilution concentrations of 5%, 25%, and 50%.The inhibitory property of malacca leaf was tested using Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract of malacca leaves can inhibit the growth of Salmonella sp. The n-hexane extract of malacca leaves showed a greater inhibition than the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of malacca leaves. n-hexane extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 1.35 mm (weak), 4.97 mm (moderate), and 12.87 mm (strong), respectively ethyl acetate extract with a concentration of 5%, 25%, and 50% showed average diameter inhibition of 2.00 mm (weak), 5.72 mm (moderate), and 7.58 mm (moderate), whereas in ethanol extract were 0.47 mm (weak), 2.58 mm (weak), and 4.35 mm (weak), repectively. The clear zone areas in negative and positive control were 0.00 mm 20.00 mm, respectively. Malacca leaf extract possess inhibitory property against the growth of the Salmonella sp.

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Potensi Daun Trembilungan (Begonia hirtella Link) sebagai Antibakteri dan Antifungi

Biosfera ◽

10.20884/1.mib.2016.33.3.309 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Febri Nur Ngazizah ◽

Nuraeni Ekowati ◽

Aisyah Tri Septiana

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Inhibitory Zone ◽

Ethyl Palmitate ◽

E Coli ◽

Significant Difference

Begonia hirtella leaf are commonly used by people in mountainous areas to treat itchy due to insect bites and skin infection. This study aims to (1) determine proper solvent extract of B. hirtella leaf on antibacterial activity of S. aureus and E. coli and on antifungal activity of C. albicans (2) determine the lowest concentration of leaf extract of B. hirtella that indicate the formation of inhibition zone (3) know the content of bioactive compounds contained in each leaf extract of B. hirtella. The method used in this study is experimental with completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were type of solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water) and a serie of the ethyl acetate extract concentration of 500 ppm, 450 ppm, 400 ppm, 350 ppm, 300 ppm and 250 ppm against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova) and the significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan test at 95% confidence level. The result showed that each solvent extracts affect microbes growth with a highly significant difference p <0.05. Solvent extracts that have the best inhibitory zone is ethyl acetate against S. aureus with an average diameter of inhibitory zone 13.75 ± 1.26 mm. Increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of 250 ppm to 500 ppm increase inhibition zone against microbes. The lowest concentration that show inhibition zone was 300 ppm. The formation inhibition of zone on microbes growth happened due to their compounds in the extract. Extract of n-hexane contains stigmasterol, ethyl acetate contains neophytadiene, while the ethanol extract contains ethyl palmitate

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Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Warna Hijau dan Warna Merah serta Kombinasinya

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product ◽

10.35473/ijpnp.v1i2.92 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Munira Munira Munira ◽

Rasidah Rasidah Rasidah ◽

Eva Melani Melani ◽

Noni Zakiah Zakiah ◽

Muhammad Nasir Nasir

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacteria Growth ◽

Terminalia Catappa

ABSTRAKDaun ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) adalah tanaman yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat tradisional. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun ketapang warna hijau, warna merah, kombinasi daun warna hijau dan daun warna merah terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu P0 (aquadest sebagai kontrol negatif), P1 (ekstrak etanol daun hijau), P2 (ekstrak etanol daun merah), dan P3 (kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun ketapang berwarna hijau dan merah) dan masing-masing 3 kali ulangan. Uji mikrobiologi menggunakan metode difusi. Berdasarkan hasil uji Anova menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun ketapang sangat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus (P=0,000).Berdasarkan hasil uji lanjut Duncan rata-rata diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak daun ketapang warna hijau dan warna merah memiliki zona hambat yang lebih besar (30,92 mm) dan berbeda nyata dengan ekstrak daun ketapang berwarna hijau (21,92 mm), akan tetapi tidak berbeda nyata dengan ekstrak daun ketapang warna merah (26,42 mm).Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun ketapang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.Kata kunci: Terminalia catappa L., diameter zona hambat, Staphylococcus aureus Ketapang leaf (Terminalia catappa L.) is a plant that is often used by the community as a traditional medicinal plant. This research was conducted to determine the effect of ethanol extract of green ketapang leaves, red color, combination of green leaf and red leaf color to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth. This research was experimental by using Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 4 treatments which is P0 (aquadest as negative control), P1 (green leaf ethanol extract), P2 (red leaf ethanol extract), and P3 (combination of green leaf ketapang ethanol extract and red) and each of them repeated 3 times. Microbiology test using diffusion method. Based on the results of Anova test showed that ketapang leaf extract greatly affect the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (P=0.000). Based on the results of further test Duncan average diameter of the inhibition zone that was formed showed that the combination of green leaf and red colored leaf extract has a larger inhibition zone (30.92 mm) and significantly different with green leaf ketapang leaf extract (21.92 mm), but not significantly different with the extract of red leaf ketapang (26.42 mm). From the results of this study can be concluded that ketapang leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.Keywords: Terminalia catappa L., inhibition zone diameter, Staphylococcus aureus

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FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp.) TERHADAP JAMUR Candida albicans

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.10.2021.34033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 841

Author(s):

Sheren N. Lolowang ◽

Paulina V.Y. Yamlean ◽

Karlah L.R. Mansauda

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Adhesion Test ◽

Physical Evaluation ◽

Dispersion Test

ABSTRACT Bay leaf (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp.) are used as natural medicinal ingredients because contain compounds such as flavonoid, saponin and tannin that can inhibit the growth of fungal. The purpose of this study was to test the antifungal effectiveness of bay leaf ethanol extract cream and evaluate the preparation of physical stability. The research that was carried out was laboratory experimental. Bay leaf extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. The cream preparation was made with variations in the concentration of Bay leaf ethanol extract formula 1%; 3%; 6% and 9%. The method used to test the antifungal effectiveness is the well method. The result of the antifungal test showed an average diameter value for formula I (1%) 6.67 mm; formula II (3%) 9.5 mm; formula III (6%) 10.83 mm and formula IV (9%) 15 mm. Statistical test of ethanol extract cream of Bay leaf produced the largest inhibiton zone of 15 mm at a concentration of 9%. Physical evaluation showed that the cream preparations met organoleptic requirements, homogeneity, pH 4.83, dispersion test 5.30 cm, adhesion test 7.01 seconds. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bay leaf can be formulated into a cream preparation that is physically stable and has strong antifungal activity. Keywords: Bay Leaf, Antifungal Cream, Candida albicans ABSTRAK Daun Salam (Syzygium polianthum (Wight) Walp.) dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan obat alami karena memiliki kandungan senyawa flavonoid, saponin dan tannin yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas antijamur sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun salam dan mengevaluasi kestabilan fisik sediaan. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat eksperimental laboratorium. Ekstrak daun Salam diperoleh dengan cara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Sediaan krim dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi formula ekstrak daun Salam 1%; 3%; 6% dan 9%. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji efektivitas antijamur yaitu metode sumuran. Hasil pengujian antijamur menunjukkan nilai diameter rata-rata pada formula I (1%) 6.67 mm; formula II (3%) 9.5 mm; formula III (6%) 10.83 mm dan formula IV (9%) 15 mm. Uji statistika krim ekstrak etanol daun salam menghasilkan zona hambat terbesar yaitu 15 mm pada formula IV konsentrasi 9%. Evaluasi fisik menunjukkan bahwa sediaan krim memenuhi persyaratan organoleptik, homogenitas, pH 4.83, daya sebar 5.30 cm, dan daya lekat 7.01 detik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun salam dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim yang stabil secara fisik dan memiliki aktivitas antijamur yang kuat. Kata kunci: Daun Salam, Krim Antijamur, Candida albicans

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Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Dan Escherichia coli

Pharmacon Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia ◽

10.23917/pharmacon.v0i0.10108 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 10-20

Author(s):

Fuan Maharani Fiana ◽

Naelaz Zukhruf Wakhidatul Kiromah ◽

Ery Purwanti

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Artocarpus Altilis ◽

Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Diarrhea is caused by bacterial infections, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) are known contain flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins which can be used as antibacterial. This research was conducted to determine the ethanol extract of the breadfruit leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The manufacture of the breadfruit leaf extract was using a maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The result of the tube test and the TLC test was positive, the breadfruit leaf extract containing flavonoids and tannins which have potential as antibacterial. The antibacterial test was carried out using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria incubated for 1 x 24 hours. The extract concentrations tested were 10%, 15% and 20%. The positive control was using erythromycin antibiotics and the negative control was using aquades. The identification of the chemical content of plants is done by tube test and the TLC test. The results of incubation of the breadfruit leaf extract with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the average diameter of inhibitory zones respectively were 3.67, 3.50 and 2.67 mm with the positive control diameter of inhibition zone was 18.5 mm, the negative control diameter of inhibition zone was 0 mm. The results of incubation of the breadfruit leaf extract with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% against Escherichia coli bacteria, the average diameter of inhibitory zones respectively were 5.33, 3.17 and 3.33 mm with the positive control inhibition zone diameter of 28.5 mm and the negative control of inhibition zone diameter of 0 mm. The activity of ethanol extract of the breadfruit leaves against the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria is included in the weak category.

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Analgesic Effectivty Of Nanoparticles Chitosan-Ethanol Leaf Extract Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) In White Male Mice (Mus Mucculus)

JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA ◽

10.35814/jifi.v15i2.524 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 228

Author(s):

Juliferd Gredi ◽

Wintari Taurina ◽

Mohamad Andrie

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

White Male ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Test Method ◽

Ionic Gelation ◽

Male Mice ◽

Writhing Test ◽

Effi Ciency ◽

Optimal Formula

Papaya leaves has been shown to have efficacy as an analgesic. Analgesic effect caused by the flavonoids in leaves of papaya. To enhance the analgesic effi cacy papaya into dosage formulatio of nanoparticles. The purpose of this research was to create and characterized nanoparticles from ethanol extract of papaya leaves then tested for effectiveness as an analgesic. This study used polymer chitosan and NaTPP to created nanoparticles through ionic gelation method and analgesic activity tested using writhing test method and statistical tested. Optimal formula of nanoparticles were produced at concentration of 0.2% chitosan, Na-TPP extract 0.1% and 4% with a ratio of 6: 1: 1. The nanoparticles was formed a size of 255.4 nm with polidispers index of 0.7, the zeta potential of + 11,1mV, the adsorption effi ciency by 87% and rounded morphology (spherical). Analgesic effectiveness tested by comparison between the groups ethanol extract of papaya and the groups nanoparticles of chitosan-ethanol extract papaya statistically using the T-test Independent. The results of this research indicate that there are statistically signifi cant differences (p <0.05). This results shows that the preparation nanoparticles of chitosan-ethanol extract papaya is more effective as an analgesic than the ethanol extract of papaya leaves.

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Green synthesis of magnetic α–Fe2O3 nanospheres using Bridelia retusa leaf extract for Fenton-like degradation of crystal violet dye

Applied Nanoscience ◽

10.1007/s13204-021-01952-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raja Selvaraj ◽

Shraddha Pai ◽

Gokulakrishnan Murugesan ◽

Sadanand Pandey ◽

Ruchi Bhole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Green Synthesis ◽

Crystal Violet ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Bet Analysis ◽

Crystal Violet Dye ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Manufacturing Techniques ◽

The Stability ◽

Bridelia Retusa

AbstractThe reach of nanotechnology has permeated into a range of disciplines and systematically revolutionized many manufacturing techniques. Today, nanoparticles are fabricated using varied approaches, each with its pros and cons. Of them, the green synthesis approach has been very effective in terms of overall economics and the stability of nanoparticles. The current study investigates the use of the leaf extract of Bridelia retusa for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Typical of these nanoparticles, no specific peak was discernible on employing UV–visible spectroscopy. The size, morphological features, and crystallinity of the nanoparticles were determined by employing scanning electron microscopy and electron diffraction spectroscopy. Almost uniformly sized at 38.58 nm, the nanoparticles were spherical, constituting elemental iron at 11.5% and elemental oxygen at 59%. Their relative composition confirmed the nanoparticles to be iron oxide. X-ray diffraction studies showed the particles to be hexagonal and rhombohedral, estimating the crystallite size at 24.27 nm. BET analysis put the pore volume at 0.1198 cm3/g and pore diameter at 7.92 nm. The unique feature of the nanoparticles was that the specific surface area was 75.19 m2/g, which is more than 12 times higher than commercial α-Fe2O3. The participation of a variety of biochemicals in the leaf extract towards the reduction-cum-stabilization was confirmed using FTIR analysis. The Fenton-like catalytic activity of the nanoparticles was put to test by attempting to degrade crystal violet dye, which was completely achieved in 270 min. The kinetics of the degradation was also modelled in the study.

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Facile Green, Room-Temperature Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Combretum erythrophyllum Leaf Extract: Antibacterial and Cell Viability Studies against Normal and Cancerous Cells

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10080893 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 893

Author(s):

Olufunto T. Fanoro ◽

Sundararajan Parani ◽

Rodney Maluleke ◽

Thabang C. Lebepe ◽

Jose R. Varghese ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Inhibition Concentration ◽

First Time

We herein report a facile, green, cost-effective, plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the first time using Combretum erythrophyllum (CE) plant leaves. The synthesis was conducted at room temperature using CE leaf extract serving as a reducing and capping agent. The as-synthesized AuNPs were found to be crystalline, well dispersed, and spherical in shape with an average diameter of 13.20 nm and an excellent stability of over 60 days. The AuNPs showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC14990), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MC 215)) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 7002), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13822), Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC 8724)), with a minimum inhibition concentration of 62.5 µg/mL. In addition, the as-synthesized AuNPs were highly stable with exceptional cell viability towards normal cells (BHK- 21) and cancerous cancer cell lines (cervical and lung cancer).

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Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of Organic Solvent Tolerant Protease

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10010055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muhammad Syafiq Mohd Razib ◽

Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman ◽

Fairolniza Mohd Shariff ◽

Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali

Keyword(s):

Structural Analysis ◽

Organic Solvent ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Relative Activity ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Biochemical Interaction ◽

Organic Solvent Tolerant ◽

Random Aggregate ◽

Solvent Tolerant ◽

The Stability

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) is an immobilization technique that can be used to customize enzymes under an optimized condition. Structural analysis on any enzyme treated with a CLEA remains elusive and has been less explored. In the present work, a method for preparing an organic solvent tolerant protease using a CLEA is disclosed and optimized for better biochemical properties, followed by an analysis of the structure of this CLEA-treated protease. The said organic solvent tolerant protease is a metalloprotease known as elastase strain K in which activity of the metalloprotease is measured by a biochemical interaction with azocasein. Results showed that when a glutaraldehyde of 0.02% (v/v) was used under a 2 h treatment, the amount of recovered activity in CLEA-elastase was highest. The recovered activity of CLEA-elastase and CLEA-elastase-SB (which was a CLEA co-aggregated with starch and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) were at an approximate 60% and 80%, respectively. The CLEA immobilization of elastase strain K allowed the stability of the enzyme to be enhanced at high temperature and at a broader pH. Both CLEA-elastase and CLEA-elastase-SB end-products were able to maintain up to 67% enzyme activity at 60 °C and exhibiting an enhanced stability within pH 5–9 with up to 90% recovering activity. By implementing a CLEA on the organic solvent tolerant protease, the characteristics of the organic solvent tolerant were preserved and enhanced with the presence of 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, ethanol, and benzene at 165%, 173%, and 153% relative activity. Structural analysis through SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that CLEA-elastase had a random aggregate morphology with an average diameter of 1497 nm.

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Formulation and Stability Test of Lip Cream Preparation of Kenop Flower Ethanol Extract (Gomphrena globosa L.)

Journal of Pharmacological Research and Developments ◽

10.46610/jprd.2021.v03i02.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mevi Irianti Tonapa ◽

Rani Dewi Pratiwi ◽

Elsye Gunawan

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stability Test ◽

Gomphrena Globosa ◽

Homogeneous Composition ◽

Semi Solid ◽

The Stability ◽

Ph Range ◽

Average Dispersion ◽

Brown Color

Kenop Flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) is used in the manufacture of lip cream because contains betacyanin pigments that function as color pigments. This study aims to determine the physical quality and stability of the lip cream preparation of the ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.). This research was conducted experimentally, including the manufacture of lip cream formulations with ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) with a concentration of 10%. The results of the physical examination test for lip cream preparations for all preparations have a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 has ivory white color and F1-F3 has a brown color. The preparations had a homogeneous composition, average pH 6-7, had good greasing power, 5.0-5.8 average dispersion and 60.33-66.67 seconds average adhesion. The stability test carried out on day 28 found that all preparations were stable, had a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 had ivory white color and F1-F3 had a brown color. The preparation has a homogeneous composition; the average pH is 6-7. Where the lip cream formulas F1 and F3 decreased the pH value on the 28th day from 7 to 6 but tended to be stable and in the pH range that matched the lip pH. And there is no phase separation in all formulas.

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