scholarly journals ANALISIS NILAI BUDAYA LEGENDA WAE SUSU MUJUALU DI NEGERI TEHUA [Analysis of Cultural Values Legend Wae Susu Mujualu in the Country Tehua]

TOTOBUANG ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Abdul Karim Tawaulu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Traditional Communities

Oral literature in the midst of human civilization cannot be rejected because it is part of a social reality, especially for traditional communities. Social reality then turns into a set of bounded values and becomes local cognition of society that is called local wisdom. The perspective, the way of life and activity of traditional community is inseparable from those wisdom values. This study aims to reveal the cultural values that exist in Wae Susu Mujualu legend. Cultural value is the value omnipotence of God, honesty, human relationship with nature, and the value of responsibility. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis focusing on empirical data obtained in the field. To get accurate data hence researcher use interview technique, observation, and triangulation.Sastra lisan di tengah peradaban manusia tidak dapat ditolak karena iamenjadi bagian dari sebuah realitas sosial, apalagi bagi masyarakat tradisional.Realitas sosial itu kemudian berwujud menjadi tata nilai yang mengikat dan dijadikan sebagai pengetahuan lokal masyarakat pendukungnya yang disebut dengan kearifal lokal.Cara pandang, cara hidup, dan aktifitas hidup lainnya pada masyarakat tradisional tak dapat dilepaskan dari nilai-nilai kearifan itu.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap nilai-nilai budaya yang terdapat di dalam legenda Wae Susu Mujualu dengan instrumen utamanya adalah peneliti sendiri.Nilai-nilai budaya itu adalah nilai kemahakuasaan Tuhan, nilai kejujuran, hubungan manusia dengan alam, dan nilai tanggungjawab.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang memusatkan analisis pada data-data empiris yang diperoleh di lapangan.Untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat maka peneliti menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan triangulasi.

scholarly journals ANALISIS NILAI BUDAYA DALAM HIKAYAT BANTA AMAT JILID I DAN II KARYA T. A. SAKTI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Teuku Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
The People ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Mutual Care ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to describe the cultural values ​​contained in the Hikayat Banta Amat Volume I and II by T. A. Sakti. Cultural value is very important to be studied in order to preserve the cultural heritage of the people of Aceh so that it can be known by the younger generation and re-cultivated in life in the present. The formulation of the problem raised in this study is how the cultural values ​​contained in the Hikayat Banta Amat Volume I and II by T. A. Sakti. The data source in this research is Hikayat Banta Amat Volume I and II by T. A. Sakti. The selected data is each quotation that has a relation to cultural values ​​in the saga. The approach and method used in this research is a qualitative approach and a descriptive method by describing the facts which are then followed by analysis. The cultural values ​​analyzed in Banta Amat sects are grouped according to five categories, namely (1) cultural values ​​in human relations with God, (2) cultural values ​​in human relations with nature, (3) cultural values ​​in human relations with other humans, (4) cultural values ​​in human relations with society, and (5) cultural values ​​in human relations with oneself. The results showed there were 37 quotations related to cultural values ​​that exist in the Banta Amat saga, namely: (1) Cultural values ​​in the human relationship with God there are 6 values ​​in 24 quotes; a) Give thanks to God 3 quotes, b) Give to Allah the Prophet 1 quote, c) Pray and ask God 9 quotes, d) surrender to God 8 quotes, e) Fear God 1 quote, and f) Obey to worship God 2 quotes, (2) Cultural values ​​in human relations with nature are found in 2 quotations about utilizing the forest, (3) Cultural values ​​in human relations with other humans there are 3 values ​​in 4 quotations; a) respect for others 2 quotes, b) say greetings 1 quote, and c) answer greetings 1 quote, (4) Cultural values ​​in human relations with the community there are 3 quotes namely about mutual care, and (5) Cultural values ​​in relationships humans with themselves there are 3 values ​​in 4 quotes; a) Never give up 2 quotes, b) responsibility 1 quote, and c) hard work 1 quote. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the cultural values ​​in the human relationship with God are more numerous than the other values. This illustrates that the people of Aceh are religious and devout people who worship God. Suggestions from researchers that the people of Aceh continue to preserve cultural values ​​such as the Banta Amat saga in daily life. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam Hikayat Banta Amat Jilid I dan II Karya T. A. Sakti. Nilai budaya sangat penting untuk dikaji guna melestarikan warisan budaya masyarakat Aceh agar dapat diketahui oleh generasi muda dan kembali dibudidayakan dalam kehidupan pada masa sekarang. Rumusan masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam Hikayat Banta Amat Jilid I dan II Karya T. A. Sakti. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah Hikayat Banta Amat Jilid I dan II karya T. A. Sakti. Data yang dipilih adalah setiap kutipan yang ada kaitannya dengan nilai budaya dalam hikayat. Pendekatan dan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskritif dengan mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta yang kemudian disusul dengan analisis. Nilai budaya yang dianalisis dalam hikayat Banta Amat dikelompokkan berdasarkan lima kategori, yaitu (1) nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, (2) nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan alam, (3) nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan manusia lain, (4) nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan masyarakat, dan (5) nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 37 kutipan yang terkait dengan nilai budaya yang ada dalam hikayat Banta Amat, yaitu: (1) Nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan terdapat 6 nilai pada 24 kutipan; a) Bersyukur kepada Allah 3 kutipan, b) Berselawat kepada Nabi Allah 1 kutipan, c) Berdoa dan memohon kepada Allah 9 kutipan, d) menyerahkan diri kepada Allah 8 kutipan, e) Takut kepada Allah 1 kutipan, dan f) Taat beribadah kepada Allah 2 kutipan, (2) Nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan alam terdapat pada 2 kutipan tentang memanfaatkan hutan, (3) Nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan manusia lain terdapat 3 nilai pada 4 kutipan; a) menghormati orang lain 2 kutipan, b) mengucapkan salam 1 kutipan, dan c) menjawab salam 1 kutipan, (4) Nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan masyarakat terdapat 3 kutipan yaitu tentang rasa saling peduli, dan (5) Nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri terdapat 3 nilai pada 4 kutipan; a) Pantang menyerah 2 kutipan, b) tanggung jawab 1 kutipan, dan c) kerja keras 1 kutipan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa nilai budaya dalam hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan lebih banyak dari nilai yang lainnya. Hal ini menggambarkan bahwa masyarakat Aceh adalah masyarakat yang religius dan taat beribadah kepada Allah. Saran dari peneliti agar masyarakat Aceh terus melestarikan nilai budaya seperti pada hikayat Banta Amat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kata Kunci: Hikayat, Nilai Budaya

scholarly journals Socio-Cultural Values of Traditional Communities: A Case Study of the Dayak in Kalimantan

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maria Arina Luardini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Sign Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Rules ◽  
River Communities ◽  
Traditional Communities

<p class="1Body">This article is intended to reveal the socio-cultural values of traditional remote area communities of the Dayak in Central Kalimantan based on two legends and the existence of these communities. By applying semantics of sign systems, the expressions in texts showed connotative meanings referring to river communities, and the denotative meaning of living in forests for forest communities. While, expressions of migration could be related to cultural of <em>manamuai</em> ‘wander’ tradition and way of life as shifting cultivation farmers. Recently, the existence of these communities has contradicted government rules due to the laws in opening forests illegally. However, based on the characteristics, these communities can live in harmony with the government and forests investors through the empowerment programs for remote communities and CSR of forests’ companies (logging or palm oil).</p>

scholarly journals NILAI BUDAYA DAN EKSISTENSI SASTRA LISAN DAYAK GOLIK DI KABUPATEN SANGGAU

tuahtalino ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Hari Purwiati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Value System ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Cultural Approach

This study is entitled Cultural Values and the Existence of Oral Literature in Dayak Golik in Sanggau Regency. This study aims to obtain a complete picture of the cultural values contained in Dayak Golik oral literature and its existence at the present time. The theory used in this study is the concept of cultural values. Cultural values in the form of ideas that conceptualize most valuable in the fabric of people's lives. A cultural value system consists of conceptions that live and grow in the minds of most members of the community and that too is closely related to the things they consider to be very valuable in life. This research is a qualitative research in the literature perspective. The approach used in this study is a cultural and sociological approach. The cultural approach is used to analyze cultural values in the oral text of the Dayak Golik stories. Meanwhile, a sociological approach to analyzing the existence of oral literature at the present time in society. Data analysis shows that there are several cultural values which are contained from two oral literatures which are sampled. In the oral literature entitled The Seven Brothers, the value of bubaya contained includes always doing good to other creatures, pitying you, not being jealous, and being patient in facing trials. Meanwhile in the oral literature of Tangraya Cave the cultural values that exist include patience in facing trials, repaying evil with kindness, not being too greedy in life, and respecting guests.

scholarly journals Structure, value and context of tembang pisaan culture in runjung agung district

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Yezi Yuliya ◽  
Missriani Missriani ◽  
Yessi Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to identify and describe the structure, values, and cultural context of the Tembang Pisaan oral literature. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method because literature is a form of creative work that is constantly changing. Data collection techniques used; observation, interviews, documentation and recording techniques. The data analysis technique used is; domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, component analysis, and culture theme analysis. The result of this research is that the oral literature of Tembang Pisaan has a physical and mental structure. Meanwhile, the value analysis in this study is cultural values and religious values, namely those concerning the relationship between man and God, human relationship with society, and human relationship with himself. The cultural context is in the form of its application in society, because the pisaan song is rich in customs, moral messages, advice, and cultural treasures that are useful for the supporting community.

NILAI BUDAYA DALAM DONGENG BAKUMPAI (CULTURAL VALUES IN BAKUMPAI FOLKTALE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Mahmudi Mahmudi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Primary Instrument

AbstractCultural Values in Bakumpai Folktale. Folktale as one of oral literary which containeducative advice for the next generation. Folktale are imaginative or vicarious andfantasy stories in which the events do not really take place. The events which are notifiedin the story tend to be behavior/moral lessons. This research is aimed at obtainingobjective description about three cultural values and Bakumpai folktales: (1) culturalvalues about human life, (2) cultural values about human’s viewpoints to the nature, (3)cultural values about human relationship one another. The theory used as basic ofinstrument development is oral literary theory and narratives Aarne and Stith Thomson,James Danandjaja, and the theory about C. Klucklohn cultural values. Data of thisresearch is Bakumpai folktales which consist of 11 (eleven) folktales. The approachesused in this research are qualitative and sociology research, descriptive method andcontent analysis technique. The primary instrument is the researcher. The secondaryinstruments are the informants, Bakumpai folktales, tape recorder, cell phones andresearch notes. The data analysis is done during the collecting of data. The researchresults shows that there are three cultural values in Bakumpai folktales, those are culturalvalues of human life (55 items), cultural values about human’s viewpoints to the nature(24 items), cultural values about human relationship one another (31 items). The mostdominant values about human relationship one another, especially in making a livingto meet daily needs.Keywords: cultural value, bakumpai, folktaleAbstrakNilai budaya dalam Dongeng Bakumpai. Dongeng sebagai salah satu sastra lisanyang berisi saran edukatif untuk generasi berikutnya. Dongeng adalah cerita imajinatifatau perwakilan dan fantasi di mana peristiwa tidak benar-benar terjadi. Peristiwayang diberitahukan dalam cerita cenderung perilaku/pelajaran moral. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran obyektif tentang tiga nilai-nilai budaya dalamdongeng Bakumpai: (1) nilai-nilai budaya tentang kehidupan manusia, (2) nilai-nilaibudaya tentang sudut pandang manusia terhadap alam, (3) nilai-nilai budaya tentanghubungan manusia satu sama lain. Teori yang digunakan sebagai dasar pengembanganinstrumen adalah teori sastra lisan dan narasi Aarne dan Stith Thompson, JamesDanandjaja, dan teori tentang nilai-nilai C. Kluckholn budaya. Data dari penelitianini adalah dongeng Bakumpai yang terdiri atas 11 (sebelas) dongeng. Pendekatanyang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dan penelitian sosiologi, metodedeskriptif dan teknik analisis isi. Instrumen utama adalah peneliti. Instrumen sekunderadalah informan, dongeng Bakumpai, tape recorder, ponsel dan catatan penelitian.Analisis data dilakukan selama pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaada tiga nilai-nilai budaya dalam dongeng Bakumpai, yaitu nilai-nilai budaya dari62kehidupan manusia (55 item), nilai-nilai budaya tentang sudut pandang manusiaterhadap alam (24 item), nilai-nilai budaya tentang hubungan daya manusia satu samalain (31 item). Yang paling dominan nilai-nilai tentang hubungan manusia satu samalain, terutama dalam mencari nafkah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari.Kata-kata kunci: nilai budaya, bakumpai, dongeng

scholarly journals BUDAYA DAN FUNGSI DALAM LEGENDA GUA TAN TIK SIU DI DESA SUMBERAGUNG KECAMATAN REJOTANGAN KABUPATEN TULUNGAGUNG

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Tsalits Abdul Aziz Alfarisi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Audio Recording ◽  
Projection System ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Folk Literature

Literature is an expression of feeling and of thought written by contextual value of a language. It refers to the concept of oral or folk literature which includes the literature expression of society’s culture passed on upon descend and through spoken word. The legend of Tan Tik Siu cave is one of oral literature originated from Tulungagung which grew and expanded in Sumberagung village Rejotangan subdistrict. The originality and cultural value of the phenomenon are feasible to investigate due to its uniqueness. There is a cycle when the society should and should not do some rituals in the cave. Thus, they should not do the ritual every day. It is believed that there will be a danger for Sumberagung villagers whenever they break the conviction. The problem of the study focused on how are the cultural values and its functions for the society. A descriptive qualitative approach is employed through observation, interview, audio-recording and note-taking. The analysis of cultural value suggested four kinds of cultural values including: (1) magic value, especially the society’s belief on pesugihan /a particular magic, (2) behavior value applied to the surrounding society, and (3) religious value. The result function analysis found four kinds of functions which cover: (1) projection system as a one’s thoughts on the future doing, (2) validation instrument of cultural research organization (3) education instrument (4) entertainment instrument

Evaluation of Television as a Medium for Promotion of Indigenous Culture and Traditional Heritage; a Study of the Nigeria Television Authority

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marcel Ikechukwu Nnadiukwu ◽  
◽  
Cyprian Afam Anih ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Programme Content ◽  
Religious Body

Television is a medium of communication and communication is a means through which culture is spread, shared, maintained, repaired and transformed. Contemporarily, the term culture covers the domains of arts, sciences, beliefs, manner or even attitude of a group of people such as tribe, religious body or society. It can be defined as the sum total of way of life of a people such as festivals, dances, religion, language, norms/traditions etc. This study examined how the Nigeria Television Authority has been or not used in promoting Nigeria cultural values and heritage. The method adopted in the study is survey. The interview technique was used involving a total of 400 respondents drawn from the staff members of the NTA, Enugu zonal station, and the Station’s audience. Findings of the study revealed that television is a powerful medium through which a people can, through programming and content, share and export their cultural values for sustainable development, as well, a medium for eroding culture and tradition. It was further found that the NTA has not been sufficiently utilized to promote the Nigerian culture. The study recommended that mass media workers, particularly television programmes designers should sit up in the area of promoting Nigeria cultural heritage through TV programme content. Secondly, it is recommended that TV producers should endeavour to down play indecent dressing and violence, while emphasizing more of educative, informative, technological and entertainment in their productions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Television as a Medium for Promotion of Indigenous Culture and Traditional Heritage; a Study of the Nigeria Television Authority

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marcel Ikechukwu Nnadiukwu ◽  
◽  
Cyprian Afam Anih ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Programme Content ◽  
Religious Body

Television is a medium of communication and communication is a means through which culture is spread, shared, maintained, repaired and transformed. Contemporarily, the term culture covers the domains of arts, sciences, beliefs, manner or even attitude of a group of people such as tribe, religious body or society. It can be defined as the sum total of way of life of a people such as festivals, dances, religion, language, norms/traditions etc. This study examined how the Nigeria Television Authority has been or not used in promoting Nigeria cultural values and heritage. The method adopted in the study is survey. The interview technique was used involving a total of 400 respondents drawn from the staff members of the NTA, Enugu zonal station, and the Station’s audience. Findings of the study revealed that television is a powerful medium through which a people can, through programming and content, share and export their cultural values for sustainable development, as well, a medium for eroding culture and tradition. It was further found that the NTA has not been sufficiently utilized to promote the Nigerian culture. The study recommended that mass media workers, particularly television programmes designers should sit up in the area of promoting Nigeria cultural heritage through TV programme content. Secondly, it is recommended that TV producers should endeavour to down play indecent dressing and violence, while emphasizing more of educative, informative, technological and entertainment in their productions.

scholarly journals Nilai dan Unsur Budaya pada Cerita Rakyat Buah Udak Suku Dayak Linoh

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Yusuf Olang ◽  
Ursula Dwi Oktaviani ◽  
Yati Oktaviani
Keyword(s):  
Language Arts ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

Value and Cultural Element in Buah Udak Folklore Dayak Linoh Ethic Group ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan nilai dan unsur budaya pada sastra lisan cerita rakyat suku Dayak Linoh. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deksriptif kualitatif. Data pada penelitian ini adalah semua kutipan-kutipan yang terdapat dalam cerita rakyat suku Dayak Linoh. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah cerita rakyat suku Dayak Linoh dari Kecamatan Sungai Tebelian Kabupaten Sintang yang berisi satu cerita rakyat  Dayak Linoh yang berjudul Buah Udak. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai budaya yang menggambarkan hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, hubungan manusia dengan alam, hubungan manusia dengan masyarakat, hubungan manusia dengan orang lain atau sesamanya, hubungan manusia dengan dirinya sendiri. Sedangkan unsur budaya terdapat: peralatan dan perlengkapan hidup, sistem kekerabatan dan organisasi sosial, bahasa, kesenian, sistem kepercayaan, dan sistem ilmu dan pengetahuan. Masyarakat Dayak Linoh memercayai nilai budaya yang terdapat dalam cerita tersebut dan menjadi adat istiadat/tradisi.Kata kunci: nilai budaya, cerita rakyat, Dayak Linoh ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to describe the values and cultural elements in the oral literature of the Linoh Dayak folklore. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study are all quotes contained in the folklore of the Linoh Dayak group ethic. The source of the data in this study is the folklore of the Dayak Linoh group ethic from Sungai Tebelian District, Sintang Regency which contains a Dayak Linoh folktale entitled Buah Udak. The results of data analysis show cultural values that describe the relationship between humans and God, human relationships with nature, human relationships with society, human relationships with other people or with each other, human relationships with themselves. While the elements of culture are: tools and equipment for life, kinship systems and social organization, language, arts, belief systems, and systems of science and knowledge. The Linoh Dayak community believes in the cultural values contained in the story and becomes a custom/tradition.Keyword: cultural value, folklore, Dayak Linoh.

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Nadine Waehning ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
Sinan Zeyneloglu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

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