La familia y los amigos como riesgo de consumo de alcohol en adolescentes / Family and friends as risk for alcohol  consumption in adolescents

La adolescencia es una etapa de experimentación de conductas oposicionistas y/o desafiantes. Los problemas de comunicación, el aislamiento emocional y la carencia de afecto familiar se transforman en factores de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol en los estudiantes de primero, segundo y tercer año de bachillerato de colegios de Guayaquil. A una muestra de 636 adolescentes de los tres años de bachillerato se le aplicó una encuesta diseñada para el estudio, aprobada por un comité de Bioética (COBI) que incluyó el AUDIT y el APGAR familiar, autoadministrable. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y asociación de variables con un nivel de confianza del 95% y una p significativa <0,05. Se empleó el programa SPSS versión 21 y la prueba Chi cuadrado. Los resultados indican que el 52% de los adolescentes se expuso al alcohol alguna vez en su vida y el 65% presentó disfunción familiar de algún grado, siendo esto más evidente en el grupo donde no había satisfacción con la forma en que el núcleo familiar respondía a sus necesidades de comunicación y afecto. En este estudio se pretende desarrollar estrategias que fomenten la toma de decisiones saludables y mejoren el bienestar emocional de adolescentes. Abstract Adolescence is a stage of experimentation of oppositional and/or defiant behaviors. Communication problems, emotional isolation and lack of family affection become risk factors for consumption of alcohol. The objective of this research is to identify the risk factors for alcohol consumption in students of first, second and third year of high schools in Guayaquil. A survey approved by a Bioethics committee was applied to 636 adolescents from first, second and third year of high school that included the AUDIT and family APGAR, which is self-administered. Descriptive statistics and variables association were used with a confidence level of 95% and a significant p < 0,05. It was executed the software SPSS version 21 and the Chi Square test was applied. The results show that 52% of teens were exposed to alcohol consumption some time in their life and also 65% had some degree of family dysfunction, being this more evident in the group where there is no satisfaction with the way the household responded to their communication and affection needs. This research attempts to develop strategies to encourage healthy decision-making to and improve the emotional wellbeing of teenagers.

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Protective factors and risk of alcohol consumption in students at the University of Huelva / Factores de protección y de riesgo del consumo de alcohol en alumnos de la Universidad de Huelva

Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas ◽

10.21134/haaj.v9i2.43 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ramón Tirado Morueta ◽

José Ignacio Aguaded Gómez ◽

Isidro Marín Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

University Of Huelva ◽

The University

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar factores protectores y factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos. Fueron medidos sobre la base de un estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en el curso 2007-2008 en la Universidad de Huelva. Para el análisis de las relaciones entre variables se utilizó el test de chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Para identificar factores de riesgo y protectores se realizó un análisis de regresión logística binomial. Los resultados confirmaron la influencia del policonsumo como principal factor de riesgo, así como el sexo. De igual modo los “botellones”, según mostraron los resultados, pierden poder predictivo respecto al consumo habitual, siendo los hábitos de lectura, la afición por la música y la edad factores protectores de este tipo de consumo. Finalmente, un bajo consumode alcohol en el medio universitario, la asistencia frecuente a clasee inferiores niveles de consumo semanal de alcohol, se revelaron como factores protectores. AbsctractThe main aim of this study is to identify protective factors and risk factors linked to alcohol consumption in university students of both sexes. These factors were measured on the basis of a descriptive cross-sectional study developed in 2007-2008 at the University of Huelva. In order to analyze the relations among variables, we have used the chi-square test of Pearson. To identify risk and protective factors a binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted. The results confirm the influence of policonsumption and sex as the main risk factors. "Botellones" decrease predictive degree when compared with usual consumption. Reading habit, love of music and age behave as protective factors against drugs consumption. Finally, lower drinking degrees inside the college, higher frequency of attendance and lower weekly alcohol consumption, are protective factors.

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Prevalencia de mastitis subclínica, microorganismos asociados y factores de riesgo identificados en hatos de la provincia de Pamplona, Norte de Santander

Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia ◽

10.15446/rfmvz.v64n2.67209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 11-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jesús Alberto Mendoza ◽

Yanedt Vera ◽

Luis Carlos Peña

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Chi Square ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Related Risk ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

Chi Square Test

Mastitis prevalence, associated microorganisms and related risk factors were determined in dairy operations from municipalities belonging to the province of Pamplona (Norte de Santander). California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed in 1208 quarters from 302 animals located in 108 rural properties. Milk samples from positive quarters (trace up to 3+) were obtained and submitted for microbiological isolation. Analysis of a 64 variables survey related to the milking practices in the rural properties under study and its link with the presence of the disease was performed using contingency charts and chi-square test (χ2). Determined prevalence per individual was 54,6% (165/302) (95% CI 48.8 to 60.3) CMT positive animals. In 67,6% (73/108) (95% CI 58.3 to 75.7) of the rural properties the presence of at least one animal testing positive was detected, whereas a total of 21,6% quarters (260/1208) (95% CI 19.3 to 23.9) showed CMT reactivity. From the samples subjected to isolation and microbiological characterization, a total of 74.4% were compatible with Staphylococcus aureus, 12.3% with Streptococcus agalactiae and 13.3% with coliforms. A total of 17 characteristics were associated with the presence of mastitis, all of which were related to poor milking practices. The presence of contagious mastitis associated microorganisms, shows the need for training and orientation to implement proper milking practices and enhance the competitiveness of this sector in the region, which will result in an increase in production.

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Pregnant women readiness to use the Internet to access health information about pregnancy and childbirth: A cross-sectional study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.16358 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Leila Ahmadian ◽

Reza Khajouei ◽

Sudabeh Kamali ◽

Moghaddameh Mirzaee ◽

Arefeh Ameri

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Information ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

T Test ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

The Internet ◽

Chi Square ◽

Readiness Assessment ◽

Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽

Chi Square Test

BACKGROUND Today, the Internet may be a promising tool for interventions for pregnant women. However, these kinds of tools are only helpful if users are ready to use them. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted with the aim of readiness assessment of pregnant women to use the Internet to access health information about pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS This study was carried out on a sample of 384 pregnant women. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. The first section of this questionnaire collected demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part of the questionnaire contains 27 questions covering the following components: infrastructure readiness (6 questions); affordability readiness (3 questions); and skill readiness (12 questions). Data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and T-test. RESULTS This study was carried out on a sample of 384 pregnant women. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. The first section of this questionnaire collected demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part of the questionnaire contains 27 questions covering the following components: infrastructure readiness (6 questions); affordability readiness (3 questions); and skill readiness (12 questions). Data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and T-test. CONCLUSIONS The use of the Internet by pregnant women depends on factors such as infrastructure, affordability, and skills readiness. This study showed that speed and the quality of the Internet, hardware and software availability, affordability of the Internet, and access to the Internet training were factors in measuring E-health readiness assessment. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

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Prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402008000100006 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 34-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Carlos Estrela ◽

Cláudio Rodrigues Leles ◽

Augusto César Braz Hollanda ◽

Marcelo Sampaio Moura ◽

Jesus Djalma Pécora

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Apical Periodontitis ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Technical Quality ◽

Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults. A total of 1,372 periapical radiographs of endodontically treated teeth were analyzed based on the quality of root filling, status of coronal restoration and presence of posts associated with apical periodontitis (AP). Data were analyzed statistically using odds ratio, confidence intervals and chi-square test. The prevalence of AP with adequate endodontic treatment was low (16.5%). This percentage dropped to 12.1% in cases with adequate root filling and adequate coronal restoration. Teeth with adequate endodontic treatment and poor coronal restoration had an AP prevalence of 27.9%. AP increased to 71.7% in teeth with poor endodontic treatment associated with poor coronal restoration. When poor endodontic treatment was combined with adequate coronal restoration, AP prevalence was 61.8%. The prevalence of AP was low when associated with high technical quality of root canal treatment. Poor coronal restoration increased the risk of AP even when endodontic treatment was adequate (OR=2.80; 95%CI=1.87-4.22). The presence of intracanal posts had no influence on AP prevalence.

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Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

ISRN Hematology ◽

10.1155/2013/308204 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hailegebriel Wondimu ◽

Zelalem Addis ◽

Feleke Moges ◽

Yitayal Shiferaw

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Blood Bank ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

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Social assessment of children dental health and its determining factors

Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика ◽

10.33925/1683-3031-2021-21-2-123-131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 123-131

Author(s):

T. G. Svetlichnaya ◽

A. S. Mityagina ◽

T. M. Burkova ◽

N. M. Ogorelkova

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Primary Teeth ◽

Dental Health ◽

Tooth Decay ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Pediatric Dentist ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Decay Risk

Relevance. The high prevalence of tooth decay requires investigation of its risk factors. The aim was to study tooth decay risk factors among six-year-old children according to the level of dental health (based on parents’ assessment).Materials and methods. The research evaluated the dental health of six-year-olds and factors defining their oral health; The study surveyed 515 parents of six-year-old children from 7 kindergartens in Arkhangelsk. Pearson chi-square test assessed the differences in the frequency of tooth decay factors among six-year-old children according to the level of dental health. The accepted significance level was 0.05.Results. The Arkhangelsk parents evaluated the dental health of their six-year-olds as relatively favourable: good (41.2%) and satisfactory (46.6%). Only 9.5% of children had poor health. Children generally had good oral hygiene skills: 86.8% liked brushing their teeth; 60.2% squeezed the optimal amount of toothpaste on the toothbrush; 56.7% brushed their teeth twice a day. The dental literacy of parents was satisfactory: 67.0% purchased toothpaste for children; 90.8% considered necessary to treat primary teeth; 69.2% replaced toothbrush every three months; 59.7% visited a pediatric dentist twice a year. The children with poor dental health had insufficient oral hygiene skills: 46.9% did not like teeth cleaning; 51.1% brushed their teeth once a day. Their diet was not healthy: 100.0% did not eat hard food; 65.3% frequently consumed sweets. The parents of children with poor dental health had low medical literacy and poor oral hygiene: 46.9% did not know that treatment of primary teeth was necessary; 42.9% considered the treatment of primary teeth as unnecessary; 32.6% purchased whatever toothpaste. The general negative trend is to use toothpaste without fluoride (68.1%).Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of cariogenic factors in children with poor dental health.

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Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever Occurrence and Recurrence in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria

Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ◽

10.51201/jusst/21/11914 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 381-401

Author(s):

Umar Abdullahi Tawfiq ◽

◽

Shohaimi Shamarina ◽

Syafinaz Amin Nordin ◽

Mohd Noor Hisham Mohd Nadzir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Chi Square ◽

Long Time ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Government ◽

Set Up ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

At Home

Typhoid is a life-threatening disease that has remained endemic in parts of Africa and Asia where its burden is elevated by the inefficiency of control efforts which have been hampered by lack of epidemiological data, among others. In Nigeria, such data is absent in most of the States like Gombe where the disease has been rife for a long time, hence, to bridge that knowledge gap, this study was set up to determine the host-associated risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence in Gombe. A questionnaire that was designed and validated for this location was used to obtain data from 663 respondents using simple random sampling and analyzed using the Chi-square test for association and binomial logistic regression to obtain risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence, respectively. The study revealed that occurrences were statistically significantly associated with the variables for vaccination (χ2 = 39.729, p < 0.01), having houseboy/girl (χ2 = 16.909, p < 0.01), typhoid patient at home (χ2 = 13.393, p < 0.01), hand washing before handling food (χ2 = 22.856, p < 0.01), consuming iced/frozen items (χ2 = 16.805, p < 0.01), boiling drinking water (χ2 = 49.633, p < 0.01), and eating commercially available foods/drinks (χ2 = 27.864, p < 0.01), while recurrences were statistically significantly predicted by „not sure of been vaccinated‟ (OR = 2.962, CI = 1.290 to 6.802, p < 0.01), „not having another typhoid patient at home‟ (OR = 1.799, CI = 0.998 to 3.244, p < 0.01), and „drinking unboiled water sometimes‟ (OR = 2.130, CI = 1.023 to 4.434, p < 0.01). It is believed that these findings will guide efforts by the Government for health interventions against typhoid in the study area, thus improving the quality of life for the population.

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AGRICULTURAL RISK AND ITS PERCEPTION AMONG PROTEIN PLANT FARMERS

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.2859 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XXI (3) ◽

pp. 459-469

Author(s):

Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska

Keyword(s):

Market Risk ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Risk And Uncertainty ◽

Agricultural Risk ◽

Chi Square ◽

Production Risk ◽

Average Rating ◽

Contingency Coefficient ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Perceive Risk

As farmers are exposed to risk and uncertainty, they are unable to make optimal choices. The main purpose of this paper was to present how farmers perceive risk in agriculture.To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 137 legume farms across the country. The information was analyzed and described with the use of descriptive statistics methods. Also, the correlation between selected characteristics was assessed with the Pearson’s contingency coefficient (C) based on the chi-square test of independence. Most interviewees (71%) perceive the effects of risk as the possible emergence of losses or profits, while 29% associate risks with losses only. None of the interviewees declared the perception of risks purely as an opportunity to reap benefits. The respondents believe that agricultural businesses should be most wary of production risk (an average rating of 11.6) and market risk (8.1 to 9.0).

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Vulnerabilidade social e a cárie dentária na primeira infância

Archives of Health ◽

10.46919/archv2n6-006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 1550-1562

Author(s):

Amanda Albuquerque Diniz ◽

Isabelle Monteiro Da Silva Lima ◽

Karyne Barreto Gonçalves Marques ◽

Luiz Carlos Costa Madeira Alves ◽

Ingrid Cordeiro Monte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Social Vulnerability ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

Chi Square Test

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da cárie em crianças na primeira infância sob vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Pesquisa do tipo transversal realizada no Instituto da Primeira Infância - Iprede, com crianças sob vulnerabilidade social em Fortaleza, Ceará. A coleta de dados foi realizada, em dezembro de 2018 a abril de 2019, com 363 crianças aleatoriamente, por meio de exame bucal e questionário. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e do teste qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas. Resultados: Observou-se uma prevalência de cárie de 35,6%, e que de 1 a 4 lesões representavam a maior porcentagem (23,7%). Elevado percentual de crianças nunca foi ao dentista (81,3%); semelhante percentual nunca sentiu dor de dente (82,3%). Conclusão: Apesar da vulnerabilidade social, a prevalência de cárie foi baixa, e sugere-se realização de ações para minimizar os efeitos da doença na qualidade de vida e desenvolvimento infantil. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of caries in children in early childhood under social vulnerability. Methods: Cross-sectional research conducted at the Instituto da Primeira Infância - Iprede, with children under social vulnerability in Fortaleza, Ceará. Data collection was carried out, from December 2018 to April 2019, with 363 children randomly, through oral examination and questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Results: There was a prevalence of caries of 35,6%, with 1 to 4 caries representing the highest percentage (23,7%). A high percentage of children never went to the dentist (81,3%); a similar percentage never experienced toothache (82,3%). Conclusion: Despite the social vulnerability, the prevalence of caries was low, and actions to minimize the effects of the disease on quality of life and child development are suggested.

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Risk Factors for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With the Zero-P Implant System: a Retrospective Study With Minimum of 2 Years Follow-up

10.21203/rs.3.rs-138933/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rong Xue ◽

Ningdao Li ◽

Zhurong Ji ◽

Xingdong Cheng ◽

Zhuqiu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Operation Time ◽

Anterior Cervical Discectomy ◽

Postoperative Dysphagia ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Implant System ◽

Segmental Angle

Abstract Background: Dysphagia is one of the most common complications after anterior cervical spine surgery. The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with the Zero-P Implant System by multidimensional analysis and investigated the predictive values of these risk factors for dysphagia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 260 patients who underwent ACDF with the Zero-P Implant System and had at least 2 year of follow-up ware performed. All patients were divided into a non-dysphagia group and a dysphagia group. Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), intraoperative time, estimated blood loss, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, prevertebral soft-tissue thickness, the levels of surgery, O-C2 angle, C2–7 angle, T1 slope and segmental angle were analyzed. Chi-square test and logistic regression were performed to analyze the predictive value of each dimension for dysphagia. Results: In total, the non-dysphagia group comprised 170 patients and the dysphagia group comprised 90 patients. Chi-square test results indicated that number of operated levels, operation time dT1 slope, dO-C2 angle, dC2–7 angle, segmental angle and dPSTT were associated with a high incidence of dysphagia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that number of operated levels, operation time, dC2–7 angle and dPSTT were significantly associated with postoperative dysphagia.Conclusions: Number of operated levels, operation time, dC2–7 angle and dPSTT were significantly associated with postoperative dysphagia. In additionally, sufficient preoperative preparation, evaluation combining with proficient and precise treatment measures are suggested to reduce the incidence of postoperative dysphagia when ACDF is performed.

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