scholarly journals Practices of Usage of Antibiotics in Chicken Farming and Impact of Some of their Residues in Products Consumed in Yaoundé, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Political ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Water Administration ◽  
Tetracycline Residues

Background: Veterinary antibiotics are drugs widely used against bacterial infections in animals such as chickens, for infections prevention or treatment. But it was noticed that foodstuffs contaminated with antimicrobial residues may cause diverse side effects to consumers, when their levels are exceeding the standards and this occurs when antibiotics are poorly used. To date, data regarding antimicrobial usage in chicken farming and their levels in chicken products are not almost available. A survey was conducted to a hundred of farmers in twenty seven localities of Yaoundé, the political capital of Cameroon to describe the usage practices of antibiotics. Tissue and egg samples were randomly collected in five markets of the same town to appraise their compliance for tetracyclines and β-lactams with standards (not exceeding maximum residues limits) using the radio-receptor technique (Charm II Test). Results: The results showed that 92.1 % of farms were using antibiotics via drinking water administration. Among the antibiotics used, tetracycline’s represent 66.7 %, quinolones 44.4 %, β-lactams 22.2 % and nitro furans 11.1 %. Diseases were recorded in the majority of the farms during the survey and they include cough (92.1 %), gomboro (27.7 %), parasitosis (25.7 %) and pullorose (25.7 %).The withdrawal period was not following by 35.6 % of the farmers, 43.5 % of farms were not respecting the administration dose while 50.5 % were not having an appropriate place for the storage of antibiotics. 61.9 % of liver, 38.1 % of gizzard, 33.3 % of muscle and 8.8 % of egg samples contained tetracycline residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) (200 µg /Kg for tetracycline residue and 50 µg /Kg for β-lactam). Contrarily, none of the samples were none compliance for β-lactam residues. Conclusion: These results suggest that, poorly use of antibiotics in rearing of chickens in Yaoundé (Cameroon) presents a risk for consumers. It is therefore important to inform the farmers about recommended standards for the use of these antibiotics in order to guarantee consumer food safety

scholarly journals Evaluation of the European Four-Plate Test as a Tool for Screening Antibiotic Residues in Meat Samples from Retail Outlets

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieve Okerman ◽  
Jan van Hoof ◽  
Wim Debeuckelaere
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Microbial Inhibition ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Tetracycline Residues ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract A modified 4-plate test was used to screen 4795 meat samples from retail outlets in the European Community (EC). This microbial inhibition test uses 3 media seeded with Bacillus subtilis at different pH values (6, 7.2, or 8) and a fourth medium seeded with Micrococcus luteus. Positive samples were confirmed by a receptor test for macrolides, a thin-layer chromatographic method for sulfonamides, or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for tetracyclines. Inhibition on M. luteus plates, often by beef and veal samples, could not be confirmed. Circumstantial evidence indicated these test results had to be considered presumptively false positives. Of the samples, 95 inhibited at least one plate seeded with B. subtilis. Usually, samples were positive on more than one plate: 70 samples were positive on all 3 plates, and only 6 samples did not inhibit the plate at pH 6. The majority of positive results on plates seeded with B. subtilis, 77 of 89 samples tested, contained tetracycline antibiotics. One sample also contained sulfadimidine. Two other samples contained high levels of enrofloxacine and ciprofloxacine. The 4-plate test is not sensitive enough to detect sulfonamides and quinolones at the EC maximum residue limits, but higher levels may cause inhibition. The 4-plate test can be used to detect meat samples containing tetracycline residues, but the method is too complicated when used only for that purpose.

scholarly journals A Wake-Up Call: Determination of Antibiotics Residue Level in Raw Meat in Abattoir and Selected Slaughterhouses in Five Local Government in Kano State, Nigeria.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lateefat Modupe Habeeb ◽  
Opasola Afolabi Olaniyi ◽  
Misbahu Garba ◽  
Morufu O Raimi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Antibiotics Residues ◽  
Tetracycline Residues

The frequent use of antibiotics may result in drug residues that can be discovered at varying quantities in animal products such as milk or meat. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in food above the MRLs has been perceived globally by various persons. Antibiotics residues are present in food, which can endanger human health by causing antibiotic sensitivity, allergic reactions, microflora imbalance, bacterial resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms, and financial loss to the food industry. Farmers around the world utilize them on a sporadic basis for both preventative and curative purposes. This study assessed the antibiotics residues in raw meat sold in 6 slaughter houses in Kano States. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving six (6) major slaughter house in Kano state. Muscle, Kidney and liver samples were collected from each slaughterhouse. The antibiotic residues in the meat samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline residue results were presented in charts and tables. Out of a total of 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 15 (83%) of the total samples had detectable levels of tetracycline residues from which 6(33.3%) had tetracycline residues at violative levels above the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs), out of those 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 6(33%) of the total samples had detectable levels of oxytetracycline residues from which 3(17%) had oxytetracycline residues at violative levels above the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and out of those 18 beef samples analyzed during this study, 12(67%) of the total samples had detectable levels of ciprofloxacin, all levels are below the WHO/FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs). This high level of tetracycline and oxytetracycline residues in greater proportion of meat destined for human consumption at violative levels could be as a result of the indiscriminate use and misuse of veterinary drugs as commonly practiced among livestock producers and marketers without observing withdrawal period prior to slaughter. These results indicate that consumers may be predisposed to health hazards and hinder international meat trade from Nigeria. Regulatory authorities should therefore ensure compliance with good agricultural practices including withdrawal period of drugs used for treatment of food animals.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of Standards: Does MRLs Matter in Cottonseed and its Trade?

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Residue Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Political ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Regression Estimators ◽  
Crude Cottonseed Oil

In this paper, we introduce three indices of trade which are consequently applied to the case maximum residue level, MRLs of pesticide. The aggregation indices of NTM i.e Li and Beghin index of trade, Heterogeneous index of trade (HIT) and actual heterogeneous index of trade (AHIT) regulations to compute their protectionism relative to international standards. The application of indices to Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) affecting cottonseed and its by-product i.e crude cottonseed oil and refined cottonseed oil, using a science-based standards Codex Alimentarius. In this analysis, the main aim of the article is to show the response of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) adopted by 50 importing countries on exports of the cottonseed commodities for the year 2005 to 2014. In this study, we estimate the augmented gravity model using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson regression estimators. The results show that maximum residue limits (MRLs) have a trade increasing effect on exports of the cottonseed commodities.

scholarly journals Residual Antibiotics Disrupt Meat Fermentation and Increase Risk of Infection

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jette Kjeldgaard ◽  
Marianne T. Cohn ◽  
Pat G. Casey ◽  
Colin Hill ◽  
Hanne Ingmer
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fermented Sausages ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Meat Fermentation

ABSTRACTFermented sausages, although presumed safe for consumption, sometimes cause serious bacterial infections in humans that may be deadly. Not much is known about why and when this is the case. We tested the hypothesis that residual veterinary antibiotics in meat can disrupt the fermentation process, giving pathogenic bacteria a chance to survive and multiply. We found that six commercially available starter cultures were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, namely, oxytetracycline, penicillin, and erythromycin. In meat, statutorily tolerable levels of oxytetracycline and erythromycin inhibited fermentation performance of three and five of the six starter cultures, respectively. In model sausages, the disruption of meat fermentation enhanced survival of the pathogensEscherichia coliO157:H7 andSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium compared to successful fermentations. Our work reveals an overlooked risk associated with the presence of veterinary drugs in meat.IMPORTANCEAntibiotics have for a long time been used as growth promoters in farm animals, and while they are banned as such in Europe, their clinical use in farm animals still accounts for the majority of consumption. Here, we examined how acceptable levels of antibiotics in meat influence fermentation. Our results show that commonly used bacterial starter cultures are sensitive to residual antibiotics at or near statutorily tolerable levels, and as a result, processed sausages may indeed contain high levels of pathogens. Our findings provide a possible explanation for outbreaks and disease cases associated with consumption of fermented sausages and offer yet another argument for limiting the use of antimicrobials in farm animals.

Fifteen years of experience with standardized reference radiometers for controlling low-pressure UV disinfection plants for drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-984
Author(s):  
A. W. Schmalwieser
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Test Results ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past

The only practicable way to control the disinfection capability of a UV disinfection plant for drinking water all the time is to use a UV radiometer. According to the Austrian Standard M5873, this plant radiometer is a standardized part of each plant. The standard defines a so-called reference radiometer (RRM) as well. This is necessary because a plant radiometer has to be controlled periodically. A RRM is a hand-held device which has to fulfil high-quality criteria and must be almost insensitive to environmental conditions. In this paper the principles of the concept behind the RRM are explained together with the requirements of such a device. Further on, the test methods are presented as well as a summary of test results from all RRMs developed during the past 15 years. It is shown that the radiation monitoring concept of the Austrian Standard has been successfully practicable and that the international acceptance of the Austrian Standard is justified.

scholarly journals The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of ‘zir’ stored and direct tap water

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal E. M. Khairy ◽  
Olfat El Sebaie ◽  
Aleya Abdel Gawad ◽  
Laila El Attar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Water Borne

Drinking water is a recognized mode of transmission of various parasitic and bacterial infections and high prevalence rates of water-borne infection have been found during past studies in rural areas of the Nile Delta (Farag et al. 1979; Khairy. Barakat & Omar, 1978).

scholarly journals Detection of Veterinary Antimicrobial Residues in Milk through Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro da Conceição Luiz ◽  
Maria José Valenzuela Bell ◽  
Roney Alves da Rocha ◽  
Nayara Lizandra Leal ◽  
Virgílio de Carvalho dos Anjos
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ceftiofur Hydrochloride

This study focuses on detection of antimicrobial residues in milk through Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy. Simulated and real samples were considered. The simulated ones take into account veterinary drugs added in milk samples in the following concentrations: enrofloxacin 100 μg/L, terramycin 100 μg/L, and penicillin 4 μg/L. The statistical tool used to discriminate the samples was the principal component analysis (PCA). Our results show that, with this experimental procedure, it is possible to discriminate different types of antimicrobials dissolved in milk. Moreover, the methodology was able to detect real sample milked on different days after the injection of ceftiofur hydrochloride which is in principle a zero grace period antimicrobial. The methodology proved to be fast and accurate within the maximum residue limits allowed by European Agency for Medicinal Products and Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food Supply from Brazil.

Occlusive Laryngotracheitis in Turkeys Following Drinking Water Administration of Gentian Violet

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Clark ◽  
D. D. Frame ◽  
M. M. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gentian Violet ◽  
Water Administration

scholarly journals Intramammary treatment with gentamicin in lactating cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamires Martins ◽  
Adriana F. Rosa ◽  
Lívia Castelani ◽  
Mariana S. de Miranda ◽  
Juliana R. P. Arcaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Abstract The study evaluated the microbiological profile of milk samples collected before and after mastitis treatment with gentamicin and investigated biofilms production and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. isolated. The presence of gentamicin residues in milk after the recommended withdrawal period was also evaluated. Antimicrobial residues were analyzed by Delvotest® SP NT over a period of 12 days beginning after 24 hours the last gentamicin application. Some of Staphylococcus spp. isolates were biofilm producers (19.05%). Staphylococcus spp. showed high levels of resistance to neomycin (16.95%), penicillin G (10.17%), and ampicillin (10.17%). Multidrug resistance to all antibiotics tested was observed in 1.69% of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates. Among 1440 mammary quarter milk samples 24.95% presented gentamicin residues after the withdrawal period. Gentamicin residues were also detected in 3.8% of samples from calibrated glass recorder jar (n=383) 4.1 days after treatment. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics may lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains as well as increasing the risk of presence of residues of these drugs in milk. These problems affect the milk quality and may become a public health problem.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Zorc ◽  
Darcie A. Kiddoo ◽  
Kathy N. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

SUMMARY Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most commonly diagnosed bacterial infections of childhood. Although frequently encountered and well researched, diagnosis and management of UTI continue to be a controversial issue with many challenges for the clinician. Prevalence studies have shown that UTI may often be missed on history and physical examination, and the decision to screen for UTI must balance the risk for missed infections with the cost and inconvenience of testing. Interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests and culture is complicated by issues of contamination, false test results, and asymptomatic colonization of the urinary tract with nonpathogenic bacteria. The appropriate treatment of UTI has been controversial and has become more complex with the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Finally, the anatomic evaluation and long-term management of a child after a UTI have been based on limited evidence, and newer studies question some of the tenets of prior recommendations. The goal of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the literature with particular attention to practical questions about diagnosis and management for the clinician.

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