scholarly journals Responses of Intestinal Microbiota and Immunity to Increasing Dietary Levels of Iron Using a Piglet Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Chen ◽  
Xin Wu ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
Yirui Shao ◽  
Qiang Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Transcript Profile ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Iron is an essential metal for both animals and microbiota. In general, neonates and infants of humans and animals are at the risk of iron insufficiency. However, excess dietary iron usually causes negative impacts on the host and microbiota. This study aimed to investigate overloaded dietary iron supplementation on growth performance, the distribution pattern of iron in the gut lumen and the host, intestinal microbiota, and intestine transcript profile of piglets. Sixty healthy weaning piglets were randomly assigned to six groups: fed on diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate monohydrate at the dose of 50 ppm (Fe50 group), 100 ppm (Fe100 group), 200 ppm (Fe200 group), 500 ppm (Fe500 group), and 800 ppm (Fe800), separately, for 3 weeks. The results indicated that increasing iron had no significant effects on growth performance, but increased diarrheal risk and iron deposition in intestinal digesta, tissues of intestine and liver, and serum. High iron also reduced serum iron-binding capacity, apolipoprotein, and immunoglobin A. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that iron changed colonic transcript profile, such as interferon gamma-signal transducer and activator of transcription two-based anti-infection gene network. Increasing iron also shifted colonic and cecal microbiota, such as reducing alpha diversity and the relative abundance of Clostridiales and Lactobacillus reuteri and increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus amylovorus. Collectively, this study demonstrated that high dietary iron increased diarrheal incidence, changed intestinal immune response-associated gene expression, and shifted gut microbiota. The results would enhance our knowledge of iron effects on the gut and microbiome in piglets and further contribute to understanding these aspects in humans.

Intestinal microbiota and oral administration of Enterococcus faecium associated with the growth performance of new-born piglets

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.B. Wang ◽  
W. Du ◽  
A.K. Fu ◽  
X.P. Zhang ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Born ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skimmed Milk ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The oral administration of Enterococcus faecium EF1 to new-born suckling and weaning piglets along with their growth performances and intestinal microbiota was investigated in this study. Twenty-four new-born piglets were initially divided into 2 groups. The probiotics group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk by oral gavage supplemented with 6×108 cfu/ml viable E. faecium EF1 at the first, the third and the fifth day after birth, while the control group received 2 ml of 10% sterilised skimmed milk without probiotics at the same time. Results showed that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 was associated with a remarkable increase on the body weight of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods, by 30.73% (P<0.01) and 320.84% (P<0.01), and also decreased the diarrhoea rate, by 43.21% (P<0.05) and 71.42% (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, 454-pyrosequencing analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the intestinal microbial diversity of the suckling piglets between the two groups; nevertheless, when compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the probiotics group was substantially augmented, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria diminished. However, results indicated that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 did not have any influence on the relative abundance of Firmicutes in weaning piglets rather than increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Furthermore, at the level of the Firmicutes phylum, the relative abundance of Lactobacillales in the probiotic group increased significantly. These findings suggest that oral administration of E. faecium EF1 to new-born piglets could improve the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of piglets for both suckling and weaning periods.

scholarly journals The combination of nutraceuticals and functional feeds as additives modulates gut microbiota and blood markers associated with immune response and health in weanling piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Lo Verso ◽  
Guylaine Talbot ◽  
Bruno Morissette ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
J Jacques Matte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of feed additives with complementary functional properties on the intestinal microbiota, homocysteine, and vitamins E and B status as well as systemic immune response of weanling piglets. At weaning, 32 litters were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments (DT): 1) conventional diet (CTRL); 2) CTRL diet supplemented with antibiotics (ATB); 3) a cocktail of feed additives containing cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol, yeast-derived products, and extra vitamins A, D, E, and B complex (CKTL); or 4) CKTL diet with bovine colostrum in replacement of plasma proteins (CKTL + COL). Within each litter, the piglets with lowest and highest birth weights (LBW and HBW, respectively) and two piglets of medium birth weight (MBW) were identified. The MBW piglets were euthanized at 42 d of age in order to characterize the ileal and colonic microbiota. Blood samples were also collected at weaning and at 42 d of age from LBW and HBW piglets to measure insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), cysteine, homocysteine, and vitamins E, B6, and B12, and to characterize the leukocyte populations. At 42 d of age, cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also measured. In a second experiment, piglets were reared under commercial conditions to evaluate the effects of the DT on the growth performance. At the indicator species analysis, the highest indicator value (IV) for Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens was found in the CKTL group, whereas the highest IV for Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was evidenced in the CKTL + COL group (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the other DT, CTRL piglets had higher concentrations of homocysteine, whereas the CKTL and CKTL + COL supplementations increased the concentrations of vitamins E and B12 (P &lt; 0.05). DT had no effect on IGF-1 concentration and on blood leukocytes populations; however, compared with HBW piglets, LBW animals had lower values of IGF-1, whereas the percentages of γδ T lymphocytes and T helper were decreased and increased, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). CKTL + COL also improved the growth performance of piglets reared under commercial conditions (P &lt; 0.05). This study highlights the impact of birth weight on piglet systemic immune defenses and the potential of weaning diet supplemented with feed additives and bovine colostrum to modulate the homocysteine metabolism and the intestinal microbiota.

Treatment and mechanism of fecal microbiota transplantation in mice with experimentally induced ulcerative colitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110060
Author(s):  
Leichang Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Ma ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Wei Ge ◽  
Lixia Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Restoring intestinal microbiota dysbiosis with fecal microbiota transplantation is considered as a promising treatment for ulcerative colitis. However, the mechanisms underlying its relieving effects remain unclear. Ulcerative colitis pathogenesis is associated with the involvement of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on T cell cytokines in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Five-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was used as the positive control. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to control, model (UC), UC + FMT, and UC + 5-ASA groups. Each group consisted of five mice. The establishment of the mouse model was verified by fecal occult-blood screening and hematoxylin–eosin staining. Results showed that fecal microbiota transplantation reduced colonic inflammation, significantly decreased T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2 and interleukin-17, as well as significantly increased Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cells, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta, and improved routine blood count. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene-sequencing analysis showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of genus Akkermansia and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of genus Helicobacter in the ulcerative colitis group. Fecal microbiota transplantation restored the profile of the intestinal microbiota to that of the control group. These findings demonstrated the capability of fecal microbiota transplantation in controlling experimentally induced ulcerative colitis by improving Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg imbalance through the regulation of intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Changes in Digestive Microbiota, Rumen Fermentations and Oxidative Stress around Parturition Are Alleviated by Live Yeast Feed Supplementation to Gestating Ewes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Lysiane Dunière ◽  
Damien Esparteiro ◽  
Yacine Lebbaoui ◽  
Philippe Ruiz ◽  
Mickael Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gpx Activity ◽  
Live Yeast

Background: In ruminants, physiological and nutritional changes occur peripartum. We investigated if gastro-intestinal microbiota, rumen metabolism and antioxidant status were affected around parturition and what could be the impact of a daily supplementation of a live yeast additive in late gestating ewes. Methods: Rumen, feces and blood samples were collected from 2 groups of 14 ewes one month and a few days before parturition, and 2 weeks postpartum. Results: In the control ewes close to parturition, slight changes in the ruminal microbiota were observed, with a decrease in the concentration F. succinogenes and in the relative abundance of the Fibrobacteres phylum. Moreover, a decrease in the alpha-diversity of the bacterial community and a reduced relative abundance of the Fibrobacteres phylum were observed in their feces. Control ewes were prone to oxidative stress, as shown by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a lower total antioxidant status, and higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the blood. In the yeast supplemented ewes, most of the microbial changes observed in the control group were alleviated. An increase in GPx activity, and a significant decrease in MDA concentration were measured. Conclusions: The live yeast used in this study could stabilize gastro-intestinal microbiota and reduce oxidative stress close to parturition.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus Casei YYL3 and L. Plantarum YYL5 on Growth, Immune Response and Intestinal Microbiota in Channel Catfish

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Haibo Wang ◽  
Kun Hu ◽  
Liting Jiao ◽  
Mingjun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of probiotics L. casei YYL3 (Lc) and L. plantarum YYL5 (Lp) on growth performance, innate immunity, disease resistance and intestinal microbiota of channel catfish. A total of 252 catfish (67.20 ± 1.46 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups which were fed with basal diet, Lc-added (3.0 × 108 cfu/g) or Lp-added (3.0 × 108 cfu/g) diets, respectively. After 4 weeks of feeding, Lc significantly enhanced the growth and feed utilization of channel catfish compared with the control group (CG). Following that, the catfish were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μL of the pathogenic E.ictaluri (2.0 × 106 cfu/mL), the relative percent survival of Lc and Lp were 38.28% and 12.76%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing indicated Lc and Lp reduced the alpha diversity of the intestinal microbiota in channel catfish. Lactobacillus were overwhelming in the guts during probiotics treatment, but almost vanished away after 2 weeks post-cessation of probiotics administration. Compared to CG, Lc and Lp resulted in an increased abundance of Pseudomonas and decreased amount of Aeromonas. Functional analysis revealed that Lc treatment upregulated the relative abundance of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways including lipid metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Combined, our data revealed that Lc, as a feed additive at 3.0 × 108 cfu/g, could promote the growth performance, disease resistance and dramatically change the composition of intestinal microbiota of channel catfish.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary microencapsulated tannic acid supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiwei Wang ◽  
Huijun Huang ◽  
Yangping Hu ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Huansheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Solute Carrier Family ◽  
Solute Carrier ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Abstract Antibiotics are commonly overused to reduce weaning stress that leads to economic loss in swine production. As potential substitutes of antibiotics, plant extracts have attracted the attention of researchers. However, one of the plant extracts, tannic acid (TA), has an adverse effect on the growth performance, palatability, and intestinal absorption in weaning piglets when used at a large amount. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a proper dose of microencapsulated TA on the growth performance, organ and intestinal development, intestinal morphology, intestinal nutrient transporters, and colonic microbiota in weaning piglets. Forty-five Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire] (initial body weight = 5.99 ± 0.13 kg, weaned days = 21 d) piglets were randomly divided into five treatment groups (n = 9) and raised in 14 d. The piglets in the control group were raised on a basal diet; the piglets in the antibiotic test group were raised on a basal diet with three antibiotics (375 mg/kg Chlortetracycline 20%, 500 mg/kg Enramycin 4%, 1,500 mg/kg Oxytetracycline calcium 20%); and the other three groups were raised on a basal diet with three doses of microencapsulated TA (TA1, 500 mg/kg; TA2, 1,000 mg/kg; TA3, 1,500 mg/kg). All the piglets were raised in the same environment and given the same amount of nutrients for 2 wk. The results showed that both TA1 and TA2 groups had no adverse effect on the growth performance, organ weight and intestinal growth, and the pH value of gastrointestinal content. TA2 treatment improved the duodenal morphology (P &lt; 0.05), increased the gene expression level of solute carrier family 6, member 19 and solute carrier family 15, member 1 (P &lt; 0.05) in the ileum, and modulated the colonic bacteria composition (P &lt; 0.05), but inhibited the activity of maltase in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05) and the jejunal gene expression level of solute carrier family 5, member 1 (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, our study suggests that a dosage between 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of microencapsulated TA is safe to be included in the swine diet and that 1,000 mg/kg of microencapsulated TA has beneficial effects on intestinal morphology, intestinal nutrient transporter, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets. These findings provide new insights into suitable alternatives to antibiotics for improving growth performance and colonic microbiota.

scholarly journals Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, metabonomics and intestinal microbial differences of weaned piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Shasha Kou ◽  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza ◽  
Sihu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Bacterial Phyla

Abstract Background Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the occurance of stress during the weaning process. Clostridium butyricum, as a new microecological preparation, is resistant to high temperature, acid, bile salts and some antibiotics. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in weaned piglets. Results There was no statistical significance in the growth performance and the incidence of diarrhoea among the weaned piglets treated with C. butyricum during 0–21 days experimental period. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao index of the CB group were found to be significantly increased compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the weaned piglets. A marked increase in the relative abundance of Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, along with a decreased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 was observed in the CB group, when compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). With the addition of C. butyricum, a total of twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were obtained in the feces of piglets. The integrated pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst indicated that arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism were the main three altered pathways, based on the topology. Furthermore, Spearman’s analysis revealed some altered gut microbiota genus such as Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotella_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 were associated with the alterations in the fecal metabolites (P < 0.05), indicating that C. butyricum presented a potential protective impact through gut microbiota. The intestinal metabolites changed by C. butyricum mainly involved the variation of citrulline, dicarboxylic acids, branched-chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolic pathways. Conclusions Overall, this study strengthens the idea that the dietary C. butyricum treatment can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the weaned piglets, and C. butyricum can offer potential benefits for the gut health.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Tributyrin on Growth Performance, Biochemical Indices, and Intestinal Microbiota of Yellow-Feathered Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3425
Author(s):  
Li Gong ◽  
Gengsheng Xiao ◽  
Liwei Zheng ◽  
Xia Yan ◽  
Qien Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Biochemical Indices

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tributyrin on growth performance, biochemical indices and intestinal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers. 360 one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments with six replicates of 20 chicks each, including a normal control group (NC), an antibiotic group (PC), and a tributyrin (250 mg/kg) group (TB) for 63 days. The results showed that compared with the control, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the TB group decreased during the d22 to d42 (p < 0.05) and overall, the final weight and FCR of broilers tended to increase and decrease, respectively. Moreover, the TB group showed the highest creatine concentrations at the entire period (p < 0.05). TB treatment increased the Bacteroidetes relative abundance and decreased Firmicutes. Principal coordinates analysis yielded clear clustering of the three groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis found seven differentially abundant taxa in the TB group, including several members of Bacteroidedetes. The relative abundance of Eisenbergiella, Phascolarctobacterium, Megasphaera and Intestinimonas increased in tributyrin-treated broilers. Spearman correlation analysis identified a correlation between Eisenbergiella abundance and overall feed efficiency. These results demonstrated that tributyrin could improve the growth performance by modulating blood biochemical indices and the cecal microflora composition of broilers.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Clostridium butyricum Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Barrier Function, Immune Function, and Microbiota Diversity of Pekin Ducks

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2514
Author(s):  
Yanhan Liu ◽  
Cun Liu ◽  
Keying An ◽  
Xiaowei Gong ◽  
Zhaofei Xia
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels

Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is increasingly being used to test the promotion of the gut health of animals. However, the modes of action for such applications for waterfowl remain unclear. Thus, we investigated whether or not intestinal barrier function, immune-related gene expression, and the diversity of the intestinal microbiota in Pekin ducks varied under C. butyricum supplementation. A total of 500 ducks were randomly assigned into five treatments supplemented with basal diets containing: either 0 (group Control), 200 (group CB200), 400 (group CB400) and 600 (group CB600) mg/kg C. butyricum or 150 mg/kg aureomycin (group A150) for 42 days. In comparison with the control group, C. butyricum supplementation enhanced the growth performance and intestinal villus height of Pekin ducks at 42 d. Serum immune indexes and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were all improved at both 21 d and 42 d after C. butyricum addition. The mRNA expression levels of Mucin2, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Caudin-3, and Occludin increased at 21 d and 42 d and the mRNA expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 only increased at 42 d after C. butyricum addition. Dietary C. butyricum also resulted in an increase in the number of diversities of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and an increase in the α-diversity of intestinal microbiota. The addition of C. butyricum altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota from 21 d to 42 d. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes showed little changes among groups; however, the relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes were found to have been significantly different between the 21 d and 42 d. C. butyricum administration improved the intestinal health of Pekin ducks by increasing the diversity of intestinal microbiota, enhancing the SCFAs contents, and strengthening the intestinal barrier function and immune systems. The optimal dietary supplementation dosage was recommended as 400 mg/kg in the diet.

scholarly journals Prodigiosin of Serratia marcescens ZPG19 Alters the Gut Microbiota Composition of Kunming Mice

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2156
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Xinfeng Tan ◽  
Qingshuang Chen ◽  
Xiaoling Zhu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Prodigiosin is a red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens with anticancer, antimalarial, and antibacterial effects. In this study, we extracted and identified a red pigment from a culture of S. marcescens strain ZPG19 and investigated its effect on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota of Kunming mice. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that the pigment had a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 324.2160, and thus it was identified as prodigiosin. To investigate the effect of prodigiosin on the intestinal microbiota, mice (n = 5) were administered 150 μg/kg/d prodigiosin (crude extract, 95% purity) via the drinking water for 18 days. Administration of prodigiosin did not cause toxicity in mice. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that prodigiosin altered the cecum microbiota abundance and diversity; the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio significantly decreased, whereas Lactobacillus reuteri significantly increased. This finding indicates that oral administration of prodigiosin has a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota of mice. As prodigiosin is non-toxic to mouse internal organs and improves the mouse intestinal microbiota, we suggest that it is a promising candidate drug to treat intestinal inflammation.

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